scholarly journals The Treachery of Images: Objects, Pictures, Words and the Role of Affordances in Similarity Judgements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robyn Wilford ◽  
Vicente Raja ◽  
Meghan Hershey ◽  
Michael L. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Cognitive Strategy ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Similarity Judgement ◽  
Similarity Judgments ◽  
Similarity Judgements

Categorization is a fundamental cognitive strategy employed to ease information processing and to aid memory formation. Past research on how humans categorize objects has used images of objects as experimental stimuli. Results suggest these stimuli are categorized based on abstract linguistic concepts. Concurrently, studies in the past 10 years have found differences in the processing of images as compared to real-world objects. One proposed explanation is that these results are due to differences in the affordances of images versus objects. Using a similarity judgement paradigm, we have explored the effect of affordances in a categorization task including words (object names), images, and objects. Consistent with previous research, we found significant differences in how participants made similarity judgements of images and objects. Moreover, we found that similarity judgments using object names were much more similar to the judgments of pictures than of objects. An exploratory cluster analysis opens the possibility of framing such differences as affordance driven. These results suggest a need for more ecologically valid categorization tasks, more conservative inferences when using images as stimuli in these tasks, and the need for further exploring the role of affordances in categorization.

Restaurant and foodservice research

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 1203-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin DiPietro
Keyword(s):  
Past Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
Restaurant Management ◽  
Foodservice Industry ◽  
Future Direction

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a review of the foodservice and restaurant literature that has been published over the past 10 years in the top hospitality and tourism journals. This information will be used to identify the key trends and topics studied over the past decade, and help to identify the gaps that appear in the research to identify opportunities for advancing future research in the area of foodservice and restaurant management. Design/methodology/approach This paper takes the form of a critical review of the extant literature that has been done in the foodservice and restaurant industries. Literature from the past 10 years will be qualitatively assessed to determine trends and gaps in the research to help guide the direction for future research. Findings The findings show that the past 10 years have seen an increase in the number of and the quality of foodservice and restaurant management research articles. The topics have been diverse and the findings have explored the changing and evolving segments of the foodservice industry, restaurant operations, service quality in foodservice, restaurant finance, foodservice marketing, food safety and healthfulness and the increased role of technology in the industry. Research limitations/implications Given the number of research papers done over the past 10 years in the area of foodservice, it is possible that some research has been missed and that some specific topics within the breadth and depth of the foodservice industry could have lacked sufficient coverage in this one paper. The implications from this paper are that it can be used to inform academics and practitioners where there is room for more research, it could provide ideas for more in-depth discussion of a specific topic and it is a detailed start into assessing the research done of late. Originality/value This paper helps foodservice researchers in determining where past research has gone and gives future direction for meaningful research to be done in the foodservice area moving forward to inform academicians and practitioners in the industry.

The Disappearing Turnout Gap between Native Americans and Non-Native Americans

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy Skopek ◽  
Andrew Garner
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
American Indians ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Political Values ◽  
Indian Gaming ◽  
The Past

Past research has consistently found that American Indians have traditionally turned out to vote at lower rates than do other citizens. Using two separate data sets, we examine this "turnout gap" over the past several decades. We find that not only has Native American turnout increased generally, but that the "gap" between Native Americans and non-Native Americans has declined substantially, and that in recent elections this "gap" has largely disappeared. We then provide a preliminary and tentative examination of possible causes for the decline, including the role of Indian gaming, mobilization by political parties and candidates, and shifting political values among Native Americans.

scholarly journals The Role of Human Resources Management Towards Healthcare Providers Retention during Covid-19 Pandemic in Egypt

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Ashraf Elsafty ◽  
Mohammad Ragheb
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Human Resources Management ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Impact

HRM has a significant role in motivating the employees and ensuring that every employee is satisfied with the HR practices. Healthcare providers have been facing stress and depression especially in Egypt, due to COVID-19. In this country, the healthcare providers are looking for alternatives to achieve satisfaction as COVID-19 has affected their jobs, salaries, incentives, and bonuses. The past studies have focused on assessing the HRM’s role in employee retention and satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt. The past research discussed the impact of motivation, incentives, and rewards on the employees’ motivation. This study focused on evaluating the role of HRM towards the healthcare providers' retention during COVID-19 in Egypt. This study relied on the quantitative approach for achieving the findings and conclusion. The sample size of the study involved 120 healthcare providers working in different hospitals. The results revealed that intrinsic motivation, rewards, incentives, monetary benefits, and non-monetary benefits have an essential role in maintaining the healthcare providers during COVID-19. It is concluded that HR can play a significant role in retaining key healthcare providers in COVID-19. The elements including intrinsic motivation, incentives, non-monetary, and monetary benefits can play a significant part in retaining healthcare providers. HR departments should focus on releasing salaries on time, providing specific bonuses, and providing incentives to healthcare providers whenever they perform at their best level.

scholarly journals The Role of Visual Inspection in the 21st Century

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 262-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judi E. See ◽  
Colin G. Drury ◽  
Ann Speed ◽  
Allison Williams ◽  
Negar Khalandi
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Automated Detection ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Inspection Process

Visual inspection research has a long history spanning the 20th century and continuing to the present day. Current efforts in multiple venues demonstrate that visual inspection continues to have a vital role for many different types of tasks in the 21st century. The nature of this role spans the range from traditional human visual inspection to fully automated detection of defects. Consequently, today’s practitioners must not only successfully identify and apply lessons learned from the past, but also explore new areas of research in order to derive solutions for modern day issues such as those presented by introducing automation during inspection. A key lesson from past research indicates that the factors that can degrade performance will persist today, unless care is taken to design the inspection process appropriately.

scholarly journals Finding Myself Fast and Furiously: The Role of Agency-Communion Orientation and Self-Concept Clarity in Support for Radicalism

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2764
Author(s):  
Hyungsuk Choi ◽  
Yeosun Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Intentions ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Proxy Variable ◽  
Orientation Study ◽  
The Past ◽  
Psychological Entitlement ◽  
Intentions To Participate

The past research on radicalism is equivocal regarding the ways in which self-concept clarity shapes intentions to engage in radical behavior. Seeking to address the previous mixed findings in the literature, the present research examines how an individual’s agency-communion orientation moderates the effect of self-concept clarity on behavioral intentions for radical groups. Specifically, we propose that agency-oriented individuals show greater intentions to participate in radical groups when they experience low (vs. high) self-concept clarity, whereas communion-oriented individuals show no significant differences in their intentions to participate in radical groups across levels of self-concept clarity. A 2 (agency-communion orientation: low vs. high) × 2 (self-concept clarity: low vs. high) experimental design was used to test the hypotheses. Using gender as a proxy variable for agency-communion orientation, Study 1 shows that agency-communion orientation moderates the effect of self-concept clarity on intentions to participate in radical groups. Using chronic individual differences in agency-communion orientation, Study 2 shows that psychological entitlement mediates the interactive effect of self-concept clarity and agency-communion orientation on behavioral intentions for radical groups. Taken together, these findings support the role of agency-communion orientation and self-concept clarity in radicalism.

scholarly journals Emotional Determinants of Categorical Accentuation

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-278
Author(s):  
Saša Drače ◽  
Mia Čehajić
Keyword(s):  
Past Research ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Label Condition ◽  
The Past

The present study aimed to provide preliminary evidence for the role of uncertainty related emotions in categorical accentuation. Participants had to estimate the length of lines varying in length, which depending on the conditions were or were not associated with categorical labels. To explore the emotional determinants of categorical accentuation we included additional label condition, in which participants were induced to feel fear (i.e. the emotion theoretically defined by the appraisal of low certainty). Consistent with the past research the results revealed a classic accentuation effect with participants in label condition showing higher differentiation at category boundaries compared to those in no label condition. More importantly, this effect was strengthened in the condition in which participants were induced with fear suggesting that uncertainty-related emotions could play an important role in the accentuation phenomenon.

Immune System Functioning and Mental Health

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Jenney ◽  
Angela Liegey Dougall
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Delayed Wound Healing ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Age Related ◽  
System Functioning ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

During the past few decades, research from multiple disciplines has elucidated the profound connections between the immune system and mental health. This chapter provides a review of this literature, placing emphasis on the connections between inflammation and cytokines, and stress, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and social support. Additionally, brief overviews of the role of the natural immune system and adaptive immunity, as well as past research investigating stress are included. Further attention is focused on the physical health consequences of immune system dysregulation, ranging from increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, delayed wound healing, autoimmune responses, age-related elevations in proinflammatory cytokines, and decreased effectiveness of protective vaccinations. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the health effects and clinical implications of the relationships discussed throughout, as well as future directions to advance this field of study.

scholarly journals Involvement of the Nucleus Incertus and Relaxin-3/RXFP3 Signaling System in Explicit and Implicit Memory

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isis Gil-Miravet ◽  
Aroa Mañas-Ojeda ◽  
Francisco Ros-Bernal ◽  
Esther Castillo-Gómez ◽  
Hector Albert-Gascó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theta Rhythm ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Corticotrophin Releasing Factor ◽  
Peptidergic Innervation ◽  
Neuromedin B ◽  
Nucleus Incertus ◽  
Hippocampal Theta ◽  
With Memory

Telencephalic cognitive and emotional circuits/functions are strongly modulated by subcortical inputs. The main focus of past research on the nature of this modulation has been on the widespread monoamine projections to the telencephalon. However, the nucleus incertus (NI) of the pontine tegmentum provides a strong GABAergic and peptidergic innervation of the hippocampus, basal forebrain, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and related regions; and represents a parallel source of ascending modulation of cognitive and emotional domains. NI GABAergic neurons express multiple peptides, including neuromedin-B, cholecystokinin, and relaxin-3, and receptors for stress and arousal transmitters, including corticotrophin-releasing factor and orexins/hypocretins. A functional relationship exists between NI neurons and their associated peptides, relaxin-3 and neuromedin-B, and hippocampal theta rhythm, which in turn, has a key role in the acquisition and extinction of declarative and emotional memories. Furthermore, RXFP3, the cognate receptor for relaxin-3, is a Gi/o protein-coupled receptor, and its activation inhibits the cellular accumulation of cAMP and induces phosphorylation of ERK, processes associated with memory formation in the hippocampus and amygdala. Therefore, this review summarizes the role of NI transmitter systems in relaying stress- and arousal-related signals to the higher neural circuits and processes associated with memory formation and retrieval.

scholarly journals Sleep Spindles as Facilitators of Memory Formation and Learning

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Ulrich
Keyword(s):  
Recall Performance ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Sleep Spindles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Learning Tasks ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Important Progress ◽  
Made In

Over the past decades important progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of sleep spindle generation. At the same time a physiological role of sleep spindles is starting to be revealed. Behavioural studies in humans and animals have found significant correlations between the recall performance in different learning tasks and the amount of sleep spindles in the intervening sleep. Concomitant neurophysiological experiments showed a close relationship between sleep spindles and other sleep related EEG rhythms as well as a relationship between sleep spindles and synaptic plasticity. Together, there is growing evidence from several disciplines in neuroscience for a participation of sleep spindles in memory formation and learning.

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