EMPLOYMENT IN SCIENCE: GENDER CONTEXT

Author(s):  
Irina O. Shevchenko ◽  

The article considers the position of men and women researchers in the labor market in the precarization context. It is revealed that from the viewpoint of formal signs of the work precarity, researchers are in a safe situation. Most of them work under an indefinite contract, having a set of social guarantees secured by the Labor Code, and rarely change jobs. But the social well-being of scientists indicates that the formal description of the situation is at odds with reality. Gender context of science is the following: there are fewer women than men among researchers; there are more men among those holding the academic degrees of doctors, so men occupy positions more preferable in terms of status than women; the average salary of male scientists is higher than the female; men have more opportunities to influence decision-making in their organization. Gender asymmetry in the scientific field persists in Russia.

2021 ◽  
pp. JDNP-D-20-00078
Author(s):  
Sybilla Myers ◽  
Christopher Kennedy

BackgroundPerceived health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is fundamental to well-being and is a meaningful way to measure physical and mental health.Local ProblemNo standard method exists for measuring perceived HRQOL during the COVID-19 pandemic in participants as they attempt to improve their self-determined wellness goals. An implementation plan that considers the social distancing limitations imposed can be used to predict an individual’s likelihood of long-term success.MethodsDuring the four, 2-week plan-do-study-act (PDSA) cycles, the Social Cognitive Theory model informed the implementation of the four core interventions. To guide iterative changes, the data was analyzed through Excel and run charts.InterventionsThe four core interventions were the shared decision-making tool (SDMT), health mobile app tool (HMAT), wellness tracker tool (WTT), and the team engagement plan.ResultsAmong 28 participants, perceived quality of life increased by 70%, engagement in shared decision-making increased to 82%, app use and confidence increased to 85%, and goal attainment reached 81%.ConclusionsThe SDMT, health app, and wellness tracker created a methodical plan of accountability for increasing participant wellness. The contextual barrier of the COVID-19 pandemic added a negative wellness burden which was mitigated by creating a patient-centered culture of wellness.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Yessica García-Hernández ◽  
Jessica Mendoza-Moheno ◽  
Brenda Midhely García-Ortíz

The topic of social entrepreneurship is of great importance due to the diverse problems that society faces, which require the development of effective projects with a social conscience that is oriented to contribute to community well-being. The aim of this research was to analyse the social entrepreneurial intentions of students from the business area in a higher education institution, with the purpose of identifying significant differences regarding gender. The study is empirical, descriptive, and exploratory, using a quantitative approach. The   sample consisted of 228 students, of which 45.61% are male and 54.39% are female. The statistical method was applied through the t-student test, which allows us to accept the hypothesis that there is a significant difference in the social entrepreneurial intentions between men and women.  


Sociology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janeen Baxter ◽  
Heidi Hoffmann

The term gender refers to the cultural and social characteristics attributed to men and women on the basis of perceived biological differences. In the 1970s, feminists focused on sex roles, particularly the socialization of men and women into distinct masculine and feminine roles and the apparent universality of patriarchy. More recent work has critiqued the idea of two distinct genders, calling into question the notion of gender dichotomies and focusing attention on gender as a constitutive element of all social relationships. Gender has been described as a social institution that structures the organization of other institutions, such as the labor market, families, and the state, as well as the social relations of everyday life. In addition, scholars have pointed to the ways in which gender is constructed by organizations and individual interactions. Gender not only differentiates men and women into unequal groups, it also structures unequal access to goods and resources, often crosscutting and intersecting with other forms of inequality, such as class, race, and ethnicity.


Equilibrium ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 85-102
Author(s):  
Tamila Arnania-Kepuladze

Securing the well-being, protection of human rights and equality on the ground of age, gender, race, nationality etc along with sustainable economic development becomes the most important goal for any country. Gender differences in labor market are a problem of many countries. Being a larger demographic group, women have played a vital role in employment and economic development. Despite longstanding striving for gender equality, the inequality manifests itself in labor markets around the world. There is no common opinion on the reasons of the existence of gender differences in economic literature. After decades of research most investigators would agree that there can be no single-factor explanation for gender inequality in the labor market. One of the conventional explanations of gender gap in employment sphere includes the differences in men’s and women’s preferences in working hours due their stereotypical roles in the private and public life. This paper is focused on the study of gender feature of time allocation and its impact on the labor supply by men and women. For this purpose, based on the different types of activity, particular: income getting or in­co­me increasing promote activity, non-monetary inco­me obtain activity, income-make activity, non-income-make activity, indirect-receipts activity, the author introduces the time allocation model which includes parameters such as working time, leisure, non-working time, using time, free time and time for satisfying an individual’s physiological needs. For the attribution of different types of practice to certain kinds of activity the “principle of dominant purpose of activity” was offered. According to given time allocation model, the  pattern of features of labor supply by men and women is offered in the paper.


Author(s):  
Mihai Deju ◽  
Petrică Stoica

Framing accounting as a science has been carried out in close connection with the development of knowledge in this field and with the meaning given to this concept of “science”. Recognizing accounting as scientific field by specialists is due to the fact that it features a combination of accounting theory and methods for the development and application of these theories. Accounting is a scientific discipline in the social sciences because: it is a creation of the human being in response to practical needs; it reflects phenomena, activities and social facts; it addresses various groups of users (managers, bankers, shareholders, employees, tax bodies, etc.) which are an integral part of society; it offers information necessary to decision-making, most of the times with impact on the behaviour of individuals; it is influenced by the economic, social, legal and political environment, that is by social phenomena.


2012 ◽  
pp. 200-227
Author(s):  
Ana Lucía Fernández Fernández

El presente artículo explica la construcción social de la división sexual del trabajo y cómo esta división asigna valores distintos a trabajos diferentes. El debate ha transcendido en la institucionalidad costarricense por medio de la corresponsabilidad social del cuido, partiendo de dos fenómenos todavía no resueltos: el cambio en la composición de las familias y la incorporación de la mujer en el mercado de trabajo, situaciones que han generado nuevas condiciones para las mujeres. Además, se abordan los avances en materia jurídica y de políticas públicas, el papel del movimiento feminista, con el objetivo de extender la corresponsabilidad social del cuido por parte de todos los sectores de la sociedad costarricense y alcanzar el bienestar de todas las personas. ABSTRACT The article describes the social construction of gender of the division of work by gender, and how this separation assigns different values to different jobs. This debate has transcended the Costa Rican institutionalization through co-responsibility for care work from two unresolved phenomena: the change in household composition and the entry of women into the labor market; situations that have created new conditions for women. Furthermore, the article addresses advances in legal and public policy matters, the role played by the feminist movement with the aim of extending the social co-responsibility for care work by all sectors of Costa Rican society and for the well-being of people.


1989 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM J. DOHERTY ◽  
SUSAN SU ◽  
RICHARD NEEDLE

This study offers prospective data on the psychological well-being of men and women before and after a marital separation, in comparison with a control group who remained married during the same period. Data were gathered as part of the Minnesota Family Health Study on a primarily middle-class White sample. Primary variables were current psychological well-being, self-esteem, mastery, substance use, and family income. Findings were quite different for men and women. Prior to separation, men in the disrupted group had lower psychological well-being scores than the continuously married group had, but showed no declines in any of the measures in the follow-up period. Separated women scored lower than did women from continuing marriages on psychological well-being prior to the separation, and they declined further afterwards. Separated women also increased their use of alcohol and other substances, and experienced a decline in family income. Findings are discussed in terms of the social causation hypothesis and the social selection hypothesis for understanding the relationship between divorce and mental health in adults.


2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Vladimir Yu. Soloviev ◽  
V. F. Demin ◽  
V. I. Krasnyuk

The aim of the study. The development of decision-making algorithm for decisions on the social and medical protection of people in emergency situations based on risk analysis. Material and methods. The problems and conceptual provisions of risk assessment and decision-making, based on its results, are described concerning the social and medical protection of personnel of hazardous industries and the population in the event of an emergency situation (ES) in which the level of exposure to hazardous factors may exceed the established safety standards. The object of risk assessment and analysis are stochastic (probabilistic) effects of exposure to ES hazard factors. Their main features, which create complex problems in risk assessment and making decisions on protective measures, is the non-specific effects of the hazardous factors’ impact on human health and their possible latency. Results. The first step before decisions on the protective measures should be to identify a high-risk group among people affected by ES, based on the risk assessment. Three variants of decision-making for the high-risk group are considered: 1) financial compensation for risk, 2) medical measures for protecting health and 3) compensation for the realized damage to health. The requirements of the risk assessment methodology are formulated. Discussion. It is shown that the first option can not provide optimal and justified protection of the health and well-being of people in ES. Decisions on this protection are proposed to be based on a combination of options 2) and 3). The choice of the optimal combination depends on the specific situation and development of emergencies, on the success of implementing engineering and organizational protective measures aimed at preventing "doses" of exposure to people of hazardous factors of the emergency above the established safety limits and on the effectiveness and timeliness of medical protection. Conclusion. The choice of the option of making an effective decision on social and medical protection should be based on the detailed risk assessment from the exposure to hazardous factors, including risk assessment in economic indicators.


Author(s):  
М.А. Курганов

В статье представлен аналитический обзор современных социологических лонгитюдных исследований образовательных траекторий молодeжи, которые проводятся в России, США и странах Европейского союза. Сравниваются цели, задачи, характеристики выборок исследований. Рассматриваются методологические особенности изучения траекторий молодых людей в образовательных системах и на рынке труда. Затрагиваются основные аспекты исследований образовательных траекторий и карьерных путей, находящиеся в фокусе внимания социологов: гендерные, этнические, социально-экономические и психологические. Приводятся выводы, полученные в ходе проведeнного исследования. Его результатом стало понимание, что западные и отечественные лонгитюдные исследования образовательных траекторий сходятся в том, что социальное положение, материальное благополучие, а также «образовательный опыт» родителей или же других членов семьи, оказывают большое влияние на принятие решений молодыми людьми относительно их дальнейшей образовательной и профессиональной карьеры. В контексте разных стран и планов исследований — описания образовательных траекторий студентов, прогнозного определения лиц, выбирающих тот или иной путь карьерного роста, последовательной реконструкции траекторий — было обнаружено, что малоресурсные группы в высшем образовании, такие как студенты из неблагополучных семей, следуют менее линейным и менее плавным траекториям в сфере высшего образования. Российские исследования отличает то, что они рассматривают и изучают образовательные и профессиональные траектории в тесной связке друг с другом, а также фокусируются на проблеме взаимосвязи между социально-экономическими факторами и индивидуальным выбором. Вместе с тем ощущается недостаток комплексного изучения нематериальных и некогнитивных факторов, влияющих на принятие решений в ответственный момент перехода к профессиональному образованию или же из системы образования на рынок труда. The article presents an analytical review of modern sociological longitudinal studies of educational trajectories of young people, which are conducted in Russia, the United States and the countries of the European Union. The goals, objectives, and characteristics of the research samples are compared. The methodological features of studying the trajectories of young people in educational systems and in the labor market are considered. The main aspects of the research of educational trajectories and career paths that are in the focus of sociologists ‘ attention are touched upon: gender, ethnic, socio-economic and psychological. The conclusions obtained in the course of the study are presented. It resulted in the understanding that Western and domestic longitudinal studies of educational trajectories agree that the social status, material well-being, as well as the “educational experience” of parents or other family members, have a great influence on the decision-making of young people regarding their further educational and professional career. In the context of different countries and research plans-describing the educational trajectories of students, predictive determination of people choosing a particular career path, consistent reconstruction of trajectories — it was found that low-resource groups in higher education, such as students from disadvantaged families, follow less linear and less smooth trajectories in higher education. Russian studies are distinguished by the fact that they consider and study educational and professional trajectories in close connection with each other, and also focus on the problem of the relationship between socio-economic factors and individual choice. At the same time, there is a lack of a comprehensive study of non-material and non-cognitive factors that influence decision-making at the crucial moment of transition to vocational education or from the education system to the labor market.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sjaf Sjaf ◽  
Sofyan Sofyan ◽  
Sumarti Titik

Rekayasa Sosial Aksesibilitas Nafkah Dan Ketersediaan Pangan Responsif Gender Suku Anak Dalam Analisis Kemandirian Masyarakat Melalui Posdaya Abstrak Suku Anak Dalam (SAD) is one of the native communities transformed by the tension of transmigration and palm oil plantations. This study aims to determine the pattern of living, gender relations, and knowledge of local food in SAD community. By using qualitative research methods, this study showed that the SAD community condition is toward the threat of “livelihood and food security crisis“. Furthermore, this threat has implications for the inherent meaning of food security in SAD community, namely food as the identity, the exchange tools, and religion. This threat causes a shift in role of gender in SAD community in the distribution of work and responsibilities, access to resources assets, and relations to authority in decision making between men and women. However, the social and cultural strength in the form of SAD community kinship systems, beliefs and the cosmos, as well as knowledge of local food gives the meaning of importance of building SAD communities through economic empowerment and food institutions that can provide a living accessibility and gender responsive food availability for SAD community that reside both inside and outside the forest. Key words: SAD Community, food, gender Social Engineering of Livelihood Accessibility and Food Sustainability of Gender Responsivein Suku Anak Dalam Community Abstract Suku Anak Dalam (SAD) is one of the native communities transformed by the tension of transmigration and palm oil plantations. This study aims to determine the pattern of living, gender relations, and knowledge of local food in SAD community. By using qualitative research methods, this study showed that the SAD community condition is toward the threat of “livelihood and food security crisis“. Furthermore, this threat has implications for the inherent meaning of food security in SAD community, namely food as the identity, the exchange tools, and religion. This threat causes a shift in role of gender in SAD community in the distribution of work and responsibilities, access to resources assets, and relations to authority in decision making between men and women. However, the social and cultural strength in the form of SAD community kinship systems, beliefs and the cosmos, as well as knowledge of local food gives the meaning of importance of building SAD communities through economic empowerment and food institutions that can provide a living accessibility and gender responsive food availability for SAD community that reside both inside and outside the forest. Key words: SAD Community, food, gender


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