scholarly journals Misogyny, Violent Extremism and Interpersonal Violence: Examining the Mediating and Contingent Effects of Revenge Motivation, Hypermasculinity, Collective Narcissism and Group Threats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bettina Rottweiler ◽  
Caitlin Clemmow ◽  
Paul Gill
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Mass Murder ◽  
Targeted Prevention ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Willingness To Engage

The growing evidence base of risk factors for violent extremism demonstrates overlaps with parallel problem areas like domestic violence, mass murder, and stalking. Yet, empirical research examining the overlap among these domains is limited. The present analysis aims to address the lack of empirical research on the relationship between misogyny, violent extremism, and interpersonal violence by conducting survey-based analyses employing a newly developed and validated psychometric scale to measure misogyny. Based on a UK nationally representative survey (n = 1500), we examine the underlying mechanisms and contingent effects linking misogyny to violent extremism and interpersonal violence. We investigate how misogyny, frustrated narcissistic entitlement, and group threats among men translate into revenge motivation and hypermasculinity and thus, may increase violent extremist intentions and attitudes, as well as justification of and willingness to engage in interpersonal violence. The results show that misogyny predicts violent extremist attitudes and intentions as well as increased support for and willingness to engage in interpersonal violence via revenge planning and hypermasculinity, particularly among men who experience frustrated narcissistic entitlement and greater threats to the ingroup. Among women, misogyny is not associated with violent extremist attitudes or intentions but is associated with increased support for and readiness to use violence. Our findings have important practical implications as we provide evidence which articulates when and for whom misogyny may be a risk factor for violent extremism and interpersonal violence. Establishing the relevance of misogyny as a risk factor for (extremist) violence may provide evidence for more targeted prevention and intervention programs.

Dispositional negativity, cognition, and anxiety disorders: An integrative translational neuroscience framework

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juyoen Hur ◽  
Melissa D. Stockbridge ◽  
Andrew S. Fox ◽  
Alexander J. Shackman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Translational Neuroscience ◽  
Adult Personality ◽  
Fundamental Dimension ◽  
To Come ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

When extreme, anxiety can become debilitating. Anxiety disorders, which often first emerge early in development, are common and challenging to treat, yet the underlying mechanisms have only recently begun to come into focus. Here, we review new insights into the nature and biological bases of dispositional negativity, a fundamental dimension of childhood temperament and adult personality and a prominent risk factor for the development of pediatric and adult anxiety disorders. Converging lines of epidemiological, neurobiological, and mechanistic evidence suggest that dispositional negativity increases the likelihood of psychopathology via specific neurocognitive mechanisms, including attentional biases to threat and deficits in executive control. Collectively, these observations provide an integrative translational framework for understanding the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders in adults and youth and set the stage for developing improved intervention strategies.

Gender Moderates the Association Between Exposure to Interpersonal Violence and Intermittent Explosive Disorder Diagnosis

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110139
Author(s):  
Lynette C. Krick ◽  
Mitchell E. Berman ◽  
Michael S. McCloskey ◽  
Emil F. Coccaro ◽  
Jennifer R. Fanning
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Affective Dysregulation ◽  
Intermittent Explosive Disorder ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
The Relationship

Exposure to interpersonal violence (EIV) is a prevalent risk-factor for aggressive behavior; however, it is unclear whether the effect of EIV on clinically significant aggressive behavior is similar across gender. We examined whether gender moderates the association between experiencing and witnessing interpersonal violence and the diagnosis of intermittent explosive disorder (IED). We also examined potential pathways that might differentially account for the association between EIV and IED in men and women, including emotion regulation and social information processing (SIP). Adult men and women ( N = 582), who completed a semistructured clinical interview for syndromal and personality disorders, were classified as healthy controls (HC; n = 118), psychiatric controls (PC; n = 146) or participants with an IED diagnosis ( n = 318). Participants also completed the life history of experienced aggression (LHEA) and life history of witnessed aggression (Lhwa) structured interview and self-report measures of emotion regulation and SIP. Men reported more EIV over the lifetime. In multiple logistic regression analysis, experiencing and witnessing aggression within the family and experiencing aggression outside the family were associated with lifetime IED diagnosis. We found that the relationship between EIV and IED was stronger in women than in men. Affective dysregulation mediated certain forms of EIV, and this relation was observed in both men and women. SIP biases did not mediate the relation between EIV and IED. EIV across the lifespan is a robust risk factor for recurrent, clinically significant aggressive behavior (i.e., IED). However, the relationship between EIV and IED appears to be stronger in women. Further, this relation appears partially mediated by affective dysregulation.

scholarly journals A Left-Sided Prevalence of Lentigo Maligna: A UK Based Observational Study and Review of the Evidence

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Gorman ◽  
Andrew Hart ◽  
Bipin Mathew
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cumulative Exposure ◽  
Lentigo Maligna ◽  
Recent Trends

Skin cancer has been shown to present asymmetrically, prevalent on the left side of the body, more so in subtypes of cutaneous melanoma such as lentigo maligna. Biases have been linked to cumulative UV light exposure and automobile driving patterns. Though left-right ratios have previously correlated with the side men or women tend to position themselves or countries drive on, more recent trends indicate a consistent left-sided bias. To clarify reasons for changing trends, a review of the evidence base and LM’s laterality in a UK cohort (99 cases 2000–2011) was conducted for the first time. The strong correlation of left-sided excess, found in both genders (ratios 1.381–1.5,P<0.05  X20.841), is congruent with more recent findings. Though evidence indicates that driving position is no longer a risk factor for LM, due most likely to improved car window UV protection, it remains the most commonly attributed cause. Understanding phenomena such as UV lights “scatter effect” or that cumulative exposure may not be a significant risk factor helps rationalize older conclusions that would otherwise appear contradictory. The reasons for left-sided excess remain unclear but may be due to factors requiring further research such as the body’s anatomical/embryological asymmetry.

Ultra-high-risk paradigm: lessons learnt and new directions

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 131-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick D McGorry ◽  
Cristina Mei
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychotic Disorder ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Ultra High Risk ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Staging Model ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Generation

Within the embryonic early psychosis field in the early 1990s, the conceptualisation and definition of an at-risk or ultra-high-risk (UHR) mental state for psychosis was a breakthrough which transformed the clinical and research landscape in psychiatry. Twenty-five years later, we have a new evidence base that has illuminated the neurobiology of the onset phase of psychotic disorder, delivered Cochrane level 1 evidence showing that the onset of full-threshold sustained psychotic disorder can be at least delayed, and is paving the way to a new generation of transdiagnostic research. Here, we document the contribution of the UHR approach to understanding the underlying mechanisms of psychosis onset as well as the long-term outcomes. Particularly, we highlight that psychosis onset can be delayed in those meeting UHR criteria and that these criteria have a higher valence for subsequent psychotic disorders and some valence for persistent non-psychotic syndromes. Critiques have helped to identify some of the limitations of this paradigm, which are acknowledged. These include evidence that psychotic disorders can emerge more acutely and from other, as yet undefined, precursor states. Rather than defending, or alternatively questioning the value of, the UHR approach, we propose a broader, transdiagnostic staging model that is consistent with the pluripotent and variably comorbid trajectories for mental disorders. This approach moves beyond psychosis to capture a wider range of subthreshold symptoms and full-threshold disorders, thus enhancing prediction for the emergence and progression of a range of mental disorders, as well as providing new avenues for early intervention and prevention.

scholarly journals A Strong Graded Relationship between Level of Obesity and COPD: Findings from a National Population-Based Study of Lifelong Nonsmokers

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esme Fuller-Thomson ◽  
Kaitlyn E. N. Howden ◽  
Lilia R. Fuller-Thomson ◽  
Senyo Agbeyaka
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Never Smokers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hispanic White

Factors associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among never-smokers have received little research attention. One potential risk factor for COPD is obesity, which is of particular importance in light of the global obesity epidemic. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between COPD and levels of obesity in a nationally representative sample of non-Hispanic white never-smokers. Data were drawn from the 2012 Center for Disease Control’s Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Pearson’s chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses were conducted in a large nationally representative sample of non-Hispanic white respondents aged 50 and over (76,004 women; 37,618 men) who reported that they had never smoked. A dose-response relationship was observed for both men and women: the prevalence of COPD increased from 2.5% in men and 3.5% in women who were of a healthy weight (BMI < 25) to 7.6% in men and 13.4% in women who had a BMI of 40 or higher. Even after adjusting for 7 potential confounds (e.g., age, education, and income), the odds of COPD were 3.21 higher for men (95% CI = 2.46, 4.20) and 4.00 higher for women with class III obesity (95% CI = 3.52, 4.55) in comparison with those of healthy weight. Regular screening for COPD is warranted in never-smoking obese patients who are aged 50 and over. Future research is needed to investigate plausible mechanisms for this association, including (1) the role of chronic inflammation associated with obesity and (2) the impact of central obesity on respiratory system mechanics.

scholarly journals Correlates of transitions from alcohol use to disorder diagnosed by DSM-5 in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Zhang ◽  
Zhaorui Liu ◽  
Guohua Li ◽  
Yueqin Huang ◽  
Yanxiang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Multiple Risk Factors ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Common Criteria ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract Background This study aimed to describe the prevalence and lifetime criteria profiles of DSM-5 alcohol use disorder (AUD) and the transitions from alcohol use to disorder in Chifeng, China. Methods Face-to-face interviews were conducted using Composite International Diagnostic Interview-3.0 (CIDI-3.0) among 4528 respondents in Chifeng. Results The weighted lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-5 AUD were 3.03 and 1.05%, respectively. Mild lifetime AUD was the most prevalent severity level (69.53%). The two most common criteria were “failure to quit/cutdown” and “drinking more or for longer than intended.” Lifetime prevalence was 65.59% for alcohol use, and 22.97% for regular drinking. Male and domestic violence were risk factors for the transition from alcohol use to regular drinking or AUD and from regular drinking to AUD. Younger age was risk factor for the transition to AUD from alcohol use or regular drinking. Poverty (OR = 2.49) was risk factor for the transition from alcohol use to regular drinking. The earlier drinkers were more likely to develop to regular drinking (OR = 2.11). Conclusion AUD prevalence in Chifeng was not as high as that in Western countries. The study revealed that multiple risk factors might contribute to the transition across different stages of alcohol use. Further research should explore the underlying mechanisms.

scholarly journals How does adopting a Growth Mindset Improve Academic Performance? Probing the Underlying Mechanisms in a Nationally- Representative Sample

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maithreyi Gopalan ◽  
David Scott Yeager
Keyword(s):  
Academic Outcomes ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Growth Mindset ◽  
National Study ◽  
Student Behaviors ◽  
Low Achieving Students ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Students who are taught that intellectual abilities are not fixed but can be developed—a growth mindset of intelligence—show improvements in their academic outcomes. Specifically, the mindset treatment effects are strongest for low-achieving students and vary across school contexts, as demonstrated by several lab and field-experimental studies including the largest randomized control trial (RCT) evaluation in a nationally- representative sample of 9th graders in the US as shown by the National Study of Learning Mindsets (NSLM). Yet, the mechanisms through which a growth mindset brings about positive academic outcomes remains unclear. Past research posits a role for challenge-seeking/learning-oriented behaviors exhibited by students exposed to a growth mindset intervention. However, research illuminating this pathway from mindset to academic outcomes through student behaviors are sparse. For the first time, given the multisite RCT design and the inclusion of a rich set of mediators—especially, a mediator measured using a novel behavioral task that elicits learning-oriented behavior in the NSLM, rather than relying on just self-reported mindset measures, this research tests the complete mediational pathway and highlights a key mechanism through which growth mindset interventions may work.

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