scholarly journals Soziale Netzwerke Langzeitarbeitsloser und die Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Krug ◽  
Christof Wolf ◽  
Mark Trappmann
Keyword(s):  
Job Search ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Soziale Netzwerke ◽  
Network Resources ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression ◽  
Time Invariant ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
Soziale Sicherung

(English below)Dieser Beitrag geht der Frage nach, ob die sozialen Netzwerke von Arbeitslosen deren Chancen zur Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit positiv beeinflussen. Ausgehend von in der aktuellen Literatur diskutierten Wirkmechanismen werden mehrere Hypothesen zu unterschiedlichen Aspekten des Netzwerks aufgestellt. Es wird angenommen, dass Arbeitslose umso eher in Arbeit kommen, je größer der Umfang ihrer (starken und schwachen) sozialen Beziehungen ist, je mehr Kontakt zu Erwerbstätigen sie haben und je mehr Ressourcen ihr Netzwerk enthält. Auf Basis des Panels „Arbeitsmarkt und soziale Sicherung“ mit dem Schwerpunktmodul zu sozialem Kapital werden diese Hypothesen anhand einer Fixed-Effects Panelregression getestet. Wird für alle zeitkonstanten so-wie für einschlägige zeitvariante Variablen kontrolliert, erweisen sich schwache Beziehungen, gemessen als aktive Mitgliedschaften in freiwilligen Vereinigungen, sowie der Umfang nicht unmittelbar auf die Stellensuche bezogener sozialer Ressourcen als bedeutsam für die Arbeitsmarktchancen. Der Beitrag endet mit einer Diskussion dieser Befunde. This paper examines whether the social networks of unemployed people have a positive impact on their re-employment chances. Hypotheses are derived from the literature, concerning different aspects of the network. We hypothesize that the more (strong and weak) social ties, the more em-ployed friends the unemployed have and the more resources there are in their network, the higher their chances for re-employment. We use data from the Panel Study “Labour Market and Social Security” (Panel “Arbeitsmarkt und soziale Sicherung”), where comprehensive information on the unemployed persons’ networks is available. We use fixed-effects regression to control for observed time-variant and unobserved time-invariant confounders. We find weak ties in the form of active memberships in voluntary organisations as well as network resources that are not directly related to job search to be significantly related to re-employment. The implications of this finding are discussed.

scholarly journals Soziale Netzwerke Langzeitarbeitsloser und die Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 349-365
Author(s):  
Gerhard Krug ◽  
Christof Wolf ◽  
Mark Trappmann
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Soziale Netzwerke ◽  
Soziale Sicherung

ZusammenfassungDieser Beitrag geht der Frage nach, ob die sozialen Netzwerke von Arbeitslosen deren Chancen zur Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit positiv beeinflussen. Ausgehend von in der aktuellen Literatur diskutierten Wirkmechanismen werden mehrere Hypothesen zu unterschiedlichen Aspekten des Netzwerks aufgestellt. Es wird angenommen, dass Arbeitslose umso eher in Arbeit kommen, je größer der Umfang ihrer (starken und schwachen) sozialen Beziehungen ist, je mehr Kontakt zu Erwerbstätigen sie haben und je mehr Ressourcen ihr Netzwerk enthält. Auf Basis des Panels „Arbeitsmarkt und soziale Sicherung“ mit dem Schwerpunktmodul zu sozialem Kapital werden diese Hypothesen anhand einer Fixed-Effects Panelregression getestet. Wird für alle zeitkonstanten sowie für einschlägige zeitvariante Variablen kontrolliert, erweisen sich schwache Beziehungen, gemessen als aktive Mitgliedschaften in freiwilligen Vereinigungen, sowie der Umfang nicht unmittelbar auf die Stellensuche bezogener sozialer Ressourcen als bedeutsam für die Arbeitsmarktchancen. Der Beitrag endet mit einer Diskussion dieser Befunde.

Brain drain and economic growth: evidence of productivity growth from brain circulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-145
Author(s):  
Woosik Yu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Brain Circulation ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression ◽  
The Brain

This paper analyzes the effect of the so-called ‘brain drain’ on economic growth through the channel of growth in total factor productivity. We analyze panel data that measure the severity of brain drain, which are from IMD and the U.S. National Science Foundation. Our analysis shows that middle-income countries have more brain drain compared to the group of high-income countries. Also, emerging economies that grow fast tend to experience more brain drain. Our results from fixed effects regression models show that that brain drain has a significant and positive impact on economic growth, and the main channel is productivity growth. This can be considered as evidence of the positive effects of ‘brain circulation’, which is one of the brain drain phenomena that settlement of the talents in advanced countries can eventually help improve the productivity of home country by the sharing of advanced technologies and skills around them with colleagues in motherland. Therefore, a strategy of utilizing overseas resident talents should also be considered, alongside the brain-attraction policy.

Impact of Financial Risks on the Profitability of Systematically Important Banks in Nigeria

Paradigm ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-129
Author(s):  
Olufemi Adewale Aluko ◽  
Funso Tajudeen Kolapo ◽  
Patrick Olufemi Adeyeye ◽  
Patrick Olajide Oladele
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Financial Risks ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bank Profitability ◽  
Alternative Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional Dependence ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression ◽  
The Impact

This study examines the impact of financial risks in form of credit, interest rate and liquidity risk on the profitability of systematically important banks in Nigeria over the period from 2010 to 2016. The fixed effects regression model is estimated with Driscoll–Kraay standard errors in order to produce results that are robust to heteroscedaticity, autocorrelation, cross-sectional dependence and temporal dependence. After controlling for some bank-specific, industry-specific, macroeconomic and institutional factors, the empirical results show that credit and liquidity risks have a positive impact on bank profitability while interest rate does not have an impact. The results are robust to alternative measures of profitability.

scholarly journals Do Female Executives Make a Difference? The Impact of Female Leadership on Gender Gaps and Firm Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 129 (622) ◽  
pp. 2390-2423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Flabbi ◽  
Mario Macis ◽  
Andrea Moro ◽  
Fabiano Schivardi
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Female Leadership ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Female Executives ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression ◽  
The Impact

Abstract We investigate the effects of female executives on gender-specific wage distributions and firm performance. Female leadership has a positive impact at the top of the female wage distribution and a negative impact at the bottom. The impact of female leadership on firm performance increases with the share of female workers. We account for the endogeneity induced by non-random executives’ gender by including firm fixed-effects, by generating controls from a two-way fixed-effects regression and by using instruments based on regional trends. The findings are consistent with a model of statistical discrimination in which female executives are better at interpreting signals of productivity from female workers. This suggests substantial costs of women under-representation among executives.

scholarly journals Two-Way, One-Way or Dead-End Streets? Financial and Social Causes and Consequences of Generalized Trust

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Leenheer ◽  
Maurice Gesthuizen ◽  
Michael Savelkoul
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Causal Relationships ◽  
Generalized Trust ◽  
Social Contacts ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Time Invariant

AbstractScholars disagree on whether and to what extent adult life experiences can influence generalized trust and vice versa. Going beyond the methodological limitations of former studies, we aimed to answer the question as to what extent reciprocal causal relationships exist between generalized trust and the adult life experiences of financial success and (in)formal social contacts. We used two-wave cross-lagged panel models to identify those reciprocal causal relationships, and fixed-effects models to assess if they might be biased due to unaccounted time-invariant influences. Data from the Dutch NELLS panel study (age range 17–49) show that compelling empirical evidence is found for a reciprocal causal relationship between generalized trust and household income that does not suffer from bias due to unobserved heterogeneity. Furthermore, more trusting individuals experience a stronger decrease in material deprivation, but not vice versa. Trust and (in)formal social contacts are not causally related in any of our models.

scholarly journals The role of social integration in the adverse effect of unemployment on mental health – Testing the causal pathway and buffering hypotheses using panel data

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Krug ◽  
Sebastian Prechsl
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Social Integration ◽  
Job Search ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Causal Pathway ◽  
Buffering Hypothesis

Social integration is considered crucially important for understanding the adverse effect of unemployment on mental health. Social integration is assumed to either bring about the health effects of unemployment (causal pathway hypothesis) or shield the unemployed from such effects (buffering hypothesis). However, there is scarce empirical evidence, especially based on panel data, regarding these two hypotheses. In our analysis, we use up to ten waves of the “Labour Market and Social Security” (PASS) German panel study and apply fixed effects panel regressions to account for unobserved confounders. We test several indicators that cover different aspects of social integration (numbers of strong and weak ties, conflict in the household, employed friends, general and job search-specific social support). We find no empirical support for the causal pathway hypothesis and only very limited support for the buffering hypothesis.

scholarly journals The social stigma of unemployment: consequences of stigma consciousness on job search attitudes, behaviour and success

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Krug ◽  
Katrin Drasch ◽  
Monika Jungbauer-Gans
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Job Search ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Stigma Consciousness ◽  
Search Effort ◽  
The Social ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Unemployed

Studies show that the unemployed face serious disadvantages in the labour market and that the social stigma of unemployment is one explanation. In this paper, we focus on the unemployed’s expectations of being stigmatized (stigma consciousness) and the consequences of such negative expectations on job search attitudes and behaviour. Using data from the panel study “Labour Market and Social Security” (PASS), we find that the unemployed with high stigma consciousness suffer from reduced well-being and health. Regarding job search, the stigmatized unemployedare more likely to expect that their chances of re-employment are low, but in contrast, they are more likely to place a high value on becoming re-employed. Instead of becoming discouraged and passive, we find that stigmatized unemployedindividuals increase their job search effort compared to other unemployed individuals. However, despite their higher job search effort, the stigma-conscious unemployed do not have better re-employment chances.

scholarly journals Invited Commentary: Linking Job Security and Mental Health—Challenges and Future Directions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Burgard
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Job Insecurity ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Modifying Factors ◽  
Period Effects ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Time Invariant ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Perceived Job Insecurity

Abstract Research in the social and health sciences has linked job insecurity to poorer mental health but relies on observational data and faces challenges of causal inference. LaMontagne et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2020;000(00):000–000) innovate by using both within-person fixed-effects and random-effects regression to analyze data from 14 annual waves of an Australian survey spanning 2002–2015. Using this more rigorous design, they find that improvements in perceived job insecurity were associated with improvements in Mental Health Inventory–5 scores in a large, nationally representative panel study. By using each respondent as their own control, fixed-effects models remove the influence of time-invariant confounders. Innovative new approaches are still needed to address the causal directionality of the association and to capture both those whose exposure changes as well as those for whom it persists. Future work should also consider potential modifying factors including societal conditions, macroeconomic and other period effects, and characteristics of individuals, as well as drawing on multidisciplinary approaches that consider jobs as a combination of multiple health-relevant exposures and embed individual workers in families and communities to assess the full reach and consequences of perceived job insecurity.

scholarly journals The social stigma of unemployment: consequences of stigma consciousness on job search attitudes, behaviour and success

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Krug ◽  
Katrin Drasch ◽  
Monika Jungbauer-Gans
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Job Search ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Stigma Consciousness ◽  
Search Effort ◽  
The Social ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Unemployed

Studies show that the unemployed face serious disadvantages in the labour market and that the social stigma of unemployment is one explanation. In this paper, we focus on the unemployed’s expectations of being stigmatized (stigma consciousness) and the consequences of such negative expectations on job search attitudes and behaviour. Using data from the panel study “Labour Market and Social Security” (PASS), we find that the unemployed with high stigma consciousness suffer from reduced well-being and health. Regarding job search, the stigmatized unemployed are more likely to expect that their chances of re-employment are low, but in contrast, they are more likely to place a high value on becoming re-employed. Instead of becoming discouraged and passive, we find that stigmatized unemployed individuals increase their job search effort compared to other unemployed individuals. However, despite their higher job search effort, the stigma-conscious unemployed do not have better re-employment chances.

scholarly journals A Gravity Model Approach towards Pakistan’s Bilateral Trade with SAARC Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waheed Ullah Jan ◽  
Mahmood Shah
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Trade Potential ◽  
The Common

This research paper attempts to estimate the bilateral trade of Pakistan with SAARC countries using a gravity model of trade. This panel study covers the period from 2003 to 2016. The empirical results are obtained through pooled OLS, fixed‑effects, and random‑effects estimators. On the basis of Hausman test results, the paper concentrates only on the findings of the fixed‑effects model. The empirical findings reveal that the GDPs of both Pakistan and the partner country have a positive impact on bilateral trade. Market size has a negative impact on trade and this is justified on the basis of the absorption effect. Similarly, distance and exchange rate also have a negative correlation with bilateral trade. The study finds that Pakistan has very low trade with India and Afghanistan, despite the common border. A common language has a positive but insignificant impact on Pakistan’s bilateral trade. The Paper also attempts to calculate the trade potential of Pakistan. The findings reveal that Pakistan has high trade potential with all SAARC member countries except the Maldives and Afghanistan.

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