Dramatic changes to well-known places go unnoticed

How well do we know our city? It turns out, much more poorly than we might imagine. We used declarative memory and eye-tracking techniques to examine people’s ability to detect modifications of landmarks in Toronto locales with which they have had extensive experience. Participants were poor at identifying which scenes contained altered landmarks, whether the modification was to the landmarks’ relative size, internal features, or surrounding context. To determine whether an indirect measure would prove more sensitive, we tracked eye movements during viewing. Changes in overall visual exploration, but not to specific regions of change, were related to participants’ explicit endorsement of scenes as modified. These results support the contention that very familiar landmarks are strongly integrated within the spatial context in which they were first experienced, so that any changes that are consciously detected are at a global or coarse, but not local or fine-grained, level.

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The spatial distribution of eye movements predicts the (false) recognition of emotional facial expressions

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0245777 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. e0245777

Author(s):

Fanny Poncet ◽

Robert Soussignan ◽

Margaux Jaffiol ◽

Baptiste Gaudelus ◽

Arnaud Leleu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

False Recognition ◽

Recognition Task ◽

Visual Exploration ◽

Emotional Expressions ◽

Facial Emotions ◽

The Face

Recognizing facial expressions of emotions is a fundamental ability for adaptation to the social environment. To date, it remains unclear whether the spatial distribution of eye movements predicts accurate recognition or, on the contrary, confusion in the recognition of facial emotions. In the present study, we asked participants to recognize facial emotions while monitoring their gaze behavior using eye-tracking technology. In Experiment 1a, 40 participants (20 women) performed a classic facial emotion recognition task with a 5-choice procedure (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness). In Experiment 1b, a second group of 40 participants (20 women) was exposed to the same materials and procedure except that they were instructed to say whether (i.e., Yes/No response) the face expressed a specific emotion (e.g., anger), with the five emotion categories tested in distinct blocks. In Experiment 2, two groups of 32 participants performed the same task as in Experiment 1a while exposed to partial facial expressions composed of actions units (AUs) present or absent in some parts of the face (top, middle, or bottom). The coding of the AUs produced by the models showed complex facial configurations for most emotional expressions, with several AUs in common. Eye-tracking data indicated that relevant facial actions were actively gazed at by the decoders during both accurate recognition and errors. False recognition was mainly associated with the additional visual exploration of less relevant facial actions in regions containing ambiguous AUs or AUs relevant to other emotional expressions. Finally, the recognition of facial emotions from partial expressions showed that no single facial actions were necessary to effectively communicate an emotional state. In contrast, the recognition of facial emotions relied on the integration of a complex set of facial cues.

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A Statistical Physics Perspective to Understand Social Visual Attention in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Perception ◽

10.1177/0301006616685976 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 46 (8) ◽

pp. 889-913 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Alessio Liberati ◽

Roberta Fadda ◽

Giuseppe Doneddu ◽

Sara Congiu ◽

Marco A. Javarone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽

Eye Movements ◽

Visual Attention ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Statistical Physics ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Spectrum Disorder ◽

Visual Exploration ◽

Subjective Expectations ◽

Children With Asd

This study investigated social visual attention in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and with typical development (TD) in the light of Brockmann and Geisel’s model of visual attention. The probability distribution of gaze movements and clustering of gaze points, registered with eye-tracking technology, was studied during a free visual exploration of a gaze stimulus. A data-driven analysis of the distribution of eye movements was chosen to overcome any possible methodological problems related to the subjective expectations of the experimenters about the informative contents of the image in addition to a computational model to simulate group differences. Analysis of the eye-tracking data indicated that the scanpaths of children with TD and ASD were characterized by eye movements geometrically equivalent to Lévy flights. Children with ASD showed a higher frequency of long saccadic amplitudes compared with controls. A clustering analysis revealed a greater dispersion of eye movements for these children. Modeling of the results indicated higher values of the model parameter modulating the dispersion of eye movements for children with ASD. Together, the experimental results and the model point to a greater dispersion of gaze points in ASD.

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Eye movements in sports research and practice: Immersive technologies as optimal environments for the study of gaze behaviour

10.31234/osf.io/fbwvk ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

David Harris ◽

Mark Wilson ◽

Tim Holmes ◽

Toby de Burgh ◽

Samuel James Vine

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Visual Information ◽

Successful Performance ◽

Experimental Control ◽

Research And Practice ◽

Gaze Behaviour ◽

Immersive Technologies

Head-mounted eye tracking has been fundamental for developing an understanding of sporting expertise, as the way in which performers sample visual information from the environment is a major determinant of successful performance. There is, however, a long running tension between the desire to study realistic, in-situ gaze behaviour and the difficulties of acquiring accurate ocular measurements in dynamic and fast-moving sporting tasks. Here, we describe how immersive technologies, such as virtual reality, offer an increasingly compelling approach for conducting eye movement research in sport. The possibility of studying gaze behaviour in representative and realistic environments, but with high levels of experimental control, could enable significant strides forward for eye tracking in sport and improve understanding of how eye movements underpin sporting skills. By providing a rationale for virtual reality as an optimal environment for eye tracking research, as well as outlining practical considerations related to hardware, software and data analysis, we hope to guide researchers and practitioners in the use of this approach.

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Tracking eye-gaze in smart home systems (SHS): first insights from eye-tracking and self-report measures

Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing ◽

10.1007/s12652-021-03134-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Federico Cassioli ◽

Laura Angioletti ◽

Michela Balconi

Keyword(s):

Eye Tracking ◽

Personality Traits ◽

Smart Home ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Tracking System ◽

Eye Gaze ◽

Self Report ◽

Visual Exploration ◽

Living Room ◽

Psychological Traits

AbstractHuman–computer interaction (HCI) is particularly interesting because full-immersive technology may be approached differently by users, depending on the complexity of the interaction, users’ personality traits, and their motivational systems inclination. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between psychological factors and attention towards specific tech-interactions in a smart home system (SHS). The relation between personal psychological traits and eye-tracking metrics is investigated through self-report measures [locus of control (LoC), user experience (UX), behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral activation system (BAS)] and a wearable and wireless near-infrared illumination based eye-tracking system applied to an Italian sample (n = 19). Participants were asked to activate and interact with five different tech-interaction areas with different levels of complexity (entrance, kitchen, living room, bathroom, and bedroom) in a smart home system (SHS), while their eye-gaze behavior was recorded. Data showed significant differences between a simpler interaction (entrance) and a more complex one (living room), in terms of number of fixation. Moreover, slower time to first fixation in a multifaceted interaction (bathroom), compared to simpler ones (kitchen and living room) was found. Additionally, in two interaction conditions (living room and bathroom), negative correlations were found between external LoC and fixation count, and between BAS reward responsiveness scores and fixation duration. Findings led to the identification of a two-way process, where both the complexity of the tech-interaction and subjects’ personality traits are important impacting factors on the user’s visual exploration behavior. This research contributes to understand the user responsiveness adding first insights that may help to create more human-centered technology.

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Do you see what I mean?: Using mobile eye tracking to capture parent–child dynamics in the context of anxiety risk

Development and Psychopathology ◽

10.1017/s0954579420001601 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-16

Author(s):

Leigha A. MacNeill ◽

Xiaoxue Fu ◽

Kristin A. Buss ◽

Koraly Pérez-Edgar

Keyword(s):

Eye Tracking ◽

Positive Reinforcement ◽

Parental Behavior ◽

Anxiety Level ◽

Eye Tracker ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Controlling Parenting ◽

Attractor Strength ◽

Child Age ◽

Mobile Eye Tracking

Abstract Temperamental behavioral inhibition (BI) is a robust endophenotype for anxiety characterized by increased sensitivity to novelty. Controlling parenting can reinforce children's wariness by rewarding signs of distress. Fine-grained, dynamic measures are needed to better understand both how children perceive their parent's behaviors and the mechanisms supporting evident relations between parenting and socioemotional functioning. The current study examined dyadic attractor patterns (average mean durations) with state space grids, using children's attention patterns (captured via mobile eye tracking) and parental behavior (positive reinforcement, teaching, directives, intrusion), as functions of child BI and parent anxiety. Forty 5- to 7-year-old children and their primary caregivers completed a set of challenging puzzles, during which the child wore a head-mounted eye tracker. Child BI was positively correlated with proportion of parent's time spent teaching. Child age was negatively related, and parent anxiety level was positively related, to parent-focused/controlling parenting attractor strength. There was a significant interaction between parent anxiety level and child age predicting parent-focused/controlling parenting attractor strength. This study is a first step to examining the co-occurrence of parenting behavior and child attention in the context of child BI and parental anxiety levels.

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Neurogastronomy as a Tool for Evaluating Emotions and Visual Preferences of Selected Food Served in Different Ways

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10020354 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 354

Author(s):

Jakub Berčík ◽

Johana Paluchová ◽

Katarína Neomániová

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Air Quality ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

Visual Design ◽

Personal Interview ◽

Visual Preferences ◽

New Perspective ◽

Corporate Resources ◽

Face Reading

The appearance of food provides certain expectations regarding the harmonization of taste, delicacy, and overall quality, which subsequently affects not only the intake itself but also many other features of the behavior of customers of catering facilities. The main goal of this article is to find out what effect the visual design of food (waffles) prepared from the same ingredients and served in three different ways—a stone plate, street food style, and a white classic plate—has on the consumer’s preferences. In addition to the classic tablet assistance personal interview (TAPI) tools, biometric methods such as eye tracking and face reading were used in order to obtain unconscious feedback. During testing, air quality in the room by means of the Extech device and the influence of the visual design of food on the perception of its smell were checked. At the end of the paper, we point out the importance of using classical feedback collection techniques (TAPI) and their extension in measuring subconscious reactions based on monitoring the eye movements and facial expressions of the respondents, which provides a whole new perspective on the perception of visual design and serving food as well as more effective targeting and use of corporate resources.

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A Fast and Effective System for Analysis of Optokinetic Waveforms with a Low-Cost Eye Tracking Device

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9010010 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 10

Author(s):

Chong-Bin Tsai ◽

Wei-Yu Hung ◽

Wei-Yen Hsu

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Low Cost ◽

Saccadic Eye Movements ◽

Slow Phase ◽

Eye Tracker ◽

Effective System ◽

Tracking Device ◽

Traditional Approaches

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is an involuntary eye movement induced by motion of a large proportion of the visual field. It consists of a “slow phase (SP)” with eye movements in the same direction as the movement of the pattern and a “fast phase (FP)” with saccadic eye movements in the opposite direction. Study of OKN can reveal valuable information in ophthalmology, neurology and psychology. However, the current commercially available high-resolution and research-grade eye tracker is usually expensive. Methods & Results: We developed a novel fast and effective system combined with a low-cost eye tracking device to accurately quantitatively measure OKN eye movement. Conclusions: The experimental results indicate that the proposed method achieves fast and promising results in comparisons with several traditional approaches.

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Effects of aging and noncanonical form presentation on idiom processing: Evidence from eye tracking

Applied Psycholinguistics ◽

10.1017/s0142716420000612 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-27

Author(s):

Katja I. Haeuser ◽

Shari Baum ◽

Debra Titone

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Healthy Aging ◽

Idiom Comprehension ◽

First Pass ◽

Effects Of Aging ◽

Open Question ◽

Idiom Processing ◽

Noncanonical Form

Abstract Comprehending idioms (e.g., bite the bullet) requires that people appreciate their figurative meanings while suppressing literal interpretations of the phrase. While much is known about idioms, an open question is how healthy aging and noncanonical form presentation affect idiom comprehension when the task is to read sentences silently for comprehension. Here, younger and older adults read sentences containing idioms or literal phrases, while we monitored their eye movements. Idioms were presented in a canonical or a noncanonical form (e.g., bite the iron bullet). To assess whether people integrate figurative or literal interpretations of idioms, a disambiguating region that was figuratively or literally biased followed the idiom in each sentence. During early stages of reading, older adults showed facilitation for canonical idioms, suggesting a greater sensitivity to stored idiomatic forms. During later stages of reading, older adults showed slower reading times when canonical idioms were biased toward their literal interpretation, suggesting they were more likely to interpret idioms figuratively on the first pass. In contrast, noncanonical form presentation slowed comprehension of figurative meanings comparably in younger and older participants. We conclude that idioms may be more strongly entrenched in older adults, and that noncanonical form presentation slows comprehension of figurative meanings.

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Impaired Inhibitory Control of Saccadic Eye Movements in Cervical Dystonia: An Eye‐Tracking Study

Movement Disorders ◽

10.1002/mds.28486 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Federico Carbone ◽

Philipp Ellmerer ◽

Marcel Ritter ◽

Sabine Spielberger ◽

Philipp Mahlknecht ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Inhibitory Control ◽

Cervical Dystonia ◽

Saccadic Eye Movements

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The Eyes Chico, They Never Lie – Using Eye-Tracking to Examine Faking on the Conditional Reasoning Test for Aggression

Journal of Personnel Psychology ◽

10.1027/1866-5888/a000276 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 84-96

Author(s):

Mitja Ružojčić ◽

Zvonimir Galić ◽

Antun Palanović ◽

Maja Parmač Kovačić ◽

Andreja Bubić

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Personnel Selection ◽

Test Scores ◽

Conditional Reasoning ◽

Reasoning Test ◽

Test Study ◽

True Purpose ◽

Response Alternatives

Abstract. To better understand the process of responding to the Conditional Reasoning Test for Aggression (CRT-A) and its implication for the test's use in personnel selection, we conducted two lab studies in which we compared test scores and eye movements of participants responding honestly and faking the test. Study 1 results showed that, although participants might try to respond differently to the CRT-A while faking, it remains an indirect and unfakeable measure as long as the test's purpose is undisclosed. Study 2 showed that revealing the true purpose of the CRT-A diminishes the test's indirect nature so the test becomes fakeable, solving it requires less attention and participants direct their eyes more to response alternatives congruent with the presentational demands.

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