scholarly journals Nostalgia as an emerging property of the Projective Consciousness Model

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manik Bhattacharjee ◽  
David Rudrauf
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Prior Beliefs ◽  
World Model ◽  
Psychological Realism ◽  
The Past ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Sensory Evidence ◽  
Negative Feelings

The projective consciousness model (PCM) is a recently developed computational model of consciousness that allows an agent to project itself by imagination into an internal world model constantly updated through Bayesian inference from sensory evidence. The PCM acts to minimize free energy (FE) which is related to the divergence between predicted or preferred states and experienced states. The PCM uses its imagination to evaluate non-local situations. To increase psychological realism, we added a basic episodic memory to the PCM, which allows an agent to explicitly project itself in its past. As the PCM agent explores simulated worlds, it keeps a memory of its location and experienced FE across multiple layers of appraisal. When FE cannot be further minimized across possible local directions of action, the agent projects itself across space based on prior beliefs about either the present or the past, in an attempt to further lower its FE. Using simulations, we show that recalling pleasant memories allows a PCM agent to lower FE, in situations where it is stuck with no other solution for FE minimization based on direct action or projections of possible future actions. Nostalgia is often defined as taking pleasure in recalling positive, soothing past events as a result of negative feelings in the present. The behavior of the PCM, which emerges from combining projective mechanisms, FE minimization and an episodic memory, is consistent with this definition.

Automated Image Denoising Model: Contribution Towards Optimized Internal and External Basis

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150051
Author(s):  
S. Elavaar Kuzhali ◽  
D. S. Suresh
Keyword(s):  
Image Denoising ◽  
Image Patch ◽  
The Past ◽  
Local Means ◽  
Hybrid Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Processing Step ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Chicken Swarm Optimization ◽  
Selection Of

For handling digital images for various applications, image denoising is considered as a fundamental pre-processing step. Diverse image denoising algorithms have been introduced in the past few decades. The main intent of this proposal is to develop an effective image denoising model on the basis of internal and external patches. This model adopts Non-local means (NLM) for performing the denoising, which uses redundant information of the image in pixel or spatial domain to reduce the noise. While performing the image denoising using NLM, “denoising an image patch using the other noisy patches within the noisy image is done for internal denoising and denoising a patch using the external clean natural patches is done for external denoising”. Here, the selection of optimal block from the entire datasets including internal noisy images and external clean natural images is decided by a new hybrid optimization algorithm. The two renowned optimization algorithms Chicken Swarm Optimization (CSO), and Dragon Fly Algorithm (DA) are merged, and the new hybrid algorithm Rooster-based Levy Updated DA (RLU-DA) is adopted. The experimental results in terms of some relevant performance measures show the promising results of the proposed model with remarkable stability and high accuracy.

Legal Reform and Social Construction: Violence, Gender, and the Law

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 (04) ◽  
pp. 829-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Frohmann ◽  
Elizabeth Mertz
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Legal Reforms ◽  
The Past ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
The Social

As scholars and activists have addressed the problem of violence against women in the past 25 years, their efforts have increasingly attuned us to the multiple dimensions of the issue. Early activists hoped to change the structure of power relations in our society, as well as the political ideology that tolerated violence against women, through legislation, education, direct action, and direct services. This activism resulted in a plethora of changes to the legal codes and protocols relating to rape and battering. Today, social scientists and legal scholars are evaluating the effects of these reforms, questioning anew the ability of law by itself to redress societal inequalities. As they uncover the limitations of legal reforms enacted in the past two decades, scholars are turning—or returning—to ask about the social and cultural contexts within which laws are formulated, enforced, and interpreted.

scholarly journals The Mental Construction of Reality in James Joyce

Oceánide ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
José Miguel Alonso-Giráldez
Keyword(s):  
James Joyce ◽  
Fundamental Characteristic ◽  
Finnegans Wake ◽  
Psychological Realism ◽  
The Past ◽  
Construction Of Identity ◽  
Cognitive Theories ◽  
Cognitive Experience ◽  
Psychoanalytic Approach ◽  
The Individual

The purpose of this study is to analyse how James Joyce builds a large part of his narrative through a verbal tissue that is born from the cognitive experience, from the deep interaction between mind and environment. Beyond the psychoanalytic approach or Psychological realism, Joyce, particularly in Ulysses, displays this reading of reality in which a series of cognitive events form a narrative continuum. Reality appears before us through the perceptions of the protagonists, and that is the reason why we only access an incomplete view of reality itself. Partiality or incompleteness is a fundamental characteristic of Ulysses. However, Joyce aspires to build up a coherent and solid universe. Joyce creates a continuous reality through the semantic flow, often chaotic and blurry. Joycean language reveals the inconsistencies and instabilities of one's life, when it is impossible to transmit what cannot be apprehended completely, whether due to mental dysfunctions, hallucinations or other causes, as in Finnegans Wake. In this study, we also consider etymology as a tool that provides stability and linguistic richness to Joyce’s narrative, although subjecting it to hard transformations or mutation processes. Joyce finds great stylistic possibilities in the words used as semantic repositories that come from the past, and, with his passion for language, is able to build cognitive moments that rely on etymology. In the light of the most recent cognitive theories applied to Joyce's work, this study shows how the combination of mind, body and environment builds reality in Joyce, especially in Ulysses, overcoming traditional analyses around the inner monologue or the individual mind. Confirming previous studies, we consider that Joyce builds reality through microhistories, sketches, discursive or introspective cognitive events. However, to form a continuous substrate, that contributes to the construction of identity in Ulysses, Joyce deploys strategic frameworks, such as paternity or adultery.

scholarly journals Duality and hidden equilibrium in transport models

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rouven Frassek ◽  
Cristian Giardina ◽  
Jorge Kurchan
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Time Reversal ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Equilibrium States ◽  
Transport Models ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Non Equilibrium

A large family of diffusive models of transport that have been considered in the past years admit a transformation into the same model in contact with an equilibrium bath. This mapping holds at the full dynamical level, and is independent of dimension or topology. It provides a good opportunity to discuss questions of time reversal in out of equilibrium contexts. In particular, thanks to the mapping one may define the free energy in the non-equilibrium states very naturally as the (usual) free energy of the mapped system.

scholarly journals Episodic memory and future thinking during early childhood: Linking the past and future

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 552-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly Cuevas ◽  
Vinaya Rajan ◽  
Katherine C. Morasch ◽  
Martha Ann Bell
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Future Thinking ◽  
The Past

A Scene-Based Episodic Memory System for a Simulated Autonomous Creature

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa C. Castro ◽  
Ricardo R. Gudwin
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Navigation System ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Memory Module ◽  
The Past ◽  
3D Environment ◽  
Main Ideas

In this paper the authors present the development of a scene-based episodic memory module for the cognitive architecture controlling an autonomous virtual creature, in a simulated 3D environment. The scene-based episodic memory has the role of improving the creature’s navigation system, by evoking the objects to be considered in planning, according to episodic remembrance of earlier scenes testified by the creature where these objects were present in the past. They introduce the main background on human memory systems and episodic memory study, and provide the main ideas behind the experiment.

The Medieval Islamic Republic of Letters as World Model

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhsin al-Musawi
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Construction ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Single Model ◽  
World Model ◽  
Republic Of Letters ◽  
The Past ◽  
Significant Period ◽  
The Masses

AbstractMy argument in the two-part essay focuses on the dilemma of nahḍah as an unfinished mission; a transition as Țāhā Ḥusayn calls it. I join many scholars who are trying to see through its problematic nature, but I see it also in relation to the immediate past with which it has maintained an uneasy relationship. The recent premodern or medieval past, I argue, could have been read and approached differently to build up a better link with the masses that the nahḍah intellectual bypasses or disparages. The past as a significant period of constellations and knowledge construction could have helped the search for new paths that could also accommodate European knowledge. Other models, alluded to by my insightful respondents and interlocutors, confirm the validity of this proposal, despite the fact that the medieval Islamic republic of letters—as a blanket term for multidimensional efforts—offers more venues in knowledge construction that challenge Casanova’s one single model.

scholarly journals Witnessing, Remembering, and Testifying: Why the Past Is Special for Human Beings

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 428-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes B. Mahr ◽  
Gergely Csibra
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social

The past is undeniably special for human beings. To a large extent, both individuals and collectives define themselves through history. Moreover, humans seem to have a special way of cognitively representing the past: episodic memory. As opposed to other ways of representing knowledge, remembering the past in episodic memory brings with it the ability to become a witness. Episodic memory allows us to determine what of our knowledge about the past comes from our own experience and thereby what parts of the past we can give testimony about. In this article, we aim to give an account of the special status of the past by asking why humans have developed the ability to give testimony about it. We argue that the past is special for human beings because it is regularly, and often principally, the only thing that can determine present social realities such as commitments, entitlements, and obligations. Because the social effects of the past often do not leave physical traces behind, remembering the past and the ability to bear testimony it brings is necessary for coordinating social realities with other individuals.

scholarly journals A temporal record of the past with a spectrum of time constants in the monkey entorhinal cortex

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (33) ◽  
pp. 20274-20283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian M. Bright ◽  
Miriam L. R. Meister ◽  
Nathanael A. Cruzado ◽  
Zoran Tiganj ◽  
Elizabeth A. Buffalo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Large Deviations ◽  
Entorhinal Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Relaxation Rates ◽  
Image Content ◽  
Time Constants ◽  
Macaque Monkeys ◽  
The Past ◽  
Memory Code

Episodic memory is believed to be intimately related to our experience of the passage of time. Indeed, neurons in the hippocampus and other brain regions critical to episodic memory code for the passage of time at a range of timescales. The origin of this temporal signal, however, remains unclear. Here, we examined temporal responses in the entorhinal cortex of macaque monkeys as they viewed complex images. Many neurons in the entorhinal cortex were responsive to image onset, showing large deviations from baseline firing shortly after image onset but relaxing back to baseline at different rates. This range of relaxation rates allowed for the time since image onset to be decoded on the scale of seconds. Further, these neurons carried information about image content, suggesting that neurons in the entorhinal cortex carry information about not only when an event took place but also, the identity of that event. Taken together, these findings suggest that the primate entorhinal cortex uses a spectrum of time constants to construct a temporal record of the past in support of episodic memory.

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