Psychometric properties of the Beck Anxiety Inventory and Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale in Spanish-speaking countries during the COVID-19 pandemic

Psychometric studies are needed to decide the most suitable instrument in psychological research. Whereas Beck Depression Inventory has more psychometrics studies in Spanish-speaking countries, Beck Anxiety Inventory has less evidence. Additionally, anhedonia is a crucial construct to understand the relationship between depression and anxiety and their outcomes. However, there a scarce psychometric studies in anhedonia measures in non-English languages. Therefore, the first objective was to describe the Beck Anxiety Inventory and Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) psychometric properties. The second objective was to evaluate the measurement invariance of two psychometric scales, the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS), in 12 Spanish-speaking countries. The first included 1287 participants over 18 years of age from Chile. The second with a sample of 9954 participants from 12 Spanish-speaking countries. We analyze the construct, convergent, concurrent, and discriminant validities using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. This study showed good internal consistency for both scales. First, we provided evidence for construct validity, convergent validity, concurrent validity, and discriminant validity in a Chilean sample. Secondly, we established measurement invariance between Chile and those other 11 countries. This study represents the most thorough psychometric analysis of the BAI and SHAPS in the context of which we are aware.

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The Work Gratitude Scale: Development and Evaluation of a Multidimensional Measure

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.795328 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Carolyn M. Youssef-Morgan ◽

Llewellyn E. van Zyl ◽

Barbara L. Ahrens

Keyword(s):

Measurement Invariance ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

The United States ◽

Second Order ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

First Order ◽

Multidimensional Measure

This study explores gratitude as a multidimensional and work-specific construct. Utilizing a sample of 625 employees from a variety of positions in a medium-sized school district in the United States, we developed and evaluated a new measure, namely the Work Gratitude Scale (WGS), which encompasses recognized conative (intentional), cognitive, affective, and social aspects of gratitude. A systematic, six-phased approach through structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to explore and confirm the factorial structure, internal consistency, measurement invariance, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity of the WGS. The results supported a 10-item measure with three dimensions: “grateful appraisals” (three items), “gratitude toward others” (four items), and “intentional attitude of gratitude” (three items). Thereafter, first-order, second-order, and bifactor confirmatory models were estimated and compared. Work gratitude was found to be best described by a second-order construct with three underlying first-order dimensions. Measurement invariance was supported in relation to gender. Concurrent validity was supported in relation to two existing dispositional gratitude scales, namely the Gratitude Questionnaire and the Gratitude, Resentment, and Appreciation Scale (GRAT). Convergent validity was supported in relation to the Core Self-Evaluations Scale (CSES) and the Psychological Capital Questionnaire. Discriminant validity was supported in relation to various demographic factors such as age, gender, occupation, and tenure. The findings support the WGS as a multidimensional measure that can be used in practice to measure overall work-related gratitude and to track the effectiveness of gratitude-related workplace interventions.

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Validation and measurement invariance of the Occupational Depression Inventory in South Africa

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0261271 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (12) ◽

pp. e0261271

Author(s):

Carin Hill ◽

Leon T. de Beer ◽

Renzo Bianchi

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Measurement Invariance ◽

South African ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Age Groups ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Modeling Analysis ◽

African Context

This study aimed to validate the recently developed Occupational Depression Inventory (ODI) in South Africa. A total of 327 employees (60% female) participated in the study. Bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling analysis indicated that the ODI can be considered essentially unidimensional. The ODI displayed strong scalability (e.g., scale-level H = 0.657). No monotonicity violation was detected. The reliability of the instrument, as indexed by Cronbach’s alpha, McDonald’s omega-total, Guttman’s λ2, and the Molenaar-Sijtsma statistic, was highly satisfactory. Measurement invariance was observed across age groups, sexes, and ethnicities, as well as between our sample and the ODI’s original validation sample. As expected, the ODI showed both a degree of convergent validity and a degree of discriminant validity vis-à-vis a measure of “cause-neutral” depressive symptoms. Moreover, the ODI manifested substantial associations, in the anticipated directions, with measures of work engagement, job satisfaction, and life satisfaction. Overall, the ODI exhibited excellent structural and psychometric properties within the South African context. Consistent with previous research, this study suggests that occupational health specialists can confidently rely on the ODI to investigate job-related distress.

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Investigating the Multidimensionality and Psychometric Properties of the Children’s Anger Rumination Scale (CARS): A Bifactor Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling Framework

Assessment ◽

10.1177/10731911211043569 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 107319112110435

Author(s):

Elli Spyropoulou ◽

Theodoros Giovazolias

Keyword(s):

Psychometric Properties ◽

Measurement Invariance ◽

Psychosocial Functioning ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Factorial Structure ◽

Modeling Framework ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

Anger Rumination

Anger Rumination (AR) represents a maladaptive cognitive process that contributes negatively to psychosocial functioning. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties (e.g., factorial structure, measurement invariance, and reliability) of the Children’s Anger Rumination Scale (CARS). Factorial structure was tested by contrasting alternative model representations of the instrument (one- and four-factor independent cluster models–confirmatory factor analysis [ICM-CFA], exploratory structural equation modelling [ESEM], bifactor-CFA and bifactor-ESEM) in a convenience sample of 552 Greek students ( Mage = 11.50 years; 53.6% girls). The hypothesized bifactor-ESEM solution, composed by a general anger rumination factor and four specific factors (Angry Afterthoughts, Thoughts of Revenge, Angry Memories, and Understanding of Causes) provided the best fit to the data and revealed the unitary dimensionality of the CARS. Measurement invariance across gender and age in level of the latent means indicated no significant differences in relation to AR tendency. The CARS showed internal consistency, one-month test–retest reliability as well as desirable patterns of convergent and discriminant validity. The predictive power of the instrument was also supported as participants’ AR propensity was found to explain both depressive symptoms and bullying behaviors. Overall, our findings indicate that the CARS is a developmentally appropriate and psychometrically sound instrument that conceptualizes AR as an unidimensional construct among children and preadolescents.

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Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Stigma of Suicide Scale–Short Form Among Adolescents and Early Adults in Hong Kong

Assessment ◽

10.1177/1073191120976857 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 107319112097685

Author(s):

Ted C. T. Fong ◽

Paul S. F. Yip ◽

Milton Y. H. Chan ◽

Rainbow T. H. Ho

Keyword(s):

Hong Kong ◽

Suicidal Ideation ◽

Measurement Invariance ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Short Form ◽

Health Concern ◽

Equation Modeling

Suicide is a global public health concern. The Stigma of Suicide Scale–Short Form (SOSS-SF) is a brief measure on the stigma toward suicide. This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the SOSS-SF in a sample of 1,946 adolescents and early adults ( M age = 23.3, 69% females) in Hong Kong. The participants completed the SOSS-SF, measures on suicidal ideation and perceived distress, and binary items on lifetime risk behaviors online. Exploratory structural equation modeling evaluated the factor structure and reliability of the SOSS-SF in split samples and its measurement invariance, convergent validity, and discriminant validity in the overall sample. Contrary to a poor fit for the three-factor structure in the original 16-item SOSS-SF, the four-factor model showed a good fit in the revised 12-item version in both subsamples. The four factors (Glorification, Isolation, Disgrace, and Selfishness) loaded significantly on three items each (λ = .52-.93) and had adequate reliability (ω = .78-.88). The SOSS-SF displayed scalar invariance across age group, gender, and suicidal ideation and significant associations with validating variables. These results demonstrate a valid and reliable four-factor structure for the SOSS-SF and support its use for assessment of multifaceted stigma toward suicide.

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Impact of environmental belief and nature-based destination image on ecotourism attitude

Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights ◽

10.1108/jhti-03-2020-0027 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 489-505

Author(s):

Chi Nguyen Thi Khanh ◽

Le Thai Phong

Keyword(s):

Convergent Validity ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Time Perspective ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Destination Image ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Content Type ◽

Positive Effects ◽

The Impact

PurposeThis study examines the direct and indirect impact of environmental belief, nature-based destination image and time perspective on tourist attitude towards ecotourism.Design/methodology/approachData was collected through a structured questionnaire survey conducted in Vietnam. The dataset consists of 479 valid responses by Vietnamese tourists. Correlation analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to test the causal relationships among time perspective, environmental belief, nature-based destination and ecotourism attitude. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is conducted to verify the reliability and validity of each latent construct, and to evaluate the discriminant validity, convergent validity, composition reliability and average variance extracted (AVE) for the latent constructs.FindingsThis study finds statistically significant and positive effects of time perspective, environmental belief and nature-based destination image on ecotourism attitude. The results also indicate that environmental belief is found to have statistically significant effects both direct and indirect on ecotourism attitude; its indirect effect is transmitted through nature-based destination image. Our findings demonstrate empirically that tourists are mainly attracted by natural environment sites and that tourists having environmental beliefs are likely to engage in ecotourism than other types of tourism by first influencing their attitude.Research limitations/implicationsOne limitation is associated with our measurement method, which relies on respondents’ self-ratings of their activities. Second, our study is based on internal consistency assessments for establishing construct reliability and validity, which might be the problem of measurement misspecification in tourism research and hinder us to adequately capture the dynamic nature of the variables and the underlying relationships. Third, the survey is conducted in one specific ecotourism nation like Vietnam, and thus, the findings must also be explained in this case.Practical implicationsPolicymakers need to pay careful attention to the planning and conservation of local resources, as well as infrastructure, for ecotourism development. Moreover, the management of eco-site needs to maintain ecology properly, provide an authentic ecotourism experience to improve ecotourism destination. Otherwise, ecotourism operators should focus on marketing strategies to increase traditional and natural values and promote eco-friendly social standards for fostering demand.Originality/valueThis study examines an integrated model analyzing the impact of time perspective, environmental belief and nature-based destination on tourist attitude towards ecotourism. This study reveals the understanding of how individuals’ view towards belief in environment and location image, influences their attitude to engage in ecotourism. The study provides several implications for practice.

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Reflection on success and failures: scale development and validation

Journal of Workplace Learning ◽

10.1108/jwl-07-2020-0117 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (8) ◽

pp. 615-626

Author(s):

Makoto Matsuo

Keyword(s):

Positive Psychology ◽

Work Engagement ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Future Research ◽

Content Type ◽

Strengths Use ◽

Wide Range

Purpose Although positive psychology emphasizes the importance of reflecting on success in promoting strengths use and self-efficacy, no research has developed a measure of reflection on success. The purpose of this study is to develop and validate the scales for reflection on success and failures. Design/methodology/approach Study 1 was conducted to extract the dimensions of reflection on success and failures using survey data from nurses (n = 298), whereas Study 2 involved validation of the scales using a two-wave survey of physical therapists (n = 291). Findings In Study 1, the factors of “reflection on success” and “reflection on failures” were extracted by exploratory factor analysis. In Study 2, the discriminant validity of the two scales was established via confirmatory factor analyses. The structural equation modeling results indicated that reflection on success promoted work authenticity, work engagement and strengths use, while reflection on failures only promoted work engagement, indicating the convergent validity of the scales. Research limitations/implications As the research subjects were medical professionals in Japan, the scales need to be validated with samples from a wide range of occupations and cultural backgrounds, in future research. Originality/value The present research expands the literature on reflection and strengths-based approach by introducing the “success–failures” dimension based on positive psychology, broaden-and-build theory and job demands–resources theory.

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Construct validity of cognitive reserve in a multiethnic cohort: The Northern Manhattan Study

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society ◽

10.1017/s1355617709090857 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 558-569 ◽

Cited By ~ 85

Author(s):

KAREN L. SIEDLECKI ◽

YAAKOV STERN ◽

AARON REUBEN ◽

RALPH L. SACCO ◽

MITCHELL S.V. ELKIND ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Construct Validity ◽

Cognitive Aging ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Cognitive Reserve ◽

Life Experiences ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Hypothetical Construct ◽

Multiethnic Cohort

AbstractCognitive reserve is a hypothetical construct that has been used to inform models of cognitive aging and is presumed to be indicative of life experiences that may mitigate the effects of brain pathology. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the construct validity of cognitive reserve by examining both its convergent and its discriminant validity across three different samples of participants using structural equation modeling. The cognitive reserve variables were found to correlate highly with one another (thereby providing evidence of convergent validity), but demanding tests of discriminant validity indicated that, in two of the samples, the cognitive reserve construct was highly related to an executive functioning construct. (JINS, 2009, 15, 558–569.)

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Development and psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Orofacial Esthetic Scale: OES-Pt

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.8814 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. e8814

Author(s):

Lucas A. Campos ◽

João Marôco ◽

Mike T. John ◽

Ary Santos-Pinto ◽

Juliana A.D.B. Campos

Keyword(s):

Psychometric Properties ◽

Measurement Invariance ◽

Concurrent Validity ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Dental Treatment ◽

Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

Portuguese Version ◽

The Relationship

Background The Orofacial Esthetic Scale (OES) is an instrument to assess an individual’s perception of their Orofacial Appearance (OA). However, its translation and evaluation of psychometric properties is necessary for its use in Brazilian individuals. Objectives To develop the Portuguese version of OES (OES-Pt), estimate its psychometric properties (validity, measurement invariance and reliability) when applied to Brazilian individuals aged 18–40 years, and estimate the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and OA. Methods This was a cross‐sectional study using a convenience sample. The sample consisted of 1,072 Brazilian individuals (70.1% female, 25.1% dental patients; mean ± SD age: 25.7 ± 5.7 years). After cross-cultural adaptation of OES-Pt, factorial validity was evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis. Convergent validity (average variance extracted (AVE)) and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (α) and Composite Reliability (CR)) were also estimated. Concurrent validity was assessed (Pearson’s correlational analysis (r) between OES-Pt total score and item eight of the OES which refers to global assessment of OA). Measurement invariance of the factorial model (multigroup analysis using ΔCFI) was evaluated for independent samples (sample randomly split into two: “Test Sample” and “Validation Sample” and according to sex: male and female, age range: 18–30 and 31–40 years, and whether the individual is undergoing dental treatment or not). A Structural Equation Model estimated the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and OA. Results OES-Pt presented adequate fit to the sample. Convergent validity (AVE ≥ 0.56) and reliability (α and CR ≥ 0.89) were adequate. Concurrent validity was adequate (r = 0.88; p-value < 0.001). OES-Pt presented strict invariance for independent samples. Age, sex, and socioeconomic status (SES) were related to OA, indicated by standardized beta coefficients (standardized β) of 0.036 (standard error: 0.007), 0.001 (0.094) and 0.196 (0.061), respectively on OA. These three relationships were either weak or not statistically significant. Conclusions When measuring OA in Brazilian individuals, the OES-Pt was valid, reliable and invariant for independent samples. Age, sex and SES were weak or not statistically significantly related to OA.

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Corporate social responsibility and business ethics: conceptualization, scale development and validation

Journal of Product & Brand Management ◽

10.1108/jpbm-11-2018-2113 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 431-439

Author(s):

Dana E. Harrison ◽

O.C. Ferrell ◽

Linda Ferrell ◽

Joe F. Hair, Jr

Keyword(s):

Corporate Social Responsibility ◽

Business Ethics ◽

Social Responsibility ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Content Type ◽

Initial Item ◽

Corporate Social

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to theoretically develop and empirically validate separate scales that represent a consumer’s expectations of business ethics (BE) and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Design/methodology/approach A literature review and qualitative research were conducted to generate items for the scales. Initial item reduction was performed qualitatively based on a panel of experts. A follow-up quantitative assessment using an exploratory factor analysis further reduced the items. The scales were then validated using confirmatory composite analysis with partial least squares-structural equation modeling. Findings Separate scales representing consumers’ expectations of BE and CSR behaviors were developed. The scales exhibited reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity and external validity. Practical implications The separation of these scales into two components will facilitate more precise examination of consumer perceptions of these two components of product and brand images, and how they may impact brand attitudes and brand trust. Originality/value This is the first effort to develop separate scales for consumer expectations of ethics and CSR, and assess their impact on brand outcomes.

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A Critical Analysis of the WAQ: The Development of a Korean Form

Psychological Reports ◽

10.1177/0033294120959779 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 003329412095977

Author(s):

Sudol Kang

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Panel Study ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Reliability Coefficient ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Main Body ◽

Economic Sectors

The current study aimed to develop a simplified version of the Korean Workaholism Scale (KOWS) by determining the reliability and validity of the Workaholism Analysis Questionnaire (WAQ) initially created by Aziz et al. The original scale of the WAQ was translated into Korean and then administered to 4,242 working people from a broad range of economic sectors. The nation-wide sample was a representative one from the 17th wave Korean Labor and Income Panel Study in 2014. The main body comprises two steps. First, through an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) as well as a reliability analysis, along with content validity examination among experts, thirteen items from the original WAQ were eliminated. The EFA yielded a four-factor solution with four items established in compulsive dependency (CD), four in illusion of control (IC), four in endurance of conflicts (EC), and four in withdrawal symptoms (WS). This process provided a succinct and convenient measure of workaholism, the KOWS with 16 items. The reliability coefficient (α) of the new scale was .90, and the split-half reliability coefficient was .72. Secondly, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed by way of structural equation modeling to validate the new construct. This KOWS showed adequate convergent validity (AVE > .5), construct reliability (CR > .7), as well as discriminant validity (AVE > ρ2). Between four subscales of the KOWS and affective commitment (AC) to organizations there proved meager correlation. In conclusion, the KOWS with 16-item psychometric properties is a valid and reliable tool to measure workaholism in South Korea.

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