scholarly journals Exploring the Brain-to-Brain interaction at a distance: a global or differential relationship?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Giroldini ◽  
Luciano Pederzoli ◽  
Marco Bilucaglia ◽  
Elena Prati ◽  
Patrizio Tressoldi
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Stimulus Interval ◽  
Control Techniques ◽  
Inter Stimulus Interval ◽  
Mind Control ◽  
Correlation Strength ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Differential Relationship

Backgound: The main objective of this exploratory study was a confirmation of the results obtained by Giroldini et al, 2016, relative to the possibility of identifying a long-distance connection between the EEG activities of two totally isolated subjects, one of whom was stimulated with light and sounds. In this new study we have used the method of the steady-state stimulus (visual and auditory) given at the frequencies of 10, 12 and 14 Hz in order to answer the following questions:- What is the relationship between the power of the EEG response in the stimulated partner and that of the other isolated partner?- Is the relationship between the EEG activities of the stimulated and the isolated partner global (i.e., an undifferentiated response), or is it differentiated and thus displays variations depending on the characteristics of the stimulation applied to the stimulated partner?Methods: Five adults chosen for their experience in mind control techniques and their mutual friendships took part in this study. Each participant took turns in being both the stimulated partner and the isolated non-stimulated partner with each of the others, making a total of 20 pair combinations.The stimulated partner received three blocks of 32 visual-auditory stimulations lasting 1 second modulated at 10 Hz, 12 Hz, and 14 Hz respectively, with a constant inter-stimulus interval of 4 seconds.The EEG activity of each pair was recorded at 128 samples/sec over 14 channels and analyzed by measuring traditional steady-state potentials and the Pearson’s linear correlation between all possible signal pairs with an innovative algorithm.Results: From the results of twenty pairs of subjects, we found an overall increase in the correlation among the EEG channels of the isolated partners, therefore confirming the previous research.Furthermore, we did not find any correlation between the correlation strength among the EEG channels of the stimulated partner and that observed in the non-stimulated partner, suggesting that this physical characteristic cannot be transferred between isolated partners; but we did find that the correlation among the EEG channels of the isolated distant partners changed not only globally, but also when the frequencies perceived by the stimulated partners were outside the Alpha band, suggesting that this neurophysiological mental connection at a distance may be differentiated.

Monitoring plasma concentrations of psychotropic drugs

1974 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-8
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Tissue Concentration ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Active Metabolites ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Reliable Methods

Techniques are now available for estimating the plasma concentration of several drugs used in psychiatry. These techniques are clearly important for research but they can hardly be expected to improve the clinical management of patients unless the estimation is sensitive, reliable and reasonably quick; the method should be specific for the particular drug but should also specifically estimate any active metabolites. Even when reliable figures have been obtained, much more information is needed before they can be interpreted. The relationship between plasma (or plasma water) concentration and relevant tissue concentration (e. g. in the brain) must be known. Plasma samples should be taken at appropriate times, e. g. after the attainment of ‘steady-state’ conditions: plasma and tissue levels will then be in equilibrium. Diagnoses must be soundly based if inferences are to be drawn. Reliable methods of assessing clinical response must be available. These requirements pose difficult problems in psychiatry.

scholarly journals Altered Static and Dynamic Voxel-mirrored Homotopic Connectivity in Patients With Frontal Glioma

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanjie Hu ◽  
Honglin Ge ◽  
Kun Yang ◽  
Dongming Liu ◽  
Yong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Middle Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Regional Function ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Regional Dysfunction ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
With Memory

Abstract Contralateral regions play critical role in functional compensation in glioma patients. Voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) characterizes the internal functional connectivity of the brain, which is considered to have a regional functional basis. This study aims to investigate the alterations of brain regional function and VMHC in patients with frontal glioma, and further investigate physiological significance of these alterations. We enrolled 22 patients with frontal glioma and 22 demography matched healthy controls (HC). We determined degree centrality (DC), regional homogeneity (ReHo), and VMHC to investigate the alterations of regional function and internal functional connectivity in patients. Furthermore, partial correlation analysis was conducted to explore the relationship between these indicators and cognitive functions.Compared with HC, patients showed decrease in static VMHC, DC, ReHo and dynamic ReHo (dReHo) within right middle frontal gyrus (MFG.R), left middle frontal gyrus (MFG.L), right precuneus(PCUN.R), left precuneus(PCUN.L), left limbic lobe (LIMB.L), right superior frontal gyrus (SFG.R), right postcentral gyrus (POCG.R), right inferior parietal lobule (IPL.R), but increase in dynamic VMHC (dVMHC) within PCUN.R and PCUN.L. Meanwhile, MFG.R with decreased VMHC, LIMB.L with decreased DC, LIMB.L with decreased ReHo, and PCUN.R with increased dVMHC were significantly positively correlated with cognitive function, but the SFG.R with decreased DC was significantly negatively correlated with memory. This study preliminarily confirmed glioma not only cause regional dysfunction, but also disturb long-distance functional connectivity, and the long-distance functional connectivity showed strong instability in patients with frontal glioma. Meanwhile, the altered functional indicators may compensate cognitive function in patients with frontal glioma.

scholarly journals Meditation-Induced States, Vagal Tone, and Breathing Activity Are Related to Changes in Auditory Temporal Integration

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damisela Linares Gutierrez ◽  
Sebastian Kübel ◽  
Anne Giersch ◽  
Stefan Schmidt ◽  
Karin Meissner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Integration ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Breathing Rate ◽  
Mental Functioning ◽  
Stimulus Interval ◽  
Inter Stimulus Interval ◽  
Path Analyses ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Relationship

This study is based on the relationship between meditation, the present moment, and psychophysiology. We employed the metronome task to operationalize the extension of the present moment. A pre-post longitudinal study was conducted. The performance in the metronome task was compared before and after the interventions (meditation, story). The aim was to assess whether physiological changes (heart, breathing) during meditation influence the temporal-integration (TI) of metronome beats. Mindfulness meditators either meditated (n = 41) or listened to a story (n = 43). The heart and breathing activity were recorded during the intervention and compared to a resting-state condition. By applying path analyses we found that meditation led to an increase of the duration of integration intervals at the slowest metronome frequency (inter-stimulus interval, ISI = 3 s). After meditation, the higher the heart-rate variability (i.e., the root mean square of successive differences, RMSSD), the longer the duration of integration intervals at the fastest frequency (ISI = 0.33 s). Moreover, the higher the breathing rate during meditation, the greater the integration of intervals at ISI = 1 s. These findings add evidence to meditation-induced changes on the TI of metronome beats and the concept of the embodiment of mental functioning.

Grenzenlose Verantwortung

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-22
Author(s):  
Ralf Becker
Keyword(s):  
Personal Freedom ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

The article examines the relationship between freedom, guilt and responsibility in Dostojewski’s and Sartre’s works. Both attribute a great measure of personal freedom to man. Therefore, they do not tolerate excuses. Whoever is free, carries responsibility and gets caught up in guilt. Dostojewski’s focus is mainly on guilt, Sartre’s is on responsibility. They share the conviction that we can delegate responsibility for our actions or our way of living neither to a whole, of which we are a part, like society (the ,milieu'), nor to a part, for which we are the whole, like the ,brain' or the ,genes'. In that sense, Dostojewski’s and Sartre’s attempts at an ethic of responsibility also offer convincing arguments against determinism.

EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE NANOPARTICLES TOXICITY OF NICKEL OXIDE IN TWO SIZES IN THE SUBCHRONIC EXPERIMENT

2018 ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
M.P. Sutunkova ◽  
B.A. Katsnelson ◽  
L.I. Privalova ◽  
S.N. Solovjeva ◽  
V.B. Gurvich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nickel Oxide ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Equal Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Subchronic Toxicity ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Nanoparticles Toxicity

We conducted a comparative assessment of the nickel oxide nanoparticles toxicity (NiO) of two sizes (11 and 25 nm) according to a number of indicators of the body state after repeated intraperitoneal injections of these particles suspensions. At equal mass doses, NiO nanoparticles have been found to cause various manifestations of systemic subchronic toxicity with a particularly pronounced effect on liver, kidney function, the body’s antioxidant system, lipid metabolism, white and red blood, redox metabolism, spleen damage, and some disorders of nervous activity allegedly related to the possibility of nickel penetration into the brain from the blood. The relationship between the diameter and toxicity of particles is ambiguous, which may be due to differences in toxicokinetics, which is controlled by both physiological mechanisms and direct penetration of nanoparticles through biological barriers and, finally, unequal solubility.

Polymeric Nanoparticles for Brain Drug Delivery - A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 649-660
Author(s):  
Subashini Raman ◽  
Syed Mahmood ◽  
Ayah R. Hilles ◽  
Md Noushad Javed ◽  
Motia Azmana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Surface Modification ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Brain Drug Delivery ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticle ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Background: Blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a most hindering role in drug delivery to the brain. Recent research comes out with the nanoparticles approach, is continuously working towards improving the delivery to the brain. Currently, polymeric nanoparticle is extensively involved in many therapies for spatial and temporal targeted areas delivery. Methods: We did a non-systematic review, and the literature was searched in Google, Science Direct and PubMed. An overview is provided for the formulation of polymeric nanoparticles using different methods, effect of surface modification on the nanoparticle properties with types of polymeric nanoparticles and preparation methods. An account of different nanomedicine employed with therapeutic agent to cross the BBB alone with biodistribution of the drugs. Results: We found that various types of polymeric nanoparticle systems are available and they prosper in delivering the therapeutic amount of the drug to the targeted area. The effect of physicochemical properties on nanoformulation includes change in their size, shape, elasticity, surface charge and hydrophobicity. Surface modification of polymers or nanocarriers is also vital in the formulation of nanoparticles to enhance targeting efficiency to the brain. Conclusion: More standardized methods for the preparation of nanoparticles and to assess the relationship of surface modification on drug delivery. While the preparation and its output like drug loading, particle size, and charge, permeation is always conflicted, so it requires more attention for the acceptance of nanoparticles for brain delivery.

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