scholarly journals Strategic Identity Signaling in Heterogeneous Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara van der Does ◽  
Mirta Galesic ◽  
Zackary Dunivin ◽  
Paul E. Smaldino
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Political Communication ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Political Identity ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Formal Theory ◽  
Behavioral Experiment ◽  
Identity Signaling ◽  
The Cost

Individuals often signal identity information to facilitate assortment with partners who are likely to share norms, values, and goals. However, individuals may also be incentivized to encrypt their identity signals to avoid detection by dissimilar receivers, particularly when such detection is costly. Using mathematical modeling, this idea has previously been formalized into a theory of covert signaling. In this paper, we provide the first empirical test of the theory of covert signaling in the context of political identity signaling surrounding the 2020 U.S. presidential elections. We use novel methods relying on differences in detection between ingroup and outgroup receivers to identify likely covert and overt signals on Twitter. We strengthen our experimental predictions with a new mathematical modeling and examine the usage of selected covert and overt tweets in a behavioral experiment. We find that people strategically adjust their signaling behavior in response to the political constitution of their audiences and the cost of being disliked, in accordance with the formal theory. Our results have implications for our understanding of political communication, social identity, pragmatics, hate speech, and the maintenance of cooperation in diverse populations.

ABOUT NECESSITY OF MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE BUSINESS PROCESS OF COST ESTIMATE CALCULATIONS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF OIL AND GAS FACILITIES

2017 ◽  
pp. 139-145
Author(s):  
R. I. Hamidullin ◽  
L. B. Senkevich
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Business Process ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Construction Organizations ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Of Construction

A study of the quality of the development of estimate documentation on the cost of construction at all stages of the implementation of large projects in the oil and gas industry is conducted. The main problems that arise in construction organizations are indicated. The analysis of the choice of the perfect methodology of mathematical modeling of the investigated business process for improving the activity of budget calculations, conducting quality assessment of estimates and criteria for automation of design estimates is performed.

Estimating the Electoral Effects of Voter Turnout

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS G. HANSFORD ◽  
BRAD T. GOMEZ
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
The United States ◽  
Electoral Outcomes ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Electoral Choice ◽  
High Turnout ◽  
Specific Factors

This article examines the electoral consequences of variation in voter turnout in the United States. Existing scholarship focuses on the claim that high turnout benefits Democrats, but evidence supporting this conjecture is variable and controversial. Previous work, however, does not account for endogeneity between turnout and electoral choice, and thus, causal claims are questionable. Using election day rainfall as an instrumental variable for voter turnout, we are able to estimate the effect of variation in turnout due to across-the-board changes in the utility of voting. We re-examine the Partisan Effects and Two-Effects Hypotheses, provide an empirical test of an Anti-Incumbent Hypothesis, and propose a Volatility Hypothesis, which posits that high turnout produces less predictable electoral outcomes. Using county-level data from the 1948–2000 presidential elections, we find support for each hypothesis. Failing to address the endogeneity problem would lead researchers to incorrectly reject all but the Anti-Incumbent Hypothesis. The effect of variation in turnout on electoral outcomes appears quite meaningful. Although election-specific factors other than turnout have the greatest influence on who wins an election, variation in turnout significantly affects vote shares at the county, national, and Electoral College levels.

FOTOGRAFI SEBAGAI MEDIA POLITIK DI INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Mohammad Solihin
Keyword(s):  
Political Communication ◽  
Visual Communication ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Visual Media ◽  
Communication To The Public ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
The Public ◽  
Message Effects ◽  
Self Image ◽  
The Media

ABSTRACTPhotography is one of the media used to introduce the character or self-image of politicians during regional head elections, or presidential elections. Among them are by displaying photos of faces or campaign activities for APK (Campaign Props) billboards, namely billboards or billboards installed on protocol roads that can be seen by the public, pamphlets, mass media, and etc. Visual media in the form of photos has a very big influence on public opinion. Photography has a visual power that is able to construct the authenticity of factual events. The purpose of this study is to find out how the process of making photography a political visual communication medium in Indonesia. The method used is descriptive qualitative with an approach through the literature study method. The results of this study can be concluded that the process of making photography a political medium of visual communication to the public is carried out in several ways, namely by recruiting special photographers themselves, designing them, and distributing them. The effect of the message generated from a photography with a good appearance is the effect of knowledge and effect of information.Keywords:  Photography, Political Media, Visual Communication, Message Effects, Political Communication.  ABSTRAKFotografi merupakan salah satu media yang digunakan untuk mengenalkan karakter atau citra diri politisi saat pemilihan kepala daerah, ataupun pemilihan presiden. Diantaranya dengan memajang foto-foto wajah atau kegiatan kampanye untuk baliho APK (Alat Peraga Kampanye) yakni papan reklame atau billboard yang dipasang di jalan-jalan protokol yang bisa dilihat oleh masyarakat luas, pamflet, media massa, dan sebagainya. Media visual berupa foto sangat besar pengaruhnya mempengaruhi opini publik. Fotografi memiliki kekuatan visual yang mampu mengkonstruksi keotentikan peristiwa faktual. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana proses menjadikan fotografi sebagai media komunikasi visual politik di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan melalui metode studi literatur. Hasil dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa proses menjadikan fotografi sebagai media politik komunikasi visual kepada masyarakat dilakukan dengan beberapa cara, yakni dengan merekrut khusus fotografer sendiri, mendesainnya, dan menyebarkannya. Efek pesan yang ditimbulkan dari sebuah fotografi dengan tampilan yang baik adalah efek pengetahuan dan efek informasi.Kata Kunci: Fotografi, Media Politik, Komunikasi Visual, Efek Pesan, Komunikasi Politik.

Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of Covid-19 Infection spreads in India with Restricted Optimal Treatment on Disease Incidence

BIOMATH ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 2106147
Author(s):  
Debkumar Pal ◽  
D Ghosh ◽  
P K Santra ◽  
G S Mahapatra
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Objective Function ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Modeling And Analysis ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Disease Free ◽  
The Basic Reproduction Number

This paper presents the current situation and how to minimize its effect in India through a mathematical model of infectious Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This model consists of six compartments to population classes consisting of susceptible, exposed, home quarantined, government quarantined, infected individuals in treatment, and recovered class. The basic reproduction number is calculated, and the stabilities of the proposed model at the disease-free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium are observed. The next crucial treatment control of the Covid-19 epidemic model is presented in India's situation. An objective function is considered by incorporating the optimal infected individuals and the cost of necessary treatment. Finally, optimal control is achieved that minimizes our anticipated objective function. Numerical observations are presented utilizing MATLAB software to demonstrate the consistency of present-day representation from a realistic standpoint.

scholarly journals FROM CONVENIENT HIBERNATION TO CIRCUMSTANTIAL DESPERATION: HATE SPEECH, PARTY POLITICAL COMMUNICATION AND THE NIGERIA’S 2015 GENERAL ELECTIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Omilusi
Keyword(s):  
Political Communication ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
General Elections

Até alguns meses para as eleições gerais de 2015, muitos partidos políticos que hibernaram convenientemente por uma boa parte da sua existência, talvez devido à falta de estrutura organizacional adequada ou base de apoio, programas descoordenados ou por terem sido registrados por ganhos pecuniários, de repente começaram a aparecer no espaço político. O principal partido da oposição e o partido no poder estavam ou aperfeiçoando processos de fusão ou envolvidos em discussões internas, de modo que a comunicação com o eleitorado em questões fundamentais tornou-se inconsequente. Na verdade, os dois partidos dominantes, o Partido Popular Democrata e o Congresso Progressista Geral apenas lançaram seus candidatos presidenciais menos de cinco meses para as eleições; e a campanha eleitoral assumiu a contestação desesperada em um clima de preconceito e intolerância. Os discursos de ódio e a violência foram as características de suas campanhas eleitorais. As eleições gerais de 2015, portanto, oferecem um contexto único para interrogar o lugar da comunicação política do partido em uma democracia emergente e, especificamente, como as campanhas de ódio entre os gladiadores políticos/partidos conflitantes poderiam gerar violência e, se não domesticadas, descarrilar a consolidação democrática. Este artigo afirma que o discurso de ódio não é apenas inspirado por algumas circunstâncias sociais, mas também parte de um processo democrático geral. Isso atesta o fato de que os políticos nigerianos se tornaram mais desesperados e ousados em tomar e manter o poder político; e mais intolerantes à oposição, críticas e esforços para substituí-los. Baseando-se amplamente em fontes secundárias com a ajuda de ferramentas descritivas e narrativas, este ensaio conclui que a cultura política de um país determina o comportamento e a atitude da população em relação ao sistema político, e que a transição democrática de uma administração para outra, particularmente em democracias emergentes, muitas vezes foi acompanhada de violência promovida pelos desejos do partido político no poder para consolidar seus apelos ao poder e pelo interesse dos interessados em capturar o mesmo.

Nature of Tweets in the 2015 Nigerian Presidential Elections

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nwachukwu Andrew Egbunike ◽  
Noel Ihebuzor ◽  
Ngozi Onyechi
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
Social Engagement ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Political Mobilization ◽  
Election Results

Social media is becoming increasingly important as a means for social engagement. In Nigeria, Twitter is employed to convey opinion and make commentary on matters ranging from football to politics. Tweets are also used to inform, advocate, recruit and even incite. Previous studies have shown that Twitter could be effective for political mobilization. However, there is dearth of research on how Twitter has been used as a purveyor of neutral and/or hate speech in the Nigerian context. This study examined the nature of tweets in the immediate aftermath of the 2015 presidential election in Nigeria. The authors employed content analysis of 250 purposively selected tweets from the #Igbo hashtag which trended between March 29 and 31, 2015. The tweets were then categorized into five explicit hate and one neutral tweet category respectively. Results revealed the dominance of three hate tweet types: derogatory, mocking and blaming. These findings were then discussed bearing in mind earlier theories on the functionality of tweets and voting patterns from an analysis of the election results.

The Optimization of Mechanized Earthwork Processes

2016 ◽  
Vol 820 ◽  
pp. 96-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Paulovičová
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Multicriteria Optimization ◽  
Optimization Process ◽  
Multicriteria Method ◽  
Wise Decision ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Selection Of

Earthwork processes are the most costly and time consuming component of construction these days and they are characterized by a powerful heavy mechanization which participate on the earthwork process. Current pressure for minimize the cost and maximize the productivity highlights the need to optimize earthworks. In this paper, the optimization process in the area of earthwork processes is described. The selection of the right types of machines for earthwork and its implements has become very difficult these days because of availability of variety of machines models and therefore a multicriteria method is presented to tackle the problem. This paper describes methodology for optimizing the earthwork process according to the selected optimal criteria. The methodology is focused on the proposal phase of optimization where the decision maker has to make a decision and choose the right type of excavators. To overcome the problem of comparing the chosen machines a mathematical modeling approach leading to multicriteria optimization was adopted to make the step wise decision. The methodology gives an mathematical models by which we can solve this problem.

Uses and Gratifications

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Lance Holbert
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Modeling ◽  
Political Communication ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Uses And Gratifications ◽  
Media Use ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Formal Theory ◽  
Research Framework ◽  
Media Research

This chapter summarizes uses and gratifications, a media research framework that asks why people consume certain media forms. The author explains the general framework of this approach to media, outlines the explanatory principles undergirding work of this kind, and identifies what is needed to move this research agenda toward more formal theory development. The issue of how best to measure gratifications sought, gratifications obtained, and media use is discussed. The chapter identifies three areas for potential developments (i.e., dynamic modeling, complementarity, expansion of communication inputs) within the uses and gratifications framework that may benefit political communication scholars. This issue of what media should be defined as “political” is also addressed, with an argument made for the inclusion of entertainment outlets.

scholarly journals The Tortoise and the Hare: Interactions between Reinforcement Learning and Working Memory

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1422-1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne G. E. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Computational Modeling ◽  
Behavioral Experiment ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Multiple Systems ◽  
Memory Interference ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
The Cost

Learning to make rewarding choices in response to stimuli depends on a slow but steady process, reinforcement learning, and a fast and flexible, but capacity-limited process, working memory. Using both systems in parallel, with their contributions weighted based on performance, should allow us to leverage the best of each system: rapid early learning, supplemented by long-term robust acquisition. However, this assumes that using one process does not interfere with the other. We use computational modeling to investigate the interactions between the two processes in a behavioral experiment and show that working memory interferes with reinforcement learning. Previous research showed that neural representations of reward prediction errors, a key marker of reinforcement learning, were blunted when working memory was used for learning. We thus predicted that arbitrating in favor of working memory to learn faster in simple problems would weaken the reinforcement learning process. We tested this by measuring performance in a delayed testing phase where the use of working memory was impossible, and thus participant choices depended on reinforcement learning. Counterintuitively, but confirming our predictions, we observed that associations learned most easily were retained worse than associations learned slower: Using working memory to learn quickly came at the cost of long-term retention. Computational modeling confirmed that this could only be accounted for by working memory interference in reinforcement learning computations. These results further our understanding of how multiple systems contribute in parallel to human learning and may have important applications for education and computational psychiatry.

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