scholarly journals What do our sampling assumptions affect: how we encode data or how we reason from it?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Ransom ◽  
Andrew Perfors ◽  
Brett Hayes ◽  
Saoirse Connor Desai
Keyword(s):  
Inductive Inference ◽  
Cover Story ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
The Impact

In describing how people generalize from observed samples of data to novel cases, theories of inductive inference have emphasized the learner's reliance on the contents of the sample. More recently, a growing body of literature suggests that different assumptions about how a data sample was generated can lead the learner to draw qualitatively different inferences on the basis of the same evidence. Yet relatively little is known about how and when these two sources of evidence are combined. For instance, do sampling assumptions affect how the sample contents are encoded, or is any influence exerted only at the point of retrieval when a decision is to be made? We report two experiments aimed at exploring this issue. By systematically varying both the sampling cover story and whether it is given before or after the training stimuli we are able to determine whether encoding or retrieval issues drive the impact of sampling assumptions. Across two experiments we find that the sampling cover story affects generalization when it is presented before the training stimuli, but not after, which we interpret in favor of an encoding account.

scholarly journals Exploring the role that encoding and retrieval play in sampling effects

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Ransom ◽  
Amy Perfors
Keyword(s):  
Cover Story ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Single Category ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Encoding And Retrieval

A growing body of literature suggests that making different sampling assumptions about how data are generated can lead to qualitatively different patterns of inference based on that data. However, relatively little is known about how sampling assumptions are represented or when they are incorporated. We report the results of a single category generalisation experiment aimed at exploring these issues. By systematically varying both the sampling cover story and whether it is given before or after the training stimuli we are able to determine whether encoding or retrieval issues drive the impact of sampling assumptions. We find that the sampling cover story affects generalisation when it is presented before the training stimuli, but not after, which we interpret in favour of an encoding account.

The Impact of Corruption on Entrepreneurship

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Gil Avnimelech ◽  
Yaron Zelekha
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Societal Costs ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
The Impact

There is a consensus that corruption may result in high societal costs. A growing body of research reveals the negative effects of corruption on a variety of economic indicators. This chapter presents a literature review on the impact of corruption on entrepreneurship. It allows us to suggest that one of the transition channels through which corruption has impacted growth is entrepreneurship. The main channels in which corruption impacts entrepreneurship is through reduced incentives for entrepreneurial activity and reduced trust within the system. The authors present evidence that the negative impact of an incremental increase in the level of corruption on entrepreneurship is more harmful in developed countries than in developing countries. Thus, they stress the need for more research in this area with the aim of establishing appropriate frameworks for the fight of corruption in both developing and developed countries and suggest significant gains from anti-corruption efforts, especially in developed countries.

Digital Divide

2016 ◽  
pp. 94-101
Author(s):  
Geoff Kaufman ◽  
Mary Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systems Thinking ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Digital Game ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Digital Version ◽  
Digital Format ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
The Impact

With a growing body of work demonstrating the power of games to transform players' attitudes, behaviors, and cognitions, it is crucial to understand the potentially divergent experiences and outcomes afforded by digital and non-digital platforms. In a recent study, we found that transferring a public health game from a non-digital to a digital format profoundly impacted players' behaviors and the game's impact. Specifically, players of the digital version of the game, despite it being a nearly identical translation, exhibited a more rapid play pace and discussed strategies and consequences less frequently and with less depth. As a result of this discrepancy, players of the non-digital version of the game exhibited significantly higher post-game systems thinking performance and more positive valuations of vaccination, whereas players of the digital game did not. We propose several explanations for this finding, including follow-up work demonstrating the impact of platform on basic cognitive processes, that elucidate critical distinctions between digital and non-digital experiences.

scholarly journals Designing the Future: Strategy, Design, and the 4th Industrial Revolution—An Introduction to the Special Issue

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
Tyrone S. Pitsis ◽  
Sara L. Beckman ◽  
Martin Steinert ◽  
Luciano Oviedo ◽  
Bettina Maisch
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Design Thinking ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
California Management Review ◽  
Future Strategy ◽  
Applied Design ◽  
Impact Of Technology ◽  
Strategy Design ◽  
The Impact

This is an introduction to the special issue of California Management Review on Design Thinking (DT). This special issue joins the growing body of work exploring the idea of DT and whether DT makes a difference in terms enhancing or augmenting the impact of technology—and, as a result, innovation—in a positive way. We have chosen an interesting, relevant, and useful array of papers that provide different approaches, views, and interpretations of applied design thinking. These articles provide both management and scholarly readers with insights in how DT is used, as well as its impact and usefulness in a variety of contexts.

Cognitive constraints in English lexical blending

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-173
Author(s):  
Daniel Kjellander
Keyword(s):  
Neighborhood Effects ◽  
Formation Process ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Transfer Effects ◽  
Cognitive Constraints ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Derivatives Of

Abstract The complex characteristics of lexical blending have long troubled mainstream word formation research to the extent that it has typically been considered a peripheral issue in linguistics. In recent years this has begun to change, and there is currently a growing body of evidence uncovering the intriguing nature of this word formation process. In the present study, underlying principles and usage-based aspects of lexical blends were examined. Analyses of derivatives of three matrix words, republican, liberal, and vegetarian, revealed the impact of three cognitive constraints on the use of lexical blends: schema transfer effects, neighborhood effects, and effects of the influence from morphological lexicalization. The first constraint fueled blend formation, while the other two displayed a hampering effect on the use of lexical blending. Furthermore, a study of the word class distribution in the datasets showed that there were significant differences in the grammar of lexical blending and compounding, respectively.

Taking an Evidence-Based Approach to Evidence-Based Policing Research

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Boulton ◽  
Rebecca Phythian ◽  
Stuart Kirby ◽  
Ian Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Method ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
International Evidence ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Evidence Based Policing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Method Approach

Abstract A growing body of international evidence reflects the increasing recognition of evidence-based policing (EBP) and the co-production of research, yet the extent of which such research is being implemented remains unclear. This study seeks to explore the efficacy of EBP in relation to practical implementation issues and assess the impact research is having on practice, both within and external to a specific Constabulary. Twenty-nine research studies, conducted in association with the Constabulary, were examined using a mixed-method approach. Of the total projects, 52% of projects were found to have generated a change to practice or policy. The key features of research that were associated with impact included: (i) mixed-method data collection, (ii) transferability, and (iii) increased dissemination that engaged practitioner and academic audiences. Practically, these findings suggest that EBP research projects can be designed and disseminated in a way that increases the likelihood of implementing the findings to change practice.

Archaeology of Everyday Life

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 373-390
Author(s):  
Cynthia Robin
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Practice Research ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Unique Position ◽  
The Past ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
How People Learn ◽  
New Literature ◽  
The Impact

Everyday life is critical in the constitution of selves and societies alike. Archaeology, with its attention to material and spatial remains, is in a unique position to further studies of everyday life, as ordinary materials and spaces formalize how people learn about themselves and their world. This review defines an archaeology of everyday life, examines its historical roots, synthesizes new literature on the topic, and outlines future directions. Although there is no established subfield called “everyday archaeology,” a rich and ever-growing body of recent research illustrates the impact of everyday life studies on archaeological interpretations and practice. Research on everyday life peoples the past in a way that few other paradigms do.

Political Talk and Voting: Does it Matter to Whom One Talks?

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1113-1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles J Pattie ◽  
Ron J Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Important Influence ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Political Talk ◽  
Voting Decisions ◽  
The Impact

Until recently, political conversations between voters have been neglected by electoral analysts. But a growing body of work has shown the importance of conversation as an influence on voting decisions. The current paper takes that work a stage further by investigating a range of factors that might modify the impact of political conversations upon voting. Against expectations, most factors fail to alter significantly the operation of the conversation effect. But the content of the conversation is revealed as an important influence. The more individuals found themselves in agreement with their discussant's views, the more likely they were to change their vote to the party favoured by their discussant.

Indigenous Histories in Colonial Brazil

2019 ◽  
pp. 395-412
Author(s):  
John M. Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Ethnic Identities ◽  
Contact Map ◽  
European Expansion ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Stark Contrast ◽  
Colonial Order ◽  
The Impact

This chapter provides a critical analysis of the concept of ethnogenesis with new perspectives on the processes of conquest and colonization from native American voices, albeit filtered through colonial sources. A growing body of ethnohistorical literature has laid to rest the idea that the impact of contact, conquest, and European expansion can be summed up in the decimation of indigenous societies. One of the key notions prominent in these new perspectives, “ethnogenesis” has been reconfigured in an attempt to capture the articulation between endogenous patterns of change and the exogenous forces introduced by European expansion. In this sense the ethnohistorical mosaic of fixed ethnic groups that covers the post-contact map of Brazil stands in stark contrast to a constantly shifting precolonial configuration that can best be described as a kaleidoscope. This chapter argues further that an intrinsic relation exists between the ethnic and social classifications imposed by the colonial order and the formation of ethnic identities.

scholarly journals Optimal Obfuscation: Democracy and Trade Policy Transparency

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL Y. KONO
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Electoral Competition ◽  
Consumer Welfare ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
Nontariff Barriers ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Liberal Trade ◽  
The Impact

A growing body of research shows that democracies have more liberal trade policies than do autocracies. I argue, in contrast, that democracy has contradictory effects on different types of trade policies because electoral competition generates more information about some than about others. It generates considerable information about policies whose effects on consumer welfare are easy to explain to voters, but less information about policies whose effects are more complex. By increasing the transparency of some policies relative to others, democracy induces politicians to reduce transparent trade barriers but also to replace them with less transparent ones. I test this hypothesis by examining the impact of democracy on tariffs, “core” nontariff barriers (NTBs) such as quotas, and “quality” NTBs such as product standards in 75 countries in the 1990s. I find that democracy leads to lower tariffs, higher core NTBs, and even higher quality NTBs. I conclude that democracy promotes “optimal obfuscation” that allows politicians to protect their markets while maintaining a veneer of liberalization.

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