scholarly journals Sanitation and Marriage Markets in India: Evidence from the Total Sanitation Campaign

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britta Augsburg ◽  
Juan Pablo Baquero ◽  
Sanghmitra Gautam ◽  
Paul Rodriguez-Lesmes
Keyword(s):  
Living Arrangement ◽  
Marriage Market ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Marriage Markets ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Program Effects ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Gender Asymmetry ◽  
Marital Behavior

This paper analyses the marriage decisions of men and women, focusing on the added attractiveness of sanitation within the living arrangement, in rural India. We exploit district and time variation from the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) which increased sanitation by 6.6 percent among households with marriage eligible children and generated an exogenous increase in the composition of households with sanitation. Using data from the Indian Human Development household survey (IHDS) and district level census, we show that exposure to TSC increased the probability of marriage for men and women, from poorer households, by 3.8 pp and 6.5 pp respectively. The reduced form estimates incorporate both general equilibrium effects and heterogeneous program effects – two important components of equilibrium marital behavior. To decompose the overall policy impact on marriage market equilibrium we formulate a simple matching model where men and women match on observed and unobserved characteristics. Through model simulations, we show that cohorts within TSC exposed markets experienced a shift in marital gains both across matches but also within a given match. Specifically, the resultant sorting patterns display a marked gender asymmetry with an increase in marital surplus among matches where men are wealthier than their spouse, and a decrease in surplus where the wife is wealthier. Moreover, the increased access to sanitation for TSC exposed women implied a decline in their expected control over resources within the marriage.

Age and the Desire to Marry

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 706-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna Mahay ◽  
Alisa C. Lewin
Keyword(s):  
General Social Survey ◽  
Marriage Market ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Attitudes Toward Marriage ◽  
Gains From Marriage ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Single Men

Understanding attitudes toward marriage at older ages is increasingly important as young adults delay marriage and large numbers of people return to the marriage market after divorce. This study examines age differences in the desire to marry among singles age 18 to 69 years, taking into account selection into marriage. Using data drawn from the General Social Survey (GSS), multinomial regressions show that single men and women age 55 to 69 years have less desire to marry than younger single men and women. This age difference in single people's desire to marry is not fully explained by differences in factors that are likely to affect the real or perceived gains from marriage, such as personal resources, children, experience of divorce, or religiosity.

scholarly journals Impacts of Electricity Outages in Urban Households in Developing Countries: A Case of Accra, Ghana

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3676
Author(s):  
Paul Nduhuura ◽  
Matthias Garschagen ◽  
Abdellatif Zerga
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Electricity Supply ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Family Setting

Many developing countries in Africa face a “double tragedy” when it comes to electrification. Electricity access rates are low, while those who have access to electricity face frequent outages. There are ongoing efforts aimed at increasing access to electricity on the continent. However, the need to improve the reliability of electricity supply receives limited attention. Unreliable electricity impacts users by limiting electricity utilization and the benefits that should accrue from having an electricity connection. Using data from 496 household survey questionnaires, this study examines the impacts of electricity outages in urban households in Accra, Ghana. The study applies correlation and regression analyses to identify which household characteristics are associated with or predict households reporting outage impacts. Outages were found to impact household safety/security, access to food, and access to social services and were found to cause appliance damage as well. Factors that are significantly correlated with reporting certain outage impacts include respondent’s annual income and employment status, frequency of electricity outages, and household size. Significant predictors of reporting outage impacts are socioeconomic disadvantage, high exposure to outages, and living in a large family setting. The study’s findings underscore the need for interventions to eliminate, or at least minimize, electricity supply interruptions in developing countries if sustainable social and economic development is to be achieved.

Cannabis Growers in the United States: Findings From a National Household Survey 2010−2014

2021 ◽  
pp. 002204262110004
Author(s):  
Alejandro Azofeifa ◽  
Rosalie L. Pacula ◽  
Margaret E. Mattson
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Prevention Education ◽  
The Past ◽  
National Household Survey ◽  
Using Data

Given the rapidly changing U.S. cannabis legislation landscape, the aim of this article is to describe individuals who self-reported growing cannabis in the past year by selected characteristics and geographical location. Using data from 2010 to 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, we conducted bivariate chi-square tests and ran a multivariable logistic regression model to examine the indicators associated with growing cannabis. Approximately, 484,000 individuals aged 12+ self-reported growing cannabis in the past year (1.6% of marijuana users). Predictors of growing cannabis included being male and self-reported reporting using cannabis for a greater number of days. Data showed differences in the proportion of cannabis growers by the state of residence. Obtaining a baseline estimate of cannabis growing practices prior to recreational cannabis markets emerging (2014) is important because such practices may undermine efforts to discourage diversion to youth. Tracking these acquisition patterns will better inform content for public health messaging and prevention education, particularly those targeting youth.

EMPLOYMENT IN SCIENCE: GENDER CONTEXT

2021 ◽  
pp. 218-230
Author(s):  
Irina O. Shevchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Scientific Field ◽  
Formal Description ◽  
Average Salary ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gender Asymmetry ◽  
Women Researchers

The article considers the position of men and women researchers in the labor market in the precarization context. It is revealed that from the viewpoint of formal signs of the work precarity, researchers are in a safe situation. Most of them work under an indefinite contract, having a set of social guarantees secured by the Labor Code, and rarely change jobs. But the social well-being of scientists indicates that the formal description of the situation is at odds with reality. Gender context of science is the following: there are fewer women than men among researchers; there are more men among those holding the academic degrees of doctors, so men occupy positions more preferable in terms of status than women; the average salary of male scientists is higher than the female; men have more opportunities to influence decision-making in their organization. Gender asymmetry in the scientific field persists in Russia.

scholarly journals Sexual practices in youth: analysis of lifetime sexual trajectory and last sexual intercourse

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1471-1481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Luiza Heilborn ◽  
Cristiane S. Cabral
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Sexual Practices ◽  
Porto Alegre ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Social Belonging ◽  
Vaginal Sex ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Definition Of

This article examines the sexual practices of young Brazilians based on data from the GRAVAD Research Project, a household survey targeting males and females from 18 to 24 years of age (n = 4,634) in three Brazilian State capitals: Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro, and Salvador. The set of practices experienced over the course of their sexual careers is characterized by traits of social belonging, elements from individual life histories, and prescribed rules of conduct for men and women. The authors compared the young people's range of lifetime practices and those from last sexual relations in order to discuss the spread and incorporation of practices into life histories. The data point to the hegemony of vaginal sex in both the lifetime repertoire of sexual practices and the last sexual encounters, such that vaginal sex provides the prime definition of heterosexuality.

scholarly journals The Career Length and Service of Female Policymakers in the US House of Representatives

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Praino ◽  
Daniel Stockemer
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
House Of Representatives ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Careers ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Career Length ◽  
The Us ◽  
Using Data

Various studies have outlined the institutional (e.g. the existence of quota laws and the electoral system type of a country) and non-institutional factors (e.g. the political culture of a country) that account for variation in women’s representation, in general, and, in more detail, the low representation of women in the US Congress. However, no study has, so far, compared the Congressional career paths of men and women in order to understand whether this gender gap in representation stems from a difference in terms of the duration and importance of the careers of male and female policymakers. Using data on all US House elections between 1972 and 2012, we provide such an analysis, evaluating whether or not the political careers of women in the US House of Representatives are different from the political careers of their male counterparts. Our findings indicate that the congressional careers of men and women are alike and, if anything, women may even have a small edge over their male colleagues.

Mending Broken Hearts

2012 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen L. Idler ◽  
David A. Boulifard ◽  
Richard J. Contrada
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Never Married ◽  
The Social ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Long Term Mortality

Marriage has long been linked to lower risk for adult mortality in population and clinical studies. In a regional sample of patients ( n = 569) undergoing cardiac surgery, we compared 5-year hazards of mortality for married persons with those of widowed, separated or divorced, and never married persons using data from medical records and psychosocial interviews. After adjusting for demographics and pre- and postsurgical health, unmarried persons had 1.90 times the hazard of mortality of married persons; the disaggregated widowed, never married, and divorced or separated groups had similar hazards, as did men and women. The adjusted hazard for immediate postsurgical mortality was 3.33; the adjusted hazard for long-term mortality was 1.71, and this was mediated by married persons’ lower smoking rates. The findings underscore the role of spouses (both male and female) in caregiving during health crises and the social control of health behaviors.

scholarly journals Are Women Really Less Competitive Than Men? Career Duration in Nordic and Alpine Skiing

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Frick ◽  
Katharina Moser
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Competitive Environment ◽  
Alpine Skiing ◽  
Random Assignment ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Corporate Executives ◽  
Career Length ◽  
Self Selection ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Nordic Skiing

Do women shy away from competition while men compete too much? The available, mostly experimental evidence generally supports these assumptions. However, in contrast to laboratory settings, labor markets do not have random assignment of workers. Instead, individuals—professional athletes and corporate executives—self-select into specific occupations. Using data from Alpine and Nordic skiing over 52 and 37 years respectively, we show that career length of men and women is virtually identical. Thus, when adequately controlling for self-selection into a highly competitive environment, differences between men and women with respect to competitiveness completely disappear.

scholarly journals Sex differences in the genetic and environmental underpinnings of meat and plant preferences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Çağla Çınar ◽  
Laura Wesseldijk ◽  
Annika Karinen ◽  
Patrick Jern ◽  
Joshua M. Tybur
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Childhood Exposure ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Using Data

People vary in the degree to which they enjoy eating meats versus plants. This paper examines the genetic and environmental roots of this variation, as well as the genetic and environmental roots of meat neophobia, plant neophobia, and vegetarianism/veganism. Using data from 9,319 adult Finnish twins and siblings of twins (551 MZ, 861 DZ complete; 783 MZ, 2,692 DZ incomplete twin pairs), we examine the degree to which recalled childhood exposure to meats and plants relates to adult preferences for the same meats and plants. We also investigate sex differences in the heritability of 1) meat and plant preferences, 2) childhood meat and plant consumption, 3) meat and plant neophobia, and the heritability of 4) vegetarianism/veganism. For both men and women, recalled childhood meat consumption correlated more strongly with current meat preferences than current plant preferences, and recalled childhood plant consumption correlated more strongly with current plant preferences than current meat preferences. We detected sex differences in the heritability of childhood meat consumption (h2men= .31, h2women= .11) and current meat preferences (h2 men = .26, h2women =.51), but not childhood plant consumption (h2men= .41, h2women =.17), current plant preferences (h2men = .45, h2women =.53), meat neophobia (h2men = .48, h2women = .55) or plant neophobia (h2men = .56, h2women = .54). Further, different genes undergirded men’s and women’s meat preferences. Abstention from meat (i.e., vegetarianism/veganism) was 75% heritable. These results have implications for hypotheses of the developmental origins of dietary patterns and hypotheses for sex differences in meat consumption.

Modernization and Status Change among Aged Men and Women

1993 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Clark
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Status Change ◽  
Elderly Men ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigates the differences between the relationship between elderly occupational status and modernization for men and women. Consonant with previous findings [1], it finds that economic development is associated with relative losses of elderly men in professional and technical occupations. Augmenting those findings, however, it finds an even stronger association between development and such losses for women. In accounting for the differences, several explanations are advanced and tested, using data from fifty-one nations.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document