No feelings for me, no feelings for you: A meta-analysis on alexithymia and empathy in psychopathy
Introduction: Psychopathy is characterized by extensive emotional impairments. However, the current empirical literature on empathy and emotional awareness in psychopathy provides heterogeneous results. Methods: Multiple random-effects models were performed on studies examining the association between psychopathy and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index as well as Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20. In total, 72 articles providing 716 effect sizes and representing 15,016 participants were included in the analyses. Furthermore, differences among psychopathy factors and the role of potential moderators were assessed. Results: We found negative relationships between psychopathy and empathy (r = -.31), empathic concern (r = -.29), perspective taking (r = -.22), and personal distress (r = -.14). In addition, our results yielded positive relationships between psychopathy and alexithymia (r = .21), difficulty describing feelings (r = .20), difficulty identifying feelings (r = .16), and externally-oriented thinking (r = .15). The results varied by psychopathy factors and were partly moderated by sample type (correctional/clinical vs. community) and gender.Conclusion: These findings contribute to a better understanding of impaired emotionality in psychopathy. We show that psychopathy is associated with profound deficits in affective and cognitive empathy, personal distress, and emotional awareness.