scholarly journals Inducing preference reversals by manipulating revealed preferences

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harish Balakrishnan ◽  
Shobhit Jagga ◽  
Nisheeth Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Context Effects ◽  
Revealed Preferences ◽  
Preference Reversals ◽  
Experimental Paradigm ◽  
Evidence Accumulation ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
History Of ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Context Dependent

It is currently difficult to test the validity of existing explanations for the emergence of context-dependent preference reversals. This is because these explanations are generally placed at the level of the process of evidence accumulation, and across experimental paradigms, this process is unobservable. In this paper, we propose a new experimental paradigm for eliciting preference reversals, wherein the process of evidence accumulation is significantly observable. Over a series of experiments, we successfully induce preference reversals for arbitrary stimuli by showing participants sequences of stimuli comparisons with pre-determined outcomes. Our findings partially support the view that context-sensitive assimilation of a history of ordinal comparisons is sufficient to explain classic context effects.

scholarly journals Predicting Context-dependent Cross-modal Associations with Dimension-specific Polarity Attributions. Part 2: Red and Valence

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne C. Schietecat ◽  
Daniël Lakens ◽  
Wijnand A. IJsselsteijn ◽  
Yvonne A. W. de Kort
Keyword(s):  
Context Effects ◽  
Context Dependency ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Context Features ◽  
Negative Concept ◽  
Positive Concept

Although context effects have repeatedly been demonstrated, it remains difficult to predict how context features influence the associative meaning of concepts. In a recent series of Experiments (see Part 1, Schietecat, Lakens, IJsselsteijn, & de Kort, 2018), we proposed and tested the dimension-specificity hypothesis for understanding and predicting context-dependent cross-modal associations between saturation, brightness, and aggression. In the current manuscript, Part 2, we aim to further test the dimension-specificity hypothesis by predicting the context-dependency of the meaning of the color red observed in the literature. The results of a series of five experiments revealed that the associations between red and valence could be predicted based on the activated dimensions of meaning (i.e., the evaluation or activity dimension) through the opposing concepts in the task. In the context of green, red was associated with negativity, whereas in context of blue, red was mostly associated with activity. Therefore, red was related to both aggression (a negative concept) and enthusiasm (a positive concept), depending on the context.

Thanato-Laboratorien. Theorien von Tod und Sterben und Elias Canettis Buch gegen den Tod

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-86
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Heyne
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Death And Dying ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Elias Canetti ◽  
History Of ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
First Time ◽  
Textual Form ◽  
Or History

AbstractAlthough visual culture of the 21th century increasingly focuses on representation of death and dying, contemporary discourses still lack a language of death adequate to the event shown by pictures and visual images from an outside point of view. Following this observation, this article suggests a re-reading of 20th century author Elias Canetti. His lifelong notes have been edited and published posthumously for the first time in 2014. Thanks to this edition Canetti's short texts and aphorisms can be focused as a textual laboratory in which he tries to model a language of death on experimental practices of natural sciences. The miniature series of experiments address the problem of death, not representable in discourses of cultural studies, system theory or history of knowledge, and in doing so, Canetti creates liminal texts at the margins of western concepts of (human) life, science and established textual form.

An Enquiry into the Process of Categorization of Pictures and Words

2003 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhubalan Viswanathan ◽  
Terry L. Childers
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Semantic Relatedness ◽  
Experimental Paradigm ◽  
The Past ◽  
Word Categorization ◽  
Multiple Routes ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Pictures And Words ◽  
Salient Features

This paper reports a series of experiments conducted to study the categorization of pictures and words. Whereas some studies reported in the past have found a picture advantage in categorization, other studies have yielded no differences between pictures and words This paper used an experimental paradigm designed to overcome some methodological problems to examine picture-word categorization. The results of one experiment were consistent with an advantage for pictures in categorization. To identify the source of the picture advantage in categorization, two more experiments were conducted. Findings suggest that semantic relatedness may play an important role in the categorization of both pictures and words. We explain these findings by suggesting that pictures simultaneously access both their concept and visually salient features whereas words may initially access their concept and may subsequently activate features. Therefore, pictures have an advantage in categorization by offering multiple routes to semantic processing.

Necessarily Provisional: Ireland at the Venice Biennale

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-49
Author(s):  
Declan Long
Keyword(s):  
Core Group ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Test Models ◽  
National Representation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Venice Biennale

Ireland’s history at the Venice Biennale is one of uncertain circumstances and regular mobility. This article reflects on Ireland’s status as one of the non-permanent, ‘provisional’ pavilions at the Biennale, and considers the multiple ways in which Irish exhibitions (since the early 1990s) have dealt with curatorial challenges in this unpredictable context. By tracing the history of Ireland’s diverse exhibitionary efforts to test models of national representation away from the Biennale’s core group of settled, permanent pavilions, I argue (with reference to writings by Maria Lind and Irit Rogoff) for the merits of curating in a ‘provisional’ mode, finding useful lessons in Ireland’s varying levels of commitment to realizing ‘context-sensitive’ pavilion projects.

The Still Face: A History of a Shared Experimental Paradigm

Infancy ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren B. Adamson ◽  
Janet E. Frick
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Paradigm ◽  
History Of

Beyond the Canon

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya Merchant
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Cultural Capital ◽  
Traditional Music ◽  
Women's Roles ◽  
Women’S Roles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
The City

This chapter examines traditional music as a means to construct a cohesive pre-Soviet past in Uzbekistan. Traditional music encompasses three maqom traditions with roots in cities that currently exist within the borders of Uzbekistan: Xorazm maqom, Shashmaqom, and Tashkent-Ferghana maqom. The chapter first considers the history of the construction of the canon of traditional music in Uzbek institutions before discussing traditional music and maqom's links to nationalism in the city of Tashkent. It then looks at women's roles performing the great works in the maqom tradition, along with two masters of this tradition, Yunus Rajabi and Munojat Yulchieva. It also explores the role of maqom in the shift in cultural capital in Uzbekistan after independence. The chapter concludes with an assessment of dutar ensembles as an area of contested gender identity that is very much context dependent.

The Asymmetric Impact of Context on Advantaged versus Disadvantaged Options

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Evangelidis ◽  
Jonathan Levav ◽  
Itamar Simonson
Keyword(s):  
Context Effects ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Relative Advantage ◽  
Extremeness Aversion ◽  
Asymmetric Impact ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Asymmetric Dominance

Despite substantial prior research regarding the effect of context on choices, uncertainty remains regarding when particular context effects will be observed. In this article, the authors advance a new perspective on context-dependent choices, according to which context effects are a function of the relative advantage of one option over another and of the different strategies that decision makers evoke when making a choice. They propose that context effects resulting from the addition of a third option to a two-option set are more frequently observed when the added option is relatively similar (adjacent) to the “disadvantaged” alternative (i.e., the lower-share option) in the set. The authors conduct a series of studies to analyze the occurrence of context effects and find support for predictions related to asymmetric dominance and extremeness aversion.

Preference Reversals Between Joint and Separate Evaluations With Multiple Alternatives and Context Effects

2017 ◽  
Vol 120 (6) ◽  
pp. 1117-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin-Hui Cheng ◽  
Annie P. Yu ◽  
Molly Chien-Jung Huang ◽  
Chia-Jung Dai
Keyword(s):  
Context Effect ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Preference Reversal ◽  
Preference Reversals ◽  
Alternative Evaluation ◽  
Choice Sets ◽  
Two Alternatives

Most research on preference reversal (PR) focuses on the evaluability hypothesis with one or two alternatives. However, people normally encounter more than two options in daily life. In this research, a third option was added to the PR effect choice sets in the traditional joint–separate evaluations mode to create a context effect. Three studies were conducted. Studies 1 and 2 showed that adding a third option to the choice sets changed the PR effect; either the attributes were both important or one was important and the other was not. Study 3 showed that the PR effect reappeared when a third option was added to the choice sets that had no PR effect with just two attributes that were difficult to evaluate independently in traditional evaluations modes. The three studies confirmed that preferences changed in multi-alternative evaluation modes, contradicting Hsee’s (1996) work and showing that the context effect is stronger than that of the attribute’s importance in the PR effect.

scholarly journals Salience Theory of Choice Under Risk

2012 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 1243-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Bordalo ◽  
Nicola Gennaioli ◽  
Andrei Shleifer
Keyword(s):  
Prospect Theory ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Preference Reversals ◽  
Allais Paradox ◽  
Risk Seeking ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Decision Weights

Abstract We present a theory of choice among lotteries in which the decision maker's attention is drawn to (precisely defined) salient payoffs. This leads the decision maker to a context-dependent representation of lotteries in which true probabilities are replaced by decision weights distorted in favor of salient payoffs. By specifying decision weights as a function of payoffs, our model provides a novel and unified account of many empirical phenomena, including frequent risk-seeking behavior, invariance failures such as the Allais paradox, and preference reversals. It also yields new predictions, including some that distinguish it from prospect theory, which we test.

scholarly journals The Impact of Experience on Preference Formation and Context Effects in Multi-alternative, Multi-attribute Choice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanjun Liu ◽  
Jennifer S Trueblood
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Context Effect ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Preference Formation ◽  
Preferential Choice ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Subjective Representation

Within the domain of preferential choice, it has long been thought that context effects, such as the attraction and compromise effects, arise due to the constructive nature of preferences and thus should not emerge when preferences are stable. We examined this hypothesis with a series of experiments where participants had the opportunity to experience selected alternatives and develop more enduring preferences. Our results suggest that context effects can still emerge when stable preferences form through experience. This suggests that multi-alternative, multi-attribute decisions are likely influenced by relative evaluations, as hypothesized by many computational models of decision-making, even when participants have the opportunity to experience options and learn their preferences. In addition, the direction of observed context effects is opposite to standard effects and appears to be quite robust. Our post-hoc explorations suggest that the context effect reversals we observe may relate to the subjective representation of options.

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