scholarly journals Person-Affecting and Non-Identity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krister Bykvist
Keyword(s):  
Current Form ◽  
Future People ◽  
The World

According to a popular version of the person-affecting idea of morality, what is better (worse) must be better (worse) for someone. However, there seems to be a clear tension between this idea and some of our considered judgements about cases in which the existence of future people is contingent on our choice. For example, we want to say that creating a very unhappy person makes the world worse, other things being equal. In order to comply with a person-affecting morality in this case, we need to show that coming into existence can be worse for a person, but it does not seem plausible to say that it can be worse for a person to exist than not to exist. This paper discusses some recent attempts to ease this tension, and it is argued that none of these attempts is convincing. That leaves us with only one option: to reject the person-affecting constraint in its current form.

scholarly journals Cooperative principles in practice: Experiences of Serbia

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-110
Author(s):  
Marija Nikolić ◽  
Ivan Božić ◽  
Dragica Božić
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Consideration ◽  
Business Practice ◽  
Agricultural Cooperatives ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Cooperative Principles

Cooperative principles represent one of the three elements of cooperative identity. In their current form, they have existed since 1995, when they were adopted by the International Cooperative Alliance, and they represent a recommendation to cooperatives around the world on how to organize their business. Adherence to these recommendations in everyday business practice of cooperatives is extremely challenging. In fact, there is a consensus in the literature that deviation from cooperative principles is inevitable. The paper analyzes the experiences of the Republic of Serbia in the implementation of cooperative principles from time of the first cooperatives until today, with special emphasis on agricultural cooperatives. The aim of this paper is to examine the extent to which cooperative principles are respected in the business of cooperatives in Serbia, what factors led to deviations from these recommendations and what consequences this had on the success of these organizations. The paper presents a synergy of theoretical consideration of the problem and examination of experiences of agricultural cooperatives in Serbia in the implementation of cooperative principles. Conducted research indicate that during the development of cooperatives, different levels of deviations from cooperative principles in the practice of agricultural cooperatives were recorded, from very mild to extremely significant deviations that led to the suppression of true cooperative nature. Modern cooperative practice in Serbia is marked by a low level of knowledge of the elements of cooperative identity by the members and management of cooperatives, which further stipulates the posibility of their implementation in practice.

Frustration of purpose and the French Contract Law reform

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-309
Author(s):  
Mitja Kovac
Keyword(s):  
International Business ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Business Transactions ◽  
The World ◽  
Governing Principle ◽  
English Law ◽  
Unforeseen Contingencies ◽  
Code Civil

Frustration of purpose remains one of the most ill-defined concepts in the English law of contracts. The same problem has also recently attracted the attention of the French legislature in its modernization of the Code Civil. The French reform entitles courts with broad powers to adjust the contract when unforeseen contingencies have made the bargain unduly costly. This article argues that the introduction of an economically inspired adjustment rule in English contract law should be re-considered to maintain its current superior commercial position. If implemented, then the ‘ex ante division of surplus’ should be the governing principle in adjusting contract price, because such a remedy will not affect the agreed-upon division of the surplus. Moreover, this paper suggests that the recent French reform is indeed a long-awaited step toward a more effective regulation of the notorious ‘unforeseen contingencies’ phenomena, but also suggests that further improvements might be needed. Furthermore, it offers a set of arguments suggesting that the English law in its current form might still be the preferred option in the world of international business transactions. The international commercial attractiveness of English contract law, although being challenged by the new French Civil Code, remains undisputed.

Tetsuro Watsuji’s Milieu and Intergenerational Environmental Ethics

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laÿna Droz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Ethics ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Future People ◽  
The World ◽  
The Way ◽  
What Matters

The concept of humans as relational individuals living in a milieu can provide some solutions to various obstacles of theorization that are standing in the way of an ethics of sustainability. The idea of a milieu was developed by Tetsuro Watsuji as a web of signification and symbols. It refers to the environment as lived by a subjective relational human being and not as artificially objectified. The milieu can neither be separated from its temporal—or historical—dimension as it is directly related to the “now” of perceptions and actions in the world. In other words, elements of the natural milieu can be said to have a constitutive value as they contribute to our well-being by helping us make sense of our life and our world. In their temporal and relational dimensions, Watsuji’s notions of the milieu and human being are thus directly related to the notion of sustainability. This concept offers some convincing solutions to overcoming the problem of temporal distance, by shifting the center of argumentation from unknown, passive, and biologically dependent not-yet- born people to the transmission of a meaningful historical milieu. The turning point here is that if what matters is the survival of ideal and material projects that people live (and sometimes die) for, then future generations have tremendous power over them, as the actions of those future people will determine the success or failure of the projects started by present generations.

The Technocene or Technology as (Neo)Environment

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agostino Cera ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Technology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Nominative Case ◽  
The Core ◽  
The World ◽  
Conditio Humana ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract: While putting forward the proposal of a “philosophy of technology in the nominative case,” grounded on the concept of Neoenvironmentality, this paper intends to argue that the best definition of our current age is not “Anthropocene.” Rather, it is “Technocene,” since technology represents here and now the real “subject of history” and of (a de-natured) nature, i.e. the (neo)environment where man has to live.This proposal culminates in a new definition of man’s humanity and of technology. Switching from natura hominis to conditio humana, the peculiarity of man can be defined on the basis of an anthropic perimeter, the core of which consists of man’s worldhood: man is that being that has a world (Welt), while animal has a mere environment (Umwelt). Both man’s worldhood and animal’s environmentality are derived from a pathic premise, namely the fundamental moods (Grundstimmungen) that refer them to their respective findingness (Befindlichkeit).From this anthropological premise, technology emerges as the oikos of contemporary humanity. Technology becomes the current form of the world – and so gives birth to a Technocene – insofar as it introduces in any human context its ratio operandi and so assimilates man to an animal condition, i.e. an environmental one. Technocene corresponds on the one side to the emergence of technology as (Neo)environment and on the other to the feralization of man. The spirit of Technocene turns out to be the complete redefinition of the anthropic perimeter.While providing a non-ideological characterization of the current age, this paper proposes the strategy of an ‘anthropological conservatism,’ that is to say a pathic desertion understood as a possible (pre)condition for the beginning of an authentic Anthropocene, i.e. the age of an-at-last-entirely-human-man.

scholarly journals Developing an Online Infectious Disease Outbreak Database: Codifying the World Health Organization’s Disease Outbreak News reports

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Katz ◽  
Colin J Carlson ◽  
Munir C Pavez ◽  
Jessica Lin ◽  
Max A Palys ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Priorities ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Reporting Practices ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽  
The World

Abstract Background: The World Health Organization’s Disease Outbreak News (DONs) reports are the world’s primary source of official information on global disease outbreaks. Access to this information is crucial for informing research analyses, global health priorities, and decision making. However, in its current form, the utility of the DONs reports for research and analysis is limited as a result of their reporting format. To this end, we designed a standardized methodology for codifying the data contained in DONs reports and created an online, searchable database. Methods: We coded DONs reports published between the years 1996 and 2019, systematically collecting data from each individual report using a standardized methodology and tabulating data into a single spreadsheet. We created a Year-Pathogen-Country taxonomy to group related disease events and circumvent issues related to reporting inconsistencies in DONs reports.Results: In total, we reviewed 2,806 DONs reports corresponding to 1,105 unique infectious disease outbreaks from 1996-2019. Overall, H5N1 represented the most frequently reported disease, while China was the country with the most reports. We observed the DONs reports to contain numerous issues relating to the standardization, accuracy, and transparency of reporting procedures.Conclusions: Our database represents a new, accessible resource for research that improves the accessibility of the data contained in DONs reports. The World Health Organization should consider standardizing reporting practices, protocols, and procedures as a means of improving the reporting and transparency of infectious disease outbreaks.Trial Registration: N/A

scholarly journals The Islamic Shariah Principles for Investment in Stock Market

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Mahmudul Alam ◽  
Chowdhury Shahed Akbar ◽  
Shawon Muhammad Shahriar ◽  
Mohammad Monzur-E-Elahi
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Financial Crises ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Current Form ◽  
The World ◽  
Failure To Protect

Due to chronic financial crises experienced during last several decades repeatedly and a failure to protect investors‟ rights as a result, the world is looking for an alternative form of stock market for quite some time so that interests of all relevant stakeholders can be safeguarded. At the same time, from the perspectives of devout Muslims, the current form of stock market restricts a Muslim to make investments in the market due to unsatisfying several provisions from the Islamic law, known as shariah. This study provides the criteria under which conditions the Islamic shariah permits making investments in the stock market. Hand in hand with that primary discussion, it has been eluded briefly why the Islamic shariah principles offer a better alternative against conventional practices of the stock market.

Iconicity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irit Meir ◽  
Oksana Tkachman
Keyword(s):  
Mental Image ◽  
Sign Languages ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Language Structure ◽  
The World ◽  
Linguistic Sign ◽  
Arbitrary Sign ◽  
Iconic Sign ◽  
Relationship Of

Iconicity is a relationship of resemblance or similarity between the two aspects of a sign: its form and its meaning. An iconic sign is one whose form resembles its meaning in some way. The opposite of iconicity is arbitrariness. In an arbitrary sign, the association between form and meaning is based solely on convention; there is nothing in the form of the sign that resembles aspects of its meaning. The Hindu-Arabic numerals 1, 2, 3 are arbitrary, because their current form does not correlate to any aspect of their meaning. In contrast, the Roman numerals I, II, III are iconic, because the number of occurrences of the sign I correlates with the quantity that the numerals represent. Because iconicity has to do with the properties of signs in general and not only those of linguistic signs, it plays an important role in the field of semiotics—the study of signs and signaling. However, language is the most pervasive symbolic communicative system used by humans, and the notion of iconicity plays an important role in characterizing the linguistic sign and linguistic systems. Iconicity is also central to the study of literary uses of language, such as prose and poetry. There are various types of iconicity: the form of a sign may resemble aspects of its meaning in several ways: it may create a mental image of the concept (imagic iconicity), or its structure and the arrangement of its elements may resemble the structural relationship between components of the concept represented (diagrammatic iconicity). An example of the first type is the word cuckoo, whose sounds resemble the call of the bird, or a sign such as RABBIT in Israeli Sign Language, whose form—the hands representing the rabbit's long ears—resembles a visual property of that animal. An example of diagrammatic iconicity is vēnī, vīdī, vīcī, where the order of clauses in a discourse is understood as reflecting the sequence of events in the world. Iconicity is found on all linguistic levels: phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and discourse. It is found both in spoken languages and in sign languages. However, sign languages, because of the visual-gestural modality through which they are transmitted, are much richer in iconic devices, and therefore offer a rich array of topics and perspectives for investigating iconicity, and the interaction between iconicity and language structure.

The development of the Israeli national missile defense concept

2020 ◽  
Vol 701 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-88
Author(s):  
Joanna Zych
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Missile Defense ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Tier System ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject

Over the last three decades, the Israeli missile defense concept has evolved significantly along with the emerging threats. As a result of long-term strategy, implemented in the 1990s, contemporary missile defense of Israel has been developed into a complex, multi-tier system aimed to match the country’s unique security needs. The purpose of this study is to determine the main directions of the development of the Israeli missile defense concept that have led to its current form. The study identifies key elements of the multi-layered missile defense architecture as well as their role in overall defense strategy of Israel. With the use of theoretical research methods, the period of 1991-2020 was examined in order to trace the development of new missile defense systems and the evolution of Israeli posture on the subject in relation to changing international situation. The author concludes that comprehensive anti-missile shield, consisting of Arrow-3, Arrow-2, David’s Sling and Iron Dome systems, provides Israel with solid defense against short, medium and long range missile threats and presents potential to be developed into one of the most advanced missile defense systems in the world.

scholarly journals Forgotten Integration: An investigation into the integration of Post-Olympic Parks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Marcus Warren
Keyword(s):  
Design Principles ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Strategic Integration ◽  
The World ◽  
Fragmented Distribution ◽  
Main Ideas ◽  
Sydney Olympic Park ◽  
Edge Extension

<p>The Summer Olympics occur every four years, capturing the hearts of the world for a nite period of time. During this time, the eyes of the world are set on the host city of whom provide a facility and an infrastructure to accommodate not only the athletes, but the millions of spectators that attend the events and the memorable moments that ensue.  While the Summer Olympics and it’s park are focused heavily upon during the games, integration of the site into the host city has become largely forgotten post-Olympics. Ultimately, these once vast locations have now become deserted and dystopia environments within the host city. This thesis addresses the problem of integrating Olympic parks back into the context of the host city by enabling new and diverse spaces. The work of Charles Waldheim, Rem Koolhaas, Alex Wall, Tricia Cusack and Dennis Saunders are employed over five main ideas: wetland urbanism, urban grid, edge extension, fragmented distribution and landscape occupation.  Strategic integration of post-Olympic Sites into the existing host city can arguably be done so by creating a multi-programmatic system that adapts and transforms to respond to the dynamic needs of both the Olympic Site and the local urban context of the surrounding city.  This thesis considers the task of integrating the Sydney Olympic Park back into Sydney’s context, transforming its current form into a state of integration with the host city that is successful. The thesis produces a design, based on five key design principles which have been created through conclusions of research: wetlands, extension, grid, distribution and occupation.</p>

scholarly journals La comunicación corporativa en 40 SPV de la Comunitat Valenciana | The digital corporate comunication in 40 newsrooms of Comunitat Valenciana

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Muelas Navarrete
Keyword(s):  
Web 2.0 ◽  
Communication Tools ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Know How ◽  
Public Hearings ◽  
The World ◽  
Private Corporations ◽  
The Times ◽  
Medios Sociales

ResumenCon la implantación de la web 2.0 en el universo de internet y la llegada de innúmeros recursos y herramientas para la comunicación, las webs de las corporaciones públicas y privadas han debido de adaptarse a los nuevos tiempos y formas con el fin de mejorar el contacto con sus audiencias y públicos buscando fórmulas y recursos que les permitan una información más directa, siguiendo el formato de los diarios digitales, y una comunicación más intensa y en planos de igualdad con sus destinatarios que los mantenidos hasta ahora. Por ello hemos querido conocer cómo las 40 webs de las principales corporaciones públicas y privadas de la Comunitat Valenciana han recogido esta  nueva panoplia comunicativa. Para ello hemos desarrollado un código de análisis a partir de una plantilla de diversos ítems que hemos estudiado en cada una de ellas: los contenidos informativos y los relacionales. Es decir aquellos que emiten información de una forma unidireccional sobre la actualidad y desarrollo de la corporación y otros, los relacionales, que permiten un mejor y mayor diálogo con sus públicos y audiencias. Los resultados nos permiten establecer que son las entidades públicas las que han desarrollado en mayor medida e intensidad que las privadas estas nuevas herramientas comunicacionales, pese a que algunas de ellas, como las corporaciones comerciales, viven de la opinión y actitud de sus públicos.AbstractWith the introduction of web 2.0 in the world of internet and the arrival of countless resources and tools for communication, the web of public and private corporations have had to adapt to the times and ways in order to improve the contact its public hearings and seeking ways and resources that enable them to more direct information, the format of the digital newspapers, and more intense and equal levels with recipients that maintained communication so far . Therefore we wanted to know how the 40 websites of major public and private corporations of Valencia have taken up this new communicative panoply. So we've developed an analysis code from a template of different items that we have looked at each of them: informational and relational contents. Ie those who issue a one-way information on current form and development of the corporation and others, relational , allowing a better and more dialogue with their audiences and audiences. The results allow us to establish that they are public bodies which have developed to a greater extent and intensity that private these new communication tools, although some, such as business corporations, living on opinions and attitudes of their audiences.Palabras claveWeb 2.0; comunicación; medios sociales; comunidad; sala de prensa virtual.KeywordsWeb 2.0, communication, social media, community, virtual newsroom.Forma de citar este artículo en las bibliografíasPedro Muelas Navarrete (2014): “La comunicación corporativa en 40 SPV de la Comunitat Valenciana”, en Miguel Hernández Communication Journal, nº5, páginas 5 a 34. Universidad Miguel Hernández, UMH (Elche-Alicante). Recuperado el __ de ____________ de 20__ de: http://mhcj.es/index.php?journal=mhcj&page=article&op=view&path[]=53

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