scholarly journals FVS 2.0: A Unifying Framework for Understanding the Factors of Visual-Attentional Processing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liqiang Huang
Keyword(s):  
Brain Area ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Individual Item ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Attentional Processing ◽  
Conscious Level ◽  
The Relationship

Across a broad range of stimulus types and tasks (16 stimulus types × 26 tasks, 1744 observers in total), the present study employed an individual-item differences analysis to extract the factors of visual-attentional processing. Three orthogonal factors were identified and they can be summarized as an FVS 2.0 framework: featural, visual, and spatial strengths. Apart from one exception (low-level motion), the FVS 2.0 framework accounts for the vast majority (95.4%) of the variances in the 25 tasks. Therefore, the three straightforward factors provide a unifying framework for understanding the relationship between stimulus types as well as those between tasks. Combining these and other related results, the role of preattentive features seems to be rather different from the traditional view: visual features are general-purpose, exclusive, innate, constancy-based, and keyword-like. A GEICK conjecture is proposed which suggests that the features are conscious-level keywords generated by the specific brain area of V4 and/or IT and then used by all other brain areas.

Remembering the Past to See the Future

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole C. Rust ◽  
Stephanie E. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Events ◽  
The Relationship

In addition to the role that our visual system plays in determining what we are seeing right now, visual computations contribute in important ways to predicting what we will see next. While the role of memory in creating future predictions is often overlooked, efficient predictive computation requires the use of information about the past to estimate future events. In this article, we introduce a framework for understanding the relationship between memory and visual prediction and review the two classes of mechanisms that the visual system relies on to create future predictions. We also discuss the principles that define the mapping from predictive computations to predictive mechanisms and how downstream brain areas interpret the predictive signals computed by the visual system. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 7 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Genesis of Scientific Views on Insurance as an Economic Category

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-75
Author(s):  
Tatyana D. Odinokova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Feature ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Financial Products ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Changing Role ◽  
The Relationship

In the conditions of active development of the insurance market at the present stage, the importance and significance of understanding the essence of the category “insurance” as a fundamental theoretical basis for the functioning of insurance relations in general is increasing. In addition to comprehending the essence of the category “insurance”, the task of economic science is to substantiate the essential interrelationships of various same-plane categories. For the category “insurance”, in the author’s opinion, such categories are “finance”, “credit”, “investments”. Insurance as an independent economic category is objective and has its own internal laws, the study of which from the standpoint of the retrospective method will provide a deeper understanding of the essence of insurance, its prerequisites, causes and laws of development. As the analysis has shown, despite the generally recognized and solid period of its genesis, insurance still does not have an unambiguous definition of its essence and an independence of functioning as an economic category. The understanding of the essence of insurance, with a due account for modern trends in the development of economic science, predetermines the search for essential features characteristic of insurance, finance, credit, and investments. In the author’s opinion, these features are: the general purpose of functioning, management features, the nature of economic relations in reproduction and the purpose of redistribution. The protective purpose of insurance is a classic distinguishing feature of the category, since insurance was originally formed as a system for protecting property interests in the event of adverse consequences. In the article, based on the study of existing scientific approaches to the issue, the author has investigated the relationship between the categories: within them, while maintaining independence, institutions and their services come in contact and interpenetrate, which makes it possible to identify and substantiate the specifics of creating aggregated and converged financial products. The author has defined and substantiated the protective and regulatory nature of the category “insurance”, which took on various forms throughout evolution, but nevertheless has always been present and manifested in insurance organizations’ activities. The author has also clarified the concept “insurance”, which, in contrast to the existing approaches, emphasizes insurance coverage as an essential feature, taking into account the changing role of insurance institutions in relations with consumers.

TAX POLICY IN THE ISLAMIC ECONOMY IN NORMAL CIRCUMSTANCES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Al-Jumaili
Keyword(s):  
General Purpose ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Essential Point ◽  
The People ◽  
Positive Economics ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Planning Objective ◽  
Public Revenues

After dealing with the issue of public revenues and expenditures in the positive economy, we are talking about the role of public revenues and expenditures in the Islamic economy in normal circumstances, which includes the definition of the house of money, its origin, its functions and the relationship between the budget and the house of money in Islam with the definition of the general budget in the positive and Islamic economy, as well as the role of revenues And public expenditures in Islamic economics, and through this comparison between revenues and expenditures in positive economics and Islamic economics, we reach the essential point, which is the advantage of Islamic economics that does not appear to us except by comparing it with other systems. The general budget was also defined in Islamic economics, its origins, its components, and other objectives of the general budget, such as the administrative objective and the planning objective, then from which the needy interests are fulfilled, and then the improvement. And all of this is to gain knowledge of the general purpose of Islamic legislation, which is to achieve the interests of the people in both the immediate and the future, by bringing them benefit and warding off corruption on their behalf.

scholarly journals Dependence of Working Memory on Coordinated Activity Across Brain Areas

2022 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehsan Rezayat ◽  
Kelsey Clark ◽  
Mohammad-Reza A. Dehaqani ◽  
Behrad Noudoost
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Neural Substrate ◽  
Oscillatory Power ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Neural Signatures

Neural signatures of working memory (WM) have been reported in numerous brain areas, suggesting a distributed neural substrate for memory maintenance. In the current manuscript we provide an updated review of the literature focusing on intracranial neurophysiological recordings during WM in primates. Such signatures of WM include changes in firing rate or local oscillatory power within an area, along with measures of coordinated activity between areas based on synchronization between oscillations. In comparing the ability of various neural signatures in any brain area to predict behavioral performance, we observe that synchrony between areas is more frequently and robustly correlated with WM performance than any of the within-area neural signatures. We further review the evidence for alteration of inter-areal synchrony in brain disorders, consistent with an important role for such synchrony during behavior. Additionally, results of causal studies indicate that manipulating synchrony across areas is especially effective at influencing WM task performance. Each of these lines of research supports the critical role of inter-areal synchrony in WM. Finally, we propose a framework for interactions between prefrontal and sensory areas during WM, incorporating a range of experimental findings and offering an explanation for the observed link between intra-areal measures and WM performance.

scholarly journals Inferring decoding strategies for multiple correlated neural populations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaushik J Lakshminarasimhan ◽  
Alexandre Pouget ◽  
Gregory C DeAngelis ◽  
Dora E Angelaki ◽  
Xaq Pitkow
Keyword(s):  
Neural Coding ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Correlated Noise ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Precise Knowledge ◽  
Behaving Monkeys

AbstractStudies of neuron-behaviour correlation and causal manipulation have long been used separately to understand the neural basis of perception. Yet these approaches sometimes lead to drastically conflicting conclusions about the functional role of brain areas. Theories that focus only on choice-related neuronal activity cannot reconcile those findings without additional experiments involving large-scale recordings to measure interneuronal correlations. By expanding current theories of neural coding and incorporating results from inactivation experiments, we demonstrate here that it is possible to infer decoding weights of different brain areas without precise knowledge of the correlation structure. We apply this technique to neural data collected from two different cortical areas in macaque monkeys trained to perform a heading discrimination task. We identify two opposing decoding schemes, each consistent with data depending on the nature of correlated noise. Our theory makes specific testable predictions to distinguish these scenarios experimentally without requiring measurement of the underlying noise correlations.Author SummaryThe neocortex is structurally organized into distinct brain areas. The role of specific brain areas in sensory perception is typically studied using two kinds of laboratory experiments: those that measure correlations between neural activity and reported percepts, and those that inactivate a brain region and measure the resulting changes in percepts. The two types of experiments have generally been interpreted in isolation, in part because no theory has been able combine their outcomes. Here, we describe a mathematical framework that synthesizes both kinds of results, giving us a new way to assess how different brain areas contribute to perception. When we apply our framework to experiments on behaving monkeys, we discover two models that can explain the perplexing finding that one brain area can predict an animal’s percepts, even though the percepts are not affected when that brain area is inactivated. The two models ascribe dramatically different efficiencies to brain computation. We show that these two models can be distinguished by an experiment that measures correlations while inactivating different brain areas.

scholarly journals Tau Pathology and Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis: What Tau Mouse Models Tell us?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Houben ◽  
Mégane Homa ◽  
Zehra Yilmaz ◽  
Karelle Leroy ◽  
Jean-Pierre Brion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Mouse Models ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Tau Proteins ◽  
Tau Pathology ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
The Relationship

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) has been widely confirmed in mammalian brains. A growing body of evidence points to the fact that AHN sustains hippocampal-dependent functions such as learning and memory. Impaired AHN has been reported in post-mortem human brain hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is considered to contribute to defects in learning and memory. Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and amyloid plaques are the two key neuropathological hallmarks of AD. NFTs are composed of abnormal tau proteins accumulating in many brain areas during the progression of the disease, including in the hippocampus. The physiological role of tau and impact of tau pathology on AHN is still poorly understood. Modifications in AHN have also been reported in some tau transgenic and tau-deleted mouse models. We present here a brief review of advances in the relationship between development of tau pathology and AHN in AD and what insights have been gained from studies in tau mouse models.

scholarly journals No Hate Speech Movement: evolving genres and discourses in the European online campaign to fight discrimination and racism

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sole Alba Zollo ◽  
Eugene Loos
Keyword(s):  
General Public ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Social Semiotics ◽  
Discursive Practices ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Text Types ◽  
The Relationship

In March 2013, the Council of Europe (COE) launched the No Hate Speech Movement, a media youth campaign against hate speech in cyberspace. In this paper, we analyze a corpus collected from the COE’s website. The corpus includes web site pages designed by the COE’s campaigners, as well as materials such as self-made videos and photos posted on the blog by the general public. We focus on the No Hate Speech Movement landing page and the Hate Speech Watch page. Following the tradition of social semiotics, we propose to investigate the verbal and visual features across a range of different genres, in an attempt to verify whether the interaction of different modes involves any contamination in discursive practices, which could lead to the evolution of existing genres or to the birth of new text types. Moreover, we focus on the relationship between community and context in order to verify whether web-based communication alters the terms for determining genre. Finally, we try to understand the role of the audience by concentrating on the notion of participation.

Choosing a Markov blanket

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Parr
Keyword(s):  
Markov Blanket ◽  
Target Article ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This commentary focuses upon the relationship between two themes in the target article: the ways in which a Markov blanket may be defined and the role of precision and salience in mediating the interactions between what is internal and external to a system. These each rest upon the different perspectives we might take while “choosing” a Markov blanket.

Staring Down Death

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Joiner ◽  
Melanie A. Hom ◽  
Megan L. Rogers ◽  
Carol Chu ◽  
Ian H. Stanley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Blink Rate ◽  
Specific Task ◽  
Careful Planning ◽  
Eye Blink ◽  
Eye Blinks ◽  
Potential Clinical Utility ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Background: Lowered eye blink rate may be a clinically useful indicator of acute, imminent, and severe suicide risk. Diminished eye blink rates are often seen among individuals engaged in heightened concentration on a specific task that requires careful planning and attention. Indeed, overcoming one’s biological instinct for survival through suicide necessitates premeditation and concentration; thus, a diminished eye blink rate may signal imminent suicidality. Aims: This article aims to spur research and clinical inquiry into the role of eye blinks as an indicator of acute suicide risk. Method: Literature relevant to the potential connection between eye blink rate and suicidality was reviewed and synthesized. Results: Anecdotal, cognitive, neurological, and conceptual support for the relationship between decreased blink rate and suicide risk is outlined. Conclusion: Given that eye blinks are a highly observable behavior, the potential clinical utility of using eye blink rate as a marker of suicide risk is immense. Research is warranted to explore the association between eye blink rate and acute suicide risk.

Parenting Behaviors and Anxiety in Young Adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin N. Stevens ◽  
Joseph R. Bardeen ◽  
Kyle W. Murdock
Keyword(s):  
Effortful Control ◽  
Parenting Behaviors ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Parental Overprotection ◽  
High Control ◽  
Development Of Anxiety ◽  
The Relationship

Parenting behaviors – specifically behaviors characterized by high control, intrusiveness, rejection, and overprotection – and effortful control have each been implicated in the development of anxiety pathology. However, little research has examined the protective role of effortful control in the relation between parenting and anxiety symptoms, specifically among adults. Thus, we sought to explore the unique and interactive effects of parenting and effortful control on anxiety among adults (N = 162). Results suggest that effortful control uniquely contributes to anxiety symptoms above and beyond that of any parenting behavior. Furthermore, effortful control acted as a moderator of the relationship between parental overprotection and anxiety, such that overprotection is associated with anxiety only in individuals with lower levels of effortful control. Implications for potential prevention and intervention efforts which specifically target effortful control are discussed. These findings underscore the importance of considering individual differences in self-regulatory abilities when examining associations between putative early-life risk factors, such as parenting, and anxiety symptoms.

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