Modulatory Effects of Language Context on Executive Functioning in Multilinguals
The advantages of bilingualism on executive functioning have received intense attention over the past decade with recent research patterns converging on multilingualism rather than just bilingualism. However, whether an advantage exists is far from conclusive, with convincing evidence on both sides of the debate. The present study investigated whether multilingual experience predicts better executive functioning (EF), and if language contexts modulate the relationship. 77 English-Mandarin simultaneous multilinguals completed a modified flanker task which varied according to language context (Neutral, Single-language or mixed-language contexts). Participants were instructed to ignore the task-irrelevant words during the single context blocks (English or Mandarin only) and mixed-language block (English & Mandarin). The first key finding is that multilingual experience predicted better performance but only in the mixed-language block. Second, language context moderates the strength of the relationship between multilingualism and flanker task performance. These findings provide direct evidence for the Adaptive Control Hypothesis. Furthermore, the present study demonstrated the use of a novel measure of multilingualism – the Multilingual Language Diversity score – as a significant predictor of enhanced EF in different language contexts. We end this paper by discussing practical guidelines for research moving forward.