scholarly journals The effect of public surveillance cameras on crime clearance rates

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeondae Jung ◽  
Andrew Palmer Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Clearance Rate ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Crime Reduction ◽  
Clearance Rates ◽  
Camera Placement ◽  
Public Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Cameras ◽  
Close Circuit Television ◽  
Crime Clearance

Much research has examined the crime reduction benefits of public close-circuit television (CCTV) cameras, suggesting that cameras may not deter enough crime to justify their cost. Another benefit of CCTV though is its utility in investigations and in clearing cases, which has been much less studied. Using a sample of public crimes and case clearances in Dallas, Texas, we examine the efficacy that public CCTV cameras increase case clearance rates using a pre-post research design. We find that cases closer to cameras did have an increased clearance rate after the cameras were installed in Dallas. But the effects faded quite quickly in space, and were mostly limited to thefts. While our estimates here suggest the cameras are likely not cost-effective in this sample in terms of increasing clearances, it suggests there is potential to be more targeted in camera placement that might provide better justification for their (limited) use.

Clearance rate in relation to agglutinins for gelatin-stabilized colloid in the rat

1963 ◽  
Vol 204 (4) ◽  
pp. 655-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. MacKay Murray
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Clearance Rate ◽  
Reticuloendothelial System ◽  
Transient Increase ◽  
Clearance Rates ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Thorium Dioxide ◽  
Plasma Response ◽  
Circulating Levels

Intravascular clearance rates of gelatin-stabilized gold were compared with circulating titers of gelatin agglutinins in rats at increasing time intervals after blockading injections of gelatin-stabilized gold and S. marcescens endotoxin. The degree and duration of reticuloendothelial system (RES) blockade against the homologous colloid were directly related to the circulating levels of gelatin agglutinins. In contrast, plasma agglutinins were not decreased in endotoxin-induced blockade against the gelatin-stabilized colloid. In a further experiment, the plasma response to blockading injections of colloidal thorium dioxide, iron oxide, and zymosan was characterized by a transient increase in gelatin agglutinins suggesting the nonspecific release of opsonins from an extravascular source. The findings indicated that clearance rates of gelatin-stabilized colloids were dependent on the total available opsonin in the rat rather than the total circulating opsonin. It is suggested that RES blockade is effected by the prior nonspecific depletion of opsonins from an extravascular reserve which is the major component of the total available opsonin.

Is a Decentralized Police Organization a Better Option in a Modern Democratic Society? A Case Study From South Korea

2021 ◽  
pp. 109861112110420
Author(s):  
Sungil Han ◽  
Jennifer LaPrade ◽  
EuiGab Hwang
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽  
Clearance Rates ◽  
Crime Clearance

While western countries have had a decentralized policing model for many years, some countries, such as South Korea, still employ a centralized, national police department. Responding to calls for reform, South Korea launched a pilot program and implemented a more decentralized policing structure in Jeju Island in 2006. This study adds to the policing literature by offering the empirical comparison of a region before and after decentralization of a police department. This study will examine the intervention effects of police decentralization in Jeju, specifically related to crime rates, crime clearance rates, victimization, trust in police, and fear of crime. Using propensity score matching and interrupted time series analysis, this study found that the decentralized policing intervention significantly reduced total crime, violent crime rates, and property crime rates that lasted throughout the intervention period, while improving crime clearance rates for violent crime, as well as reduced fear of crime among residents.

scholarly journals Bivalve Feeding on the Brown Tide Aureoumbra lagunensis in a Shallow Coastal Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eve Galimany ◽  
Jessica Lunt ◽  
Christopher J. Freeman ◽  
I. Segura-García ◽  
M. Mossop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clearance Rate ◽  
Indian River Lagoon ◽  
Brown Tide ◽  
Bivalve Species ◽  
Clearance Rates ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Brown Tides ◽  
Indian River ◽  
Aureoumbra Lagunensis ◽  
Fish And Shellfish

Brown tides formed by Aureoumbra lagunensis decrease light penetration in the water column and are often followed by hypoxic events that result in the loss of fish and shellfish. To understand the ability of bivalve filter feeders to control and prevent A. lagunensis blooms, we exposed eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica), hooked mussels (Ischadium recurvum), and hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) to a naturally co-occurring brown tide in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), Florida, United States. Bivalves were exposed in the laboratory to multiple concentrations (104 to 106 cells mL–1) of isotopically labeled (13C and 15N) A. lagunensis cells. The standard clearance rate (herein clearance rate) of each bivalve species was calculated using flow cytometry to quantify A. lagunensis cell removal. The highest clearance rates were at 104 cells mL–1, but values varied across bivalve species (2.16 ± 0.30, 3.03 ± 0.58, and 0.41 ± 0.12 L h–1 for C. virginica, I. recurvum, and M. mercenaria, respectively). Although clearance rates decreased with increasing bloom concentrations, bivalves were still consuming algal cells at all concentrations and were retaining and assimilating more cells at the highest concentrations, as revealed by δ13C and δ15N values. We highlight interspecific differences among bivalve species in the removal of A. lagunensis, supporting the importance of healthy and diverse filter feeding communities in estuaries, especially as threats of brown tides and other HABs are increasing in the Anthropocene.

scholarly journals Variability of Crime Clearance Among Police Agencies

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Scott ◽  
Charles Wellford ◽  
Cynthia Lum ◽  
Heather Vovak
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Police Departments ◽  
Clearance Rates ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Research ◽  
Police Agencies ◽  
Term Variation ◽  
Crime Clearance ◽  
Crime Types

Average crime clearance rates have remained remarkably stable in the United States since the 1980s, despite many advances in investigative technologies or fluctuations in crime. Taking these average trends at face value, some have suggested that this stability indicates that police departments can do little to alter their clearance rates. However, in this study, we find that the average trends mask substantial long-term variation in crime clearance among police agencies. Using group-based trajectory modeling, we test whether large U.S. police departments have reported uniquely different long-term clearance rate trends from 1981 to 2013 and what organizational factors might contribute to different trends. As we discuss, this method has attractive qualities that provide for a more rigorous analysis compared with past comparative work. Our results show diverse levels and patterns of clearance both within individual crime types and across multiple crime types that appear to covary with organizational factors. We explain how finite mixture modeling can advance both quantitative and qualitative research by identifying departmental differences in performance for further study.

The financial benefits of improved street lighting, based on crime reduction

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate A Painter ◽  
David P Farrington
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Crime Reduction ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Street Lighting ◽  
Financial Costs ◽  
Experimental Area ◽  
Financial Benefits ◽  
One Year

Two research projects were carried out to investigate the effects of improved street lighting on crime in Dudley and Stoke-on-Trent. In Dudley, crimes decreased by 41% in the experimental area, compared with a 15% decrease in a control area. In Stoke, crimes decreased by 43% in the experimental area and by 45% in two adjacent areas, compared with a decrease of only 2% in two control areas. In the two projects, the financial savings (from reduced crimes) exceeded the financial costs by between 2.4 and 10 times after one year. It is concluded that improved street lighting can be extremely cost-effective.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE SPLANCHNIC, HEPATIC AND RENAL CLEARANCE RATES TO THE METABOLIC CLEARANCE RATE OF CORTISOL IN CONSCIOUS SHEEP

1973 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. PANARETTO ◽  
J. Y. F. PATERSON ◽  
F. HILLS
Keyword(s):  
Renal Clearance ◽  
Plasma Flow ◽  
Clearance Rate ◽  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
Clearance Rates ◽  
Metabolic Clearance Rate ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Conscious Sheep ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARY The uptake of cortisol by organs in the splanchnic area of conscious, undisturbed sheep was estimated before and during the administration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) by measuring cortisol concentration differences in portal and hepatic venous plasma and estimating hepatic plasma flow rates. Metabolic clearance rates (MCR) of plasma cortisol were measured simultaneously. The total splanchnic clearance of cortisol was 61% of MCR in the animal, 48% being accounted for by the liver. When ACTH was given there were increases in MCR and these were accompanied by proportional increases in hepatic plasma flow rates. When ACTH was infused the total splanchnic clearance rate was 65% of MCR, 52–59% being accounted for by the liver. In other experiments the renal clearance rate of cortisol was studied. Under control conditions, and when ACTH was given, the renal clearance was 11% of MCR. The relationship of the sum of individual clearances to MCR is compared and discussed.

METABOLIC CLEARANCE RATES OF PREGNENOLONE, 17-ACETOXYPREGNENOLONE AND THEIR SULPHATE ESTERS IN MAN AND IN RABBIT

1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Y. WANG ◽  
R. D. BULBROOK ◽  
F. ELLIS ◽  
M. M. COOMBS
Keyword(s):  
Clearance Rate ◽  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate ◽  
Clearance Rates ◽  
Metabolic Clearance Rate ◽  
Free Steroid

SUMMARY The metabolic clearance rates, distribution volumes and half-lives of pregnenolone, 17-acetoxypregnenolone and their sulphate esters were determined in man and in the rabbit. Pregnenolone was cleared about three times more quickly than pregnenolone sulphate in both species. The metabolic clearance rate of 17-acetoxypregnenolone sulphate is greater in the rabbit than in man, whether expressed in absolute terms or in relation to the metabolic clearance rate of the free steroid. The slow clearance rate of 17-acetoxypregnenolone sulphate in man is similar to that of testosterone sulphate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and cholesterol sulphate; but is unlike that of pregnenolone sulphate, which is cleared approximately ten times as quickly.

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