scholarly journals Lying, Deceptive Implicatures, and Commitment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Wiegmann ◽  
Pascale Willemsen ◽  
Jörg Meibauer
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Test ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Folk Concept ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Conversational Implicatures ◽  
Traditional Definition ◽  
Definition Of

Deceptive implicatures are a subtle communicative device for leading someone into a false belief. However, it is widely accepted that deceiving by means of deceptive implicature does not amount to lying. In this paper, we put this claim to the empirical test and present evidence that the traditional definition of lying might be too narrow to capture the folk concept of lying. Four hundred participants were presented with fourteen vignettes containing utterances that communicate conversational implicatures which the speaker believes to be false. We further collected several potential proxy measures of lying, to get a better understanding of when a deceptive implicature is considered a case of lying. The results indicate that most implicatures (ten out of fourteen) were evaluated as lies and that lie ratings were closely tracked by the degree to which speakers were considered to have committed themselves to the truth of the content conveyed by their deceptive implicatures.

scholarly journals Is Lying Bound to Commitment? Empirically Investigating Deceptive Presuppositions, Implicatures, and Actions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louisa Marie Reins ◽  
Alex Wiegmann
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Test ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Personal Relationships ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
Conversational Implicatures ◽  
Traditional Definition ◽  
Definition Of

Lying is an important moral phenomenon that most people are affected by on a daily basis— be it in personal relationships, in political debates, or in the form of fake news. Nevertheless, surprisingly little is known about what actually constitutes a lie. According to the traditional definition of lying, a person lies if they explicitly express something they believe to be false. Consequently, it is often assumed that people cannot lie by more indirectly communicating believed-false claims, for instance by merely conversationally implicating them. In this paper, we subject this claim to an empirical test. In a preregistered study of 300 participants, we investigate how people judge cases of implicit deceptions that would usually be excluded by the traditional definition of lying (i.e., conversational implicatures, presuppositions, and non- verbal actions). Our results show that people do in fact consider it possible to lie by indirect means, suggesting that people have a broader concept of lying than is usually assumed. Moreover, our findings indicate that lie judgments are closely tied to the extent to which agents are perceived as having committed themselves to the believed-false claims they have communicated. We discuss the implications of our results for the traditional definition of lying and propose a new commitment-based definition of lying that can account for the findings of our experiment.

Emotion and Virtue

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopal Sreenivasan
Keyword(s):  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Moral Psychology ◽  
Character Trait ◽  
Full Measure ◽  
Traditional Definition ◽  
Definition Of

What must a person be like to possess a virtue in full measure? What sort of psychological constitution does one need to be an exemplar of compassion, say, or of courage? Focusing on these two examples, this book ingeniously argues that certain emotion traits play an indispensable role in virtue. With exemplars of compassion, for instance, this role is played by a modified sympathy trait, which is central to enabling these exemplars to be reliably correct judges of the compassionate thing to do in various practical situations. Indeed, according to the book, the virtue of compassion is, in a sense, a modified sympathy trait, just as courage is a modified fear trait. While the book upholds the traditional definition of virtue as a species of character trait, it discards other traditional precepts. For example, the book rejects the unity of the virtues and raises new questions about when virtue should be taught. Unlike orthodox virtue ethics, moreover, this account does not aspire to rival consequentialism and deontology. Instead the book repudiates the ambitions of virtue imperialism, and makes significant contributions to moral psychology and the theory of virtue alike.

Tongue Thrust: A Point of View

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin L. Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Patient Age ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Standard Definition ◽  
Myofunctional Therapy ◽  
Developmental Factors ◽  
Patient Âgé ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Tongue Thrust

The purpose of the present paper is to present evidence to support the following hypotheses: (1) there is a relationship between tongue thrust and malocclusion, and it is probably a reciprocal one; (2) tongue thrust may yield spontaneously to nonthrusting patterns; (3) if tongue thrust does not yield spontaneously to nonthrusting patterns, some form of treatment should be considered; (4) if myofunctional therapy is the treatment of choice, its timing with respect to patient age, developmental factors, and orthodontic treatment should be an individual matter. The need for more definitive research is described. In order for such research to be meaningful, a standard definition of tongue thrust is required. Such a definition is proposed.

scholarly journals The Limits of Learning: Exploration, Generalization, and the Development of Learning Traps

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Rich ◽  
Todd Matthew Gureckis
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Adaptive Behavior ◽  
False Belief ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Extensive Experience ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Fundamental Limit ◽  
New Type ◽  
Series Of Experiments

Learning usually improves the accuracy of beliefs through the accumulation of experience. But are there limits to learning that prevent us from accurately understanding our world? In this paper we investigate the concept of a “learning trap”—the formation of a stable false belief even with extensive experience. Our review highlights how these traps develop though the interaction of learning and decision making in unknown environments. We further document a particularly pernicious learning trap driven by selective attention, a mechanism often assumed to facilitate learning in complex environments. Using computer simulation we demonstrate the key attributes of the agent and environment that lead to this new type of learning trap. Then, in a series of experiments we present evidence that people robustly fall into this trap, even in the presence of various interventions predicted to meliorate it. These results highlight a fundamental limit to learning and adaptive behavior that impacts individuals, organizations, animals, and machines.

scholarly journals Permanent Establishment – New Concept

2019 ◽  
pp. 445-456
Author(s):  
César García Novoa
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
New Economy ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Traditional Definition ◽  
Permanent Establishment ◽  
International Tax ◽  
Definition Of

The permanent establishment is an essential concept in International Tax Law. The traditional definition was based on the existence of a fixed place of business. At present, the new economy requires a change in the concept of permanent establishment. The topic of permanent establishment is based today on the so-called sufficient economic presence. The European Union is working on the definition of a permanent digital establishment.

THE MOUFANG LAWS, GLOBAL AND LOCAL

2009 ◽  
Vol 08 (04) ◽  
pp. 477-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. PHILLIPS
Keyword(s):  
Present Author ◽  
Inverse Property ◽  
Loop Theory ◽  
Traditional Definition ◽  
Moufang Loops ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Global And Local

There are many possible ways to define Moufang element. We show that the traditional definition is not the most felicitious — for instance, the set of all Moufang elements in an arbitrary loop, qua the traditional definition, need not form a subloop. We offer a new definition of Moufang element that ensures that the set of all Moufang elements in an arbitrary loop is a subloop. Moreover, this definition is "maximally algebraic" with respect to autotopisms. We also give an application of this new definition by showing that a flexible A-element in an inverse property loop is, in fact, a Moufang element, thus sharpening a well-known result of Kinyon, Kunen, and the present author [6]. Finally, we prove that divisible, Moufang groupoids are Moufang loops, thus sharpening a result of Kunen [9], one of the first computer-generated proofs in loop theory.

scholarly journals Anaphora: Text-based or discourse-dependent?

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Cornish
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Interaction ◽  
Discourse Representation ◽  
Computational Approaches ◽  
Anaphor Resolution ◽  
Language Structure ◽  
Traditional Definition ◽  
On Line ◽  
Full Sense ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Sense And Reference

The traditional definition of anaphora in purely co-textual terms as a relation between two co-occurring expressions is in wide currency in theoretical and descriptive studies of the phenomenon. Indeed, it is currently adopted in on-line psycholinguistic experiments on the interpretation of anaphors, and is the basis for all computational approaches to automatic anaphor resolution (see Mitkov 2002). Under this conception, the anaphor, a referentially-dependent expression type, requires “saturation” by an appropriate referentially-autonomous, lexically-based expression — the antecedent — in order to achieve full sense and reference. However, this definition needs to be re-examined in the light of the ways in which real texts operate and are understood, where the resulting picture is rather different. The article aims to show that the co-textual conception is misconceived, and that anaphora is essentially an integrative, discourse-creating procedure involving a three-way relationship between an “antecedent trigger”, an anaphoric predication, and a salient discourse representation. It is shown that it is only in terms of a dynamic interaction amongst the interdependent dimensions of text and discourse, as well as context, that the true complexity of anaphoric reference may be satisfactorily described. The article is intended as a contribution to the broader debate within the pages of this journal and elsewhere between the formalist and the functionalist accounts of language structure and use.

Compliance within virtual teams

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphna Shwartz-Asher
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Teams ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Team Member ◽  
Human Resources Management ◽  
Virtual Team ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Traditional Definition ◽  
Team Task ◽  
Definition Of

In light of the growing phenomenon of virtual teams as a new concept within the Human Resources Management (HRM) world, the traditional definition of team member 'compliance' should be redefined. In order to measure the influence of the virtuality level on the team member’s reaction to instructions, an experiment was designed, in which a team task with a set of instructions was given to 150 subjects who participated in virtual or non-virtual task solving' meetings. This study’s main finding indicates that while the structured virtual team members complied with the directive to divide the labor between them and to appoint a chairperson, the structured non-virtual team members did not comply. It seems that pertaining to the task of appointing a chairperson, as for the division of labor, the use of the “formality” variable may explain the compliance of the structured virtual team members as opposed to the lack of compliance among members of the structured non-virtual team members. This research contributes to a better understanding of virtual team HRM strategies in the hope of improving the teams’ compliance and management within today’s virtual world.

Wagner’s Law, Public Employment, and Spanish Regions

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-198
Author(s):  
Manuel Jaén-García
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Unit Roots ◽  
Public Employment ◽  
Public Companies ◽  
The Public ◽  
Standard Tool ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract Following Peacock and Musgrave’s rediscovery of Wagner’s Law, the latter became a standard tool used in research on the relationship between growth of public spending and the factors by which it is influenced. However, conventional empirical tests are based on a specification error related to Wagner’s definition of the public sector, which he considered in its totality, including public companies. The present article attempts to correct this error and obtain an approximation to the size of the public sector by considering public employment as a whole, both in public administrations and services and in public companies. To this end, panel data for the Spanish autonomous regions are used in addition to data for the overall public sector. The empirical test is performed utilizing cointegration techniques and unit roots in panel data. Similarly, the possibility of structural breaks in the data is taken into consideration and they are estimated using fictitious variables. JEL classifications: H11; H50; E62 Keywords: public employment; gross domestic product; unit root; cointegration; panel data

scholarly journals Speaking the Same Language: How the Kodály Method Promotes Disciplinary Literacy

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Laura Dunbar ◽  
Shelly Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Developmentally Appropriate ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
Music Educators ◽  
Disciplinary Literacy ◽  
Literacy Strategies ◽  
Kodaly Method ◽  
Strict Interpretation ◽  
Traditional Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Kodaly Concept

Educators are consistently asked to show their students’ literacy levels; however, the traditional definition of literacy is typically limited to a strict interpretation of reading and writing using text rather than notation. Disciplinary literacy expands the definition of literacy, allowing music educators to teach disciplinary-specific symbology. This article describes how the Kodály concept helps students process sound into symbol, which provides students with specific literacy strategies to convert sound into developmentally appropriate visual representations.

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