scholarly journals The effect of attitudes towards individuals with sexual convictions on professional and student risk judgments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig A. Harper ◽  
Rachel Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Professional Status ◽  
Sexual Offense ◽  
Sexual Crime ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Forensic Professionals ◽  
Student Risk ◽  
Risk Judgments ◽  
Professional Judgments ◽  
Predicted Risk

Attitudes towards individuals with sexual convictions is an area with growing research interest, but the effects of such attitudes on professional judgments is largely unexplored. What is known from the existing literature is that attitudes guide the interpretation of sexual crime related information, which cascade into potential biased or heuristically driven judgments. In this study we recruited samples of both students (n = 341) and forensic professionals (n = 186) to explore whether attitudes towards individuals with sexual convictions predicted risk judgments of hypothetical sexual offense scenarios, and whether this relationship is moderated by professional status or perpetrator characteristics. Forensic professionals expressed more positive attitudes overall, but the significant effect of attitudes on risk judgments was consistent between participant groups and was not moderated by perpetrator age or sex. We suggest that relying on attitudes as a basis for risk judgments opens the door to incorrect (and potentially dangerous) decision-making and discuss our data in terms of their potential clinical implications.

scholarly journals Development and validation of the Beliefs about Revenge Pornography Questionnaire

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig A. Harper ◽  
Lorraine Smith ◽  
Jessie Leach ◽  
Neil Daruwala ◽  
Dean Fido
Keyword(s):  
Concurrent Validity ◽  
Sexual Offending ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Rape Myth ◽  
Sexual Offense ◽  
Just World ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Sexual Crime ◽  
Development And Validation

Revenge pornography has become an increasingly prominent topic in social and legislative discussions about sexual crime, but has received relatively little attention within psychological research. Here, we leveraged existing theorizing in the area of sexual offending proclivity to systematically develop and validate of a measure of beliefs about revenge pornography. Using a large international community sample (N = 511) we found our ‘Beliefs about Revenge Pornography Questionnaire (BRPQ)’ to be comprised of three underpinning domains: ‘Victims as Responsible’, ‘Sociological Explanations’, and ‘Revenge Pornography as a Sexual Offense’. Concurrent validity is demonstrated through relationships with trait empathy, belief in a just world, dark personality traits, and rape myth acceptance. Randomly dividing the sample, we also show that the BRPQ predicts both revenge pornography proclivity (n = 227) and social judgements of this type of offending (n = 233). Implications and future directions are discussed.

Collaborative Development of Educational Modules

2011 ◽  
pp. 175-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Francine Barbosa ◽  
José Carlos Maldonado
Keyword(s):  
Learning Styles ◽  
Lifelong Learning ◽  
Knowledge Domain ◽  
Collaborative Development ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Geographically Dispersed ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Learning Scenarios ◽  
Media Preferences ◽  
Educational Modules

Lifelong learning has to accommodate a variety of types of learners who differ in age, learning experiences, media preferences, learning styles, capability for working in teams, among others. To be more effective, lifelong learning scenarios require the establishment and integration of innovative methods, tools, and procedures into well-defined processes, aiming at producing customized and high-quality educational products, capable of better engaging the students (and teachers as well) in an active learning process. Collaborative development plays an important role in this perspective, providing means for developers from different domains, working on multi-disciplinary and heterogeneous teams, geographically dispersed or not, cooperating, sharing data and information regarding the materials being developed. At the very end, the envisioned scenario is to evolve collaborative development in collaborative learning, broadening the learning opportunities to actively involve learners in their own knowledge construction process. In this chapter, the authors explore the collaborative development of educational modules and its implications in lifelong learning scenarios. They discuss the establishment of a systematic process for developing educational modules, providing a set of guidelines and supporting mechanisms to collaboratively create, reuse and evolve them. Also, as part of the process, the authors focus on issues of content modeling aiming at helping the developers to determine the relevant parts of the knowledge domain and to structure the concepts and related information. They illustrate the application of ideas by the collaborative development of an educational module for software testing domain. The module has been preliminarily evaluated; in general, positive attitudes toward the quality and flexibility it provides can be observed.

The Effect of Negative Media Exposure and Evaluators’ Attitudes Toward Offenders on Violence Risk Assessment with the HCR-20V3

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Kamorowski ◽  
Corine de Ruiter ◽  
Maartje Schreuder ◽  
Marko Jelicic ◽  
Karl Ask
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Assessment Instruments ◽  
Violence Risk ◽  
Pretrial Publicity ◽  
Risk Judgment ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Biasing Effects ◽  
Risk Judgments

Structured risk assessment instruments (SRAIs), such as the Historical Clinical Risk Management (HCR-20V3) are increasingly used to inform criminal justice decision-making, highlighting the significance of examining the potential for bias when using these measures and effective strategies to mitigate it. In this experimental study, we examined the possible biasing effects of (1) negative pretrial publicity (PTP) about a person who committed a double homicide and (2) evaluators’ attitudes toward offenders, on scale scores and final risk judgments of the HCR-20V3. Participants (N = 54) included graduate students, clinicians, and researchers who had been trained to complete the HCR-20. Contrary to expectation, negative PTP exhibited no effects on the HCR-20 total scores, subscale scores, or final risk judgments. In line with our hypothesis, more positive attitudes toward offenders were predictive of lower HCR-20 total scores and lower ratings on the Clinical and Risk Management subscales and final risk judgment of imminent violence. These findings add to a growing body of research indicating forensic risk evaluations conducted using SRAIs are not immune to the effects of some types of bias.

scholarly journals Willingness to Pay for Urban Heat Island Mitigation: A Case Study of Singapore

Climate ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Natalia Borzino ◽  
Samuel Chng ◽  
Muhammad Omer Mughal ◽  
Renate Schubert
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Urban Heat Island ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Urban Heat

In many countries, urban heat island (UHI) effects come along with urbanization in metropolitan areas. They have relevant adverse effects on the health and wellbeing of citizens. Singapore is strongly affected by UHI. In this study, we assess Singaporeans’ willingness to pay (WTP) for UHI mitigation by implementing a contingent valuation analysis. Specifically, we employ a double-bounded dichotomous survey design on a representative sample of 1822 online respondents. We find that Singaporeans are willing to sacrifice on average 0.43% of their annual income to mitigate UHI. The total WTP for mitigation strategies among Singapore citizens and permanent residents is estimated at SGD$783.08 million per year, the equivalent of USD$563.80 per year. Our findings suggest that there is a positive and significant relationship between the size of UHI effects and the citizens’ WTP. People living in the region with the highest intensity of UHI are willing to pay 3.09 times more than those living in the region with the lowest UHI intensity. Furthermore, demographic and socio-economic characteristics are significant determinants of Singaporeans’ WTP. The WTP increases with income and education but decreases with age. Students, men, and people with children are willing to pay more. Additional analyses show that the level of UHI awareness, positive attitudes towards UHI mitigation strategies as well as preferences for outdoor activities are positively correlated with the WTP. Our findings suggest that citizens are aware of the impacts of UHI and support UHI mitigation measures to be financed by their taxes. Policy interventions to promote UHI-related education and disseminating UHI-related information might increase the support of UHI mitigation policies.

Estimating Lifetime and Residual Risk for Individuals Who Remain Sexual Offense Free in the Community: Practical Applications

Sexual Abuse ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 107906321987157 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Thornton ◽  
R. Karl Hanson ◽  
Sharon M. Kelley ◽  
James C. Mundt
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sexual Offending ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Sexual Offense ◽  
Sexual Recidivism ◽  
Recidivism Rates ◽  
Sexual Crime ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Periods

Although individuals with a history of sexual crime are often viewed as a lifelong risk, recent research has drawn attention to consistent declines in recidivism risk for those who remain offense free in the community. Because these declines are predictable, this article demonstrates how evaluators can use the amount of time individuals have remained offense free to (a) extrapolate to lifetime recidivism rates from rates observed for shorter time periods, (b) estimate the risk of sexual recidivism for individuals whose current offense is nonsexual but who have a history of sexual offending, and (c) calculate yearly reductions in risk for individuals who remain offense free in the community. In addition to their practical utility for case-specific decision making, these estimates also provide researchers an objective, empirical method of quantifying the extent to which individuals have desisted from sexual crime.

scholarly journals The Impacts of Deceptive Advertising on Women Consumer

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (35) ◽  
pp. 302
Author(s):  
Nafisa Newaz
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Deceptive Advertising ◽  
Commercial Messages

Every day, consumers are exposed to hundreds of commercial messages. The ultimate goal of advertising is to robustly attract consumers by giving them product-related information, application of the products, demonstrate the uses of the products, and guide them to purchase the products. It is absolutely necessary to ensure that consumers perceive advertising as something positive and not otherwise. Consumers’ positive attitudes towards advertising can generate profit for companies, and that is only if advertising can promote products that the consumers needs. Advertising should follow ethical guidelines. Some actions that are quite unethical include women exploitation, influencing consumers to buy a product without providing them with adequate knowledge on what is to be bought, and deceptive advertising, involving false claims and other issues which could lead to moral deterioration of the society. This paper is an effort to find out the impacts of these types of deceptive advertisements on women.

scholarly journals Awareness on COVID 19 vaccination among public: a questionnaire surveys

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Prabhu Subramani ◽  
Jisa James ◽  
Kritika Saikia ◽  
Akash D. ◽  
Albert Jack Mathew B. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
General Population ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Scientific Review ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Questionnaire Surveys

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 or Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a newly discovered coronavirus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2 become the major threat to public health. Several vaccines have been approved for use against coronavirus disease and distributed globally in different regions. Thus, the study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and awareness towards COVID-19 vaccination among the general population in Chengalpet district, Tamil nadu.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in the year of 2021 from department of Public Health Dentistry, among 274 participants who are residing in Chengalpet district. Study approval is being obtained from Institutional Scientific Review Board Asan Memorial Dental College and Hospital. People above 18 years of age were included in the study. Self administered validated questionnaire which consists of data on demographic profile followed by assessing COVID-19 related information, acceptance, attitude and awareness on COVID-19 vaccine were assessed.Results: A questionnaire survey was conducted among N=274 adults, aged above 18 years, in the present study, n=142 (51.8%) were male and n=132 (48.2%) were female. The majority of n=225 (82.1%) participants showed good knowledge, awareness and attitude towards covid-19 vaccine and almost n=210 (76.6%) were willing to take the vaccine without hesitation. Although maximum respondents demonstrated a good level of knowledge and acceptance, significant differences were observed across gender.Conclusions: The findings reflect satisfactory knowledge and positive attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccine among the general population. Awareness campaigns, feedback from vaccinated individuals about the safety will encourage the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance.

scholarly journals Perceptions of Singaporeans towards informed consent: a cross-sectional survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Gupta ◽  
S Madhavan ◽  
FSY Teo ◽  
JK Low ◽  
VG Shelat
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Predicted Risk

Introduction: In a patient-centric health system, it is essential to know patients’ views about informed consent. The objective of this study was to understand the perceptions of the local population regarding informed consent. Methods: Spanning across six weeks from January 2016 to March 2016, a cross-sectional survey of adults attending General Surgery outpatient clinics at Tan Tock Seng Hospital was performed. Sociodemographic data, lifestyle and health-related information, perception and purpose of consent forms, and decision-making preferences were studied. Results: 445 adults participated in the survey. Most participants were below 40 years old (n = 265, 60.1%), female (n = 309, 70.1%) and degree holders (n = 196, 44.4%). 56.9% of participants wanted to know every possible risk, while 28.3% wanted to know common and serious risks. On multivariate analysis, age (age 61–74 years: odds ratio [OR] 11.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.2–56.1, p = 0.004; age > 75 years: OR 22.2, 95% CI 1.8–279.1, p = 0.017) was a predictor of not wanting to know any risks. Age also predicted risk of disclosure for death (age 61–74 years: OR 13.4, 95% CI 4.2–42.6, p < 0.001; age > 75 years: OR 32.0, 95% CI 4.5–228.0, p = 0.001). Most participants (48.1%) preferred making shared decisions with doctors, and an important predictor was employment status (OR = 4.8, 95% CI 1.9–12.2, p = 0.001). Conclusion: Sociodemographic factors and educational level influence decision-making, and therefore, the informed consent process should be tailored for each patient.

scholarly journals Attitudes Toward COVID-19 Vaccines in Chinese Adolescents

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Cai ◽  
Wei Bai ◽  
Shou Liu ◽  
Huanzhong Liu ◽  
Xu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Chinese Adolescents ◽  
Public Confidence ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Health Related

Background: As COVID-19 vaccination programs are being implemented widely, it is important to examine the attitudes of adolescents toward the COVID-19 vaccine and its uptake. The aim of this study was to examine the acceptance of and attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines, and their associated factors among adolescents in China.Methods: This was a cross-sectional, observational study conducted between November 27, 2020 and March 12, 2021 using snowball sampling method. Basic sociodemographic characteristics, health-related information, severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms, and attitudes and behavior toward COVID-19 vaccines were assessed.Results: Overall, 1,057 adolescents participated in this study, yielding a response rate of 89.3%. There were 799 (75.59%) [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 73.00–78.18%] adolescents who would accept future COVID-19 vaccination. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that adolescents who previously heard about COVID-19 vaccines (P = 0.001, odds ratio (OR) = 1.90, 95%CI:1.32–2.74), who thought that COVID-19 vaccines could protect them from COVID-19 infection (P = 0.002, OR = 2.93, 95%CI: 1.49–5.70), and those who encouraged their family members and friends to get vaccinated (P &lt; 0.001, OR = 12.19, 95%CI: 6.78–21.92) and who believed that vaccines are safe (P = 0.012, OR = 3.94, 95%CI: 1.36–11.44) were more likely to accept future COVID-19 vaccination. In addition, younger adolescents (P = 0.003, OR = 0.93, 95%CI: 0.89–0.98) were more likely to accept future COVID-19 vaccines than older adolescents.Conclusions: In conclusion, Chinese adolescents appeared to have positive attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines. It is important to increase public confidence and knowledge regarding the efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines to maximize the success of vaccination programs.

Lexical Comprehension in Young Children With Developmental Delays

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa A. Kouri
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Developmental Delays ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Group Status ◽  
Novel Object ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Comprehension Skills ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Lexical Concepts

Lexical comprehension skills were examined in 20 young children (aged 28–45 months) with developmental delays (DD) and 20 children (aged 19–34 months) with normal development (ND). Each was assigned to either a story-like script condition or a simple ostensive labeling condition in which the names of three novel object and action items were presented over two experimental sessions. During the experimental sessions, receptive knowledge of the lexical items was assessed through a series of target and generalization probes. Results indicated that all children, irrespective of group status, acquired more lexical concepts in the ostensive labeling condition than in the story narrative condition. Overall, both groups acquired more object than action words, although subjects with ND comprehended more action words than subjects with DD. More target than generalization items were also comprehended by both groups. It is concluded that young children’s comprehension of new lexical concepts is facilitated more by a context in which simple ostensive labels accompany the presentation of specific objects and actions than one in which objects and actions are surrounded by thematic and event-related information. Various clinical applications focusing on the lexical training of young children with DD are discussed.

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