scholarly journals Rape Stereotype Acceptance in the General Population of England and Wales

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Hermolle ◽  
Samantha J. Andrews ◽  
Ching-Yu S. Huang
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Rape Victims ◽  
Male Rape ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Demographic Differences ◽  
Media Campaigns ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
The Uk

The #MeToo movement has facilitated a growing awareness in the UK of rape stereotypes but there has been little research on how accurately rape is perceived in this region, especially regarding demographics such as ethnicity and age. This study recruited 1,000 participants, representative of the UK population, to complete an online survey prompting beliefs about rape perpetrators, rape victims, rape allegations, male rape, and motives for and consequences of rape. After carrying out frequency analyses on agree-incorrect and disagree-incorrect statements, we found that, generally, accuracy was high, although there were higher levels of stereotype acceptance for perpetrator related stereotypes. Further analysis found that in terms of demographic differences, Black and Asian participants and men were significantly more likely to accept stereotypes than other demographic groups. Implications for policy and practice are discussed, including potential for jury education, and educational media campaigns aimed at the demographics most likely to accept stereotypes.

scholarly journals Student Sex Work In The UK: Facts & Figures

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-119
Author(s):  
S. Geuens ◽  
◽  
T. Sagar ◽  
D. Jones ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Work ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Sex Industry ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
College Of Law ◽  
Ethical Approval ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Uk

Objective: The Student Sex Work Project was set up at Swansea University (Wales) to locate students involved in the sex industry, discover their motivations and needs, and provide an evidence base for the development of policy and practice with regard to the phenomenon. Design and Method: Data was gathered through an online survey. A crosssectional design was employed. Participation was not randomized. The recruitment of respondents focused on Wales, later extending to the UK. Respondents were recruited through different channels e.g. the NUSE database, strategic campaign, etc. to a total of 6,773 respondents. Ethical approval was granted by the College of Law Research Ethics board at Swansea University. Results: Student involvement in the sex industry in the UK is a fact, both for female and male students. The prevalence of students considering to take up seks work is even larger. Student’s motivations for going into sex work range from financial to pleasure oriented. Conclusions: The student sex work project offers the empirical foundation needed in the ongoing political and academic debates on the phenomenon of student sex work. Data provided by the student sex work project debunks several cultural myths about who we imagine to be the ‘average’ student sex worker.

scholarly journals Eyewitness identification procedures: Do researchers and practitioners share the same goals?

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
Graham Pike ◽  
Catriona Havard ◽  
Gini Harrison ◽  
Hayley Ness
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Eyewitness Identification ◽  
Public Agencies ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Identification Research ◽  
Identification Procedures

Research has undoubtedly led to a number of important changes to the way police obtain eyewitness identification evidence in a number of countries. However, despite these successes and the significant effort made by researchers to communicate key findings to public agencies, policy-makers and influential law enforcement personnel using a broad range of evidence, relevant policy and practice have either been very slow to respond or have not changed to incorporate the suggestions at all. In this article we employed an online survey to explore the knowledge and opinions of front-line policing practitioners in the UK regarding eyewitness research and practice. This was undertaken to determine how familiar less-senior, operational staff were with key research findings, what their opinions of current practice were and crucially, their views on how identification procedures should be improved compared with the recommendations made by researchers. The results revealed a fundamental mismatch between research and practice, with practitioners indicating a need to increase the rate of positive identifications and research tending to focus on methods of reducing false identifications. This result suggests that an approach driven by the need for the police to produce convictions may be an important factor that is blocking the translation of eyewitness identification research into practice.

scholarly journals Socio-demographic variation in stage at diagnosis of breast, bladder, colon, endometrial, lung, melanoma, prostate, rectal, renal and ovarian cancer in England and its population impact

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Barclay ◽  
G. A. Abel ◽  
David. C. Greenberg ◽  
B. Rous ◽  
G. Lyratzopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Survival ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Cancer Site ◽  
Stage At Diagnosis ◽  
Demographic Differences ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Population Impact ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Incident Cases

Abstract Background Stage at diagnosis strongly predicts cancer survival and understanding related inequalities could guide interventions. Methods We analysed incident cases diagnosed with 10 solid tumours included in the UK government target of 75% of patients diagnosed in TNM stage I/II by 2028. We examined socio-demographic differences in diagnosis at stage III/IV vs. I/II. Multiple imputation was used for missing stage at diagnosis (9% of tumours). Results Of the 202,001 cases, 57% were diagnosed in stage I/II (an absolute 18% ‘gap’ from the 75% target). The likelihood of diagnosis at stage III/IV increased in older age, though variably by cancer site, being strongest for prostate and endometrial cancer. Increasing level of deprivation was associated with advanced stage at diagnosis for all sites except lung and renal cancer. There were, inconsistent in direction, sex inequalities for four cancers. Eliminating socio-demographic inequalities would translate to 61% of patients with the 10 studied cancers being diagnosed at stage I/II, reducing the gap from target to 14%. Conclusions Potential elimination of socio-demographic inequalities in stage at diagnosis would make a substantial, though partial, contribution to achieving stage shift targets. Earlier diagnosis strategies should additionally focus on the whole population and not only the high-risk socio-demographic groups.

scholarly journals ‘Lockdown's changed everything’: Mothering adult children in prison in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 026455052110508
Author(s):  
Kelly Lockwood
Keyword(s):  
Adult Children ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
Ethics Of Care ◽  
Intimate Partners ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Prison Systems ◽  
The Uk

The COVID-19 pandemic occurred at a time when families of prisoners were gaining visibility in both academia and policy. Research exploring the experiences of families of prison residents has tended to focus on intimate partners and children, despite parents of those in prison being more likely than partners or children to maintain contact. The small body of work focusing on parents has identified their continued care for their children and highlights the burden of providing this care. With the ethics of care posing an ideological expectation on women to provide familial care, the care for adult children in custody is likely to fall to mothers. However, with restricted prison regimes, the pandemic has significantly impeded mothers’ ability to provide this ‘care’. Adopting a qualitative methodology, this paper explores the accounts of mothers to adult children in custody during the pandemic across two UK prison systems, England and Wales, and Scotland; exploring the negotiation of mothering in the context of imprisonment and the pandemic and highlighting important lessons for policy and practice.

scholarly journals Vaccine Confidence and Hesitancy at the Start of COVID-19 Vaccine Deployment in the UK: An Embedded Mixed-Methods Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chrissy h. Roberts ◽  
Hannah Brindle ◽  
Nina T. Rogers ◽  
Rosalind M. Eggo ◽  
Luisa Enria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Collective Responsibility ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Vaccine Confidence ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Dominant Narratives

Background: Approval for the use of COVID-19 vaccines has been granted in a number of countries but there are concerns that vaccine uptake may be low amongst certain groups.Methods: This study used a mixed methods approach based on online survey and an embedded quantitative/qualitative design to explore perceptions and attitudes that were associated with intention to either accept or refuse offers of vaccination in different demographic groups during the early stages of the UK's mass COVID-19 vaccination programme (December 2020). Analysis used multivariate logistic regression, structural text modeling and anthropological assessments.Results: Of 4,535 respondents, 85% (n = 3,859) were willing to have a COVID-19 vaccine. The rapidity of vaccine development and uncertainties about safety were common reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. There was no evidence for the widespread influence of mis-information, although broader vaccine hesitancy was associated with intentions to refuse COVID-19 vaccines (OR 20.60, 95% CI 14.20–30.30, p < 0.001). Low levels of trust in the decision-making (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.08, 2.48, p = 0.021) and truthfulness (OR 8.76, 95% CI 4.15–19.90, p < 0.001) of the UK government were independently associated with higher odds of refusing COVID-19 vaccines. Compared to political centrists, conservatives and liberals were, respectively, more (OR 2.05, 95%CI 1.51–2.80, p < 0.001) and less (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.22–0.41, p < 0.001) likely to refuse offered vaccines. Those who were willing to be vaccinated cited both personal and public protection as reasons, with some alluding to having a sense of collective responsibility.Conclusion: Dominant narratives of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy are misconceived as primarily being driven by misinformation. Key indicators of UK vaccine acceptance include prior behaviors, transparency of the scientific process of vaccine development, mistrust in science and leadership and individual political views. Vaccine programmes should leverage the sense of altruism, citizenship and collective responsibility that motivated many participants to get vaccinated.

scholarly journals The Current Landscape of Prostitution and Sex Work in England and Wales

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-57
Author(s):  
Andrea Matolcsi ◽  
Natasha Mulvihill ◽  
Sarah-Jane Lilley-Walker ◽  
Alba Lanau ◽  
Marianne Hester
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Sex Industry ◽  
Home Office ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Health Programming ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Gap Data ◽  
Selling Sex

AbstractThis paper presents a comprehensive typology of the sex industry based on primary data collected between 2018 and 2019 for a UK Home Office-funded study. Typologies of the contemporary sex industry in England and Wales have tended to be limited to particular sectors or have been developed from a specific disciplinary perspective or theme (e.g. sexual health programming, income). Situated in the context of international sex industry typologies, this paper seeks to address this gap. Data was derived from an online survey, questionnaires and consultations with stakeholders including individuals currently or formerly involved in selling sex, service providers/NGOs, police, local authority representatives and others. The data was supplemented with insights from a systematic literature search. This work aims to assist with programme and policy planning in the UK context. Our methods can assist in developing typologies in other contexts.

scholarly journals Spiritual abuse in Christian faith settings: definition, policy and practice guidance

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 144-154
Author(s):  
Lisa Oakley ◽  
Kathryn Kinmond ◽  
Justin Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Christian Faith ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Spiritual Abuse ◽  
Initial Work ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Uk

Purpose A previous publication in this journal reported the findings of a 2013 survey into people’s experiences of membership of a Christian church in the UK (author citation removed for the purposes of review). A major finding of this survey was that many people said they had been “harmed” by their experience with some labelling it as “Spiritual Abuse” (SA). Respondents in the 2013 study also stressed the importance of developing safeguarding policy and practice in this area. The purpose of this paper is to explore the findings of a more extensive survey conducted in 2017 which aims to identify people’s understanding of SA some four years after the initial work and within a context of some discussion and uncertainty around the term itself. The study also aims to assess the current status of safeguarding policy and practice in SA perpetrated against individuals in the Christian church in the UK. A secondary aim of the study is to ascertain how far understandings, policy and practice have developed since the initial survey was conducted. It is emphasised that the authors do not assert that SA is perpetrated solely in the Christian church. However, as this is their personal religious background it is the focus of this work. Design/methodology/approach A mixed methods online survey of Christians, Church attendees and members of Christian organisations was conducted in 2017. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, inductive thematic and content analysis. Findings A clear definition of SA is required. There is an ongoing need to develop policy and practice in the area of SA in order to respond effectively to those who have these harmful experiences. Research limitations/implications This work has been conducted within the Christian faith community and thus, represents only this faith context. Accordingly, it is research with a specific group. The work would usefully be expanded to other faith contexts. Practical implications People are still being harmed by experiences in the Christian church. Safeguarding policy and practice in the area of spiritual abuse needs to be developed in the immediate future. Social implications Those working in statutory agencies, faith and community contexts need to develop an understanding of SA. Originality/value This is the largest survey conducted on the topic of SA in the Christian faith to date in the UK.

scholarly journals THU0507 ASSOCIATION BETWEEN JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS AND AUTISM

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 492.2-492
Author(s):  
R. Beesley
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis ◽  
General Population ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Future Research ◽  
P Value ◽  
Degree Relative ◽  
Error Bar ◽  
The Uk

Background:Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is a heterogenous group of autoimmune disorders characterised by chronic joint inflammation, diagnosed in around 1 in 1,000 children and young people (CYP) under the age of 16. Autistic Spectrum Condition (ASC) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterised by differences in social communication and sensory perception, as well as restricted interests and repetitive behaviours. Recent estimates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggest that 1.68% of CYP are diagnosed with ASC, with males being more likely to be diagnosed (sex ratio of 4:1) [1]. The causes of both JIA and ASC are complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. There appears to be some evidence that ASC may be associated with certain parental autoimmune conditions [2], although research into any association between JIA and ASC is sparse with the exception of a review of clinical database information [3].Objectives:In this parent-led study, the association between JIA and ASC was explored in order to determine if children with JIA, or children who do not themselves have JIA but have at least one first-degree relative with JIA (FDR), are more likely to be diagnosed with ASC.Methods:Parents of CYP with JIA were invited to complete an online survey, giving details of each member of their family including diagnosis status for JIA and ASC, and age of diagnoses. A total of 247 responses were collated, representing 558 CYP. Overall, 202 CYP were diagnosed with JIA from 197 families. The eldest child with JIA from each family was selected (total 197; 66 male and 131 female) and the rate of ASC was compared against the general population using Fisher’s exact tests.Results:Children with JIA themselves and FDR children were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with ASC.GroupOdds Ratio (95% CI)p-valueJIA children overall6.107 (1.760, 21.190)0.0020**FDR children overall7.009 (2.033, 24.160)0.0006***Figure 1.Proportion of children diagnosed with ASC in the general population (CDC estimates), JIA group and FDR group. Error bar indicates 95% CI. Significance indicated compared to population.Conclusion:Individuals with JIA and family members of individuals with JIA are more likely to be diagnosed with ASC. The results remained unchanged in a sensitivity analysis in which JIA children who had another sibling with JIA were excluded in order to minimise the risk that these results were affected by selecting the eldest child with JIA.It is possible that we are underestimating the association between JIA and ASC in this study. The majority of children sampled were from the United Kingdom and Ireland; however, we chose to utilise the most recent CDC estimates for ASC prevalence, as the most recent estimates from the UK were from 2006 and longitudinal data suggests that ASC prevalence continues to increase, likely due to changes in diagnostic criteria and improved recognition of the condition. When using the UK prevalence estimates, JIA children and FDR children remain significantly more likely to be diagnosed with ASC than the general population as a whole.Future research should focus on confirming these findings in larger, population-based samples.References:[1]Christensen DL, Braun KV, Baio J, et al. Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2012.MMWR Surveill Summ(2018); 65 (No. SS-13):1–23.[2]Hughes, H. K., Mills Ko, E., Rose, D. & Ashwood, P. Immune Dysfunction and Autoimmunity as Pathological Mechanisms in Autism Spectrum Disorders.Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience(2018); 12[3]Haslam, K. P16 Is there an association between paediatric rheumatological disease and autism?Rheumatology2019; 58Disclosure of Interests:None declared

scholarly journals Investigating the prevalence of anxiety and depression in people living with patellofemoral pain in the UK: the Dep-Pf Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-382
Author(s):  
James Wride ◽  
Katrina Bannigan
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Patellofemoral Pain ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Patella Dislocation ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Background and aims Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a common knee condition causing pain around or behind the kneecap which is exacerbated by certain activities. Traditionally it has been viewed as a self-limiting condition. Recent research proves this is not the case and the evidence for poor long-term outcomes is growing. Whilst the evidence base for PFP treatment and the understanding of its aetiology is improving, it remains a complex and difficult to treat condition. In many physical conditions, it has been shown that anxiety and depression negatively affect both their management and duration. It is unclear how prevalent anxiety and depression are in PFP. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of anxiety and depression in people living with PFP in the UK. Methods In order to investigate this, a cross-sectional online survey was undertaken. Four hundred participants with self-reported symptoms of PFP were recruited through a tailored social media campaign, using modified snowball sampling. Eligibility criteria were (i) aged between 18 and 44, (ii) self-reported symptoms of PFP (using accepted criteria) (iii) resident in the UK. Exclusion criteria were previous history of patella dislocation or previous surgery to affected knee. The survey recorded demographic information, previous treatment for both PFP and anxiety and depression, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Anterior Knee Pain Scale. Ethical approval was gained from a University of Plymouth Ethics Committee. Results Half (49.5%; n=198) of respondents were classified as experiencing anxiety and 20.8% (n=83) as experiencing depression. The levels of anxiety and depression identified in this study are higher than those found in the general population (5.9–7.8% and 3.3–7.8%, respectively). This mirrors results which have been reported in other studies into PFP in different settings and with other musculoskeletal conditions, such as osteoarthritis and contracted shoulder. Conclusions Anxiety and depression are more common in people living with PFP than in the general population. These findings support the need for greater research into the effects of psychological factors, such as anxiety and depression, in PFP. A key area of future research will be to determine whether these psychological factors affect treatment outcomes in people living with PFP. Implications This is the first study to investigate the prevalence of anxiety and depression in people living with patellofemoral pain in the UK. This study shows that anxiety and depression are very common in people living with patellofemoral pain. The need for further work into the effects of psychological factors in patellofemoral pain is indicated.

scholarly journals Trust and transparency in times of crisis: Results from an online survey during the first wave (April 2020) of the COVID-19 epidemic in the UK

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0239247
Author(s):  
Luisa Enria ◽  
Naomi Waterlow ◽  
Nina Trivedy Rogers ◽  
Hannah Brindle ◽  
Sham Lal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Positive Opinion ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Government Transparency ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Uk

Background The success of a government’s COVID-19 control strategy relies on public trust and broad acceptance of response measures. We investigated public perceptions of the UK government’s COVID-19 response, focusing on the relationship between trust and perceived transparency, during the first wave (April 2020) of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom. Methods Anonymous survey data were collected (2020-04-06 to 2020-04-22) from 9,322 respondents, aged 20+ using an online questionnaire shared primarily through Facebook. We took an embedded-mixed-methods approach to data analysis. Missing data were imputed via multiple imputation. Binomial & multinomial logistic regression were used to detect associations between demographic characteristics and perceptions or opinions of the UK government’s response to COVID-19. Structural topic modelling (STM), qualitative thematic coding of sub-sets of responses were then used to perform a thematic analysis of topics that were of interest to key demographic groups. Results Most respondents (95.1%) supported government enforcement of behaviour change. While 52.1% of respondents thought the government was making good decisions, differences were apparent across demographic groups, for example respondents from Scotland had lower odds of responding positively than respondents in London. Higher educational levels saw decreasing odds of having a positive opinion of the government response and decreasing household income associated with decreasing positive opinion. Of respondents who thought the government was not making good decisions 60% believed the economy was being prioritised over people and their health. Positive views on government decision-making were associated with positive views on government transparency about the COVID-19 response. Qualitative analysis about perceptions of government transparency highlighted five key themes: (1) the justification of opacity due to the condition of crisis, (2) generalised mistrust of politics, (3) concerns about the role of scientific evidence, (4) quality of government communication and (5) questions about political decision-making processes. Conclusion Our study suggests that trust is not homogenous across communities, and that generalised mistrust, concerns about the transparent use and communication of evidence and insights into decision-making processes can affect perceptions of the government’s pandemic response. We recommend targeted community engagement, tailored to the experiences of different groups and a new focus on accountability and openness around how decisions are made in the response to the UK COVID-19 pandemic.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document