scholarly journals COUNTERING TERRORISM IN EUROPE AND THE USA: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Novikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Sociological Factors ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
The Usa

Beginning with an overview of the threats of terrorism in Europe and the USA, the author offers a survey of factors that have been identified as influencing the practices of counterterrorism or law enforcement agencies. Massive counterterrorism operations in Syria and Iraq as well as effectiveness of the counterterrorism authorities curbed large-scale attacks of jihadists in both Western Europe and the United States. But with one of the Islamic State’s key goals being the formation of a new society, rather than simply military victories, the dissemination of its brand and ideology via mainstream social media becomes critical to achieving ISIS’ strategic goals. A surge in the Muslim population with subsequent high Muslim unemployment has been shown to be a predisposing factor for radicalization of the part of Muslim diasporas and its recruitment into the global jihad. The EU-members and the United States need to work more closely on disrupting jihadists’ social media, travel, recruitment and logistics, countering terrorist finance, protecting potential targets. The importance of sharing information is specifically underlined. But the polarisation of society, discrimination and other psychological and sociological factors can reinforce people’s vulnerability to radical discourse. Thus, counter-terrorism should not be purely repressive: integration and iclusion would contribute to prevention efforts, assuming that a more cohesive and inclusive society can help prevent the spread of extremist ideologies leading to terrorism.

scholarly journals Ideological foundations of modern political and legal institutional architectonics in Western Europe and the USA

2020 ◽  
pp. 107-118
Author(s):  
N.N. Ravochkin ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Institutional Settings ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Management Institutions

The author examines the ideological foundations of political and legal institutional architectonics in Western Europe and the United States and presents its structure. Close attention is paid to the role of social ideas and the development of these issues in modern scientific directions. The author clarifies the principles of synthesis of ideal and institutional and shows three ways of ideological determination of political and legal institutional settings. The mutually conditioned nature of functioning of the system of ideological frameworks and management institutions is substantiated.

scholarly journals How advocacy affects Twitter migraine conversations: A pilot cross-sectional survey of Northeast American “migraine” landscape on Twitter from May to June 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 251581632097208
Author(s):  
Pengfei Zhang ◽  
Santosh Bhaskarabhatla
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Network Model ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Closeness Centrality ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Annual Conference ◽  
Sources Of Information

Background: Twitter is a leading microblogging platform, with over 126 million daily active users as of 2019, which allows for large-scale analysis of tweets related to migraine. June 2020 encompassed the National Migraine and Headache Awareness Month in the United States and the American Headache Society’s virtual annual conference, which offer opportunities for us to study online migraine advocacy. Objective: We aim to study the content of individual tweets about migraine, as well as study patterns of other topics that were discussed in those tweets. In addition, we aim to study the sources of information that people reference within their tweets. Thirdly, we want to study how online awareness and advocacy movements shape these conversations about migraine. Methods: We designed a Twitter robot that records all unique public tweets containing the word “migraine” from May 8th, 2020 to June 23rd, 2020, within a 400 km radius of New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States. We built two network analysis models, one for the months of May 2020 and June 2020. The model for the month of May served as a control group for the model for the month of June, the Migraine Awareness Month. Our network model was developed with the following rule: if two hashtag topics co-exist in a single tweet, they are considered nodes connected by an edge in our network model. We then determine the top 30 most important hashtags in the month of May and June through applications of degree, between-ness, and closeness centrality. We also generated highly connected subgraphs (HCS) to categorize clusters of conversations within each of our models. Finally, we tally the websites referenced by these tweets during each month and categorized these websites according to the HCS subgroups. Results: Migraine advocacy related tweets are more popular in June when compared to May as judged by degree and closeness centrality measurements. They remained unchanged when judged by between-ness centralities. The HCS algorithm categorizes the hashtags into a large single dominant conversation in both months. In each of the months, advocacy related hashtags are apart of each of the dominant conversation. There are more hashtag topics as well as more unique websites referenced in the dominant conversation in June than in May. In addition, there are many smaller subgroups of migraine-related hashtags, and in each of these subgroups, there are a maximum of two websites referenced. Conclusion: We find a network analysis approach to be fruitful in the area of migraine social media research. Migraine advocacy tweets on Twitter not only rise in popularity during migraine awareness month but also may potentially bring in more diverse sources of online references into the Twitter migraine conversation. The smaller subgroups we identified suggest that there are marginalized conversations referencing a limited number of websites, creating a possibility of an “echo chamber” phenomenon. These subgroups provide an opportunity for targeted migraine advocacy. Our study therefore highlights the success as well as potential opportunities for social media advocacy on Twitter.

scholarly journals German Question in the Foreign Policy Strategy of the USA in the Second Half of the 1940s – 1980s

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-92
Author(s):  
Dmytro Lakishyk
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Marshall Plan ◽  
German Question ◽  
The Usa

The article examines US policy towards West Germany after World War II, covering a historical span from the second half of the 1940s to the 1980s. It was US policy in Europe, and in West Germany in particular, that determined the dynamics and nature of US-German relations that arose on a long-term basis after the formation of Germany in September 1949. One of the peculiarities of US-German relations was the fact that both partners found themselves embroiled in a rapidly escalating international situation after 1945. The Cold War, which broke out after the seemingly inviolable Potsdam Accords, forced the United States and Germany to be on one side of the conflict. Despite the fact that both states were yesterday’s opponents and came out of the war with completely different, at that time, incomparable, statuses. A characteristic feature of US policy on the German question in the postwar years was its controversial evolution. The American leadership had neither a conceptual plan for development, nor a clear idea of Germany’s place in the world, nor an idea of how to plan the country’s future. However, the deterioration of relations between the USA and the USSR and the birth of the two blocs forced the US government to resort to economic revival (the Marshall Plan) and military-political consolidation of Western Europe and Germany (NATO creation). US policy toward Germany has been at the heart of its wider European policy. The United States favored a strong and united Western Europe over American hegemony, trying to prevent the spread of Soviet influence. Joint participation in the suppression of communism, however, could not prevent the periodic exacerbation of relations between the United States and Germany, and at the same time did not lead to an unconditional follow-up of the West Germans in the fairway of American foreign policy.

scholarly journals European Defence: a puzzle with many unknowns

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-52
Author(s):  
Tatyana Arzamanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The United States ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Defence Budget ◽  
The Usa

Under the pressure of the growing turbulence of EuroAtlantic space due to the increasing isolationism of the United States and the fact that Global security is now determined by the confrontation between the two centers of power – the United States and China, as well as the shift of strategic decision-making into the USA-Russia-China triangle, Europe is forced to admit that the period of solidarity of the collective West is over. If earlier differences between the allies were exclusively tactical, now they affect already fundamental foundations. In the current situation, Europe will try to intensify the development of the European defence component and strengthen integration in the field of security policy in order to achieve full strategic sovereignty. This process is complicated by the low level of European defence capacity, the shortage of funds of the European defence budget, weak strategic planning, and the unresolved issue of limits of supranational competences of the command of the European Armed Forces. With the use of comparative, event and content analysis, it is concluded that the key problem is that EU member states have a different scale of assessment of risks and security threats, they find it difficult to reach a common understanding, without which the development of a strategic concept of European defence will be largely decorative. The author cosiders that it is first and foremost necessary to establish a Pan-European consensus on basic points, including a set of definitions. A serious challenge for the European defence project was coronavirus COVID-19. The pandemic revealed a global crisis of leadership, a lack of solidarity, and the world's lack of preparedness for a large-scale biological threat. In the near future, states will consider biological attacks among the priority security threats, and this seems to the author to be a promising field for cooperation within the framework of European defence. It is about the development of a Pan-European system of recognition, warning and opposition to the bacteriological threat using developments in the field of artificial intelligence.

scholarly journals Integrity…Courage…Honour: A Comparative Study of Law Enforcement Agencies

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. p119
Author(s):  
Ansia Storm
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Corruption Perception ◽  
First World ◽  
Preliminary Support

Purpose—The purpose of this paper was to compare three first-world countries’ law enforcement agencies to those of South Africa. The aim was to identify areas where South Africa’s agencies can improve to take the fighting of corruption to a higher level, and in doing so, improve their ranking on Transparency International’s scale, and their Corruption Perception Index.Design/methodology/approach—The author compared South Africa’s law enforcement agencies to those of the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia to identify possible areas where South Africa’s agencies can improve.Findings—The results indicate preliminary support for areas in South Africa’s law enforcement agencies that need restructuring and improvement.Practical implications—Improved law enforcement agencies will assist in the fight against corruption, improving South Africa’s corruption perception index (among others), which might encourage foreign investment.Originality/value—The results of this study point to opportunities to strengthen law enforcement agencies in South Africa, which will result in improved crime-fighting abilities, higher prosecution rates, and improved crime statistics.Research limitations—Law enforcement agencies (which deals with corruption in general) from the USA, the U.K., and Australia will be explored and compared with those of South Africa.

The adoptability of perennial-based farming systems for hydrologic and salinity control in dryland farming systems in Australia and the United States of America

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna M. Roberts ◽  
Matthew J. Helmers ◽  
Ian R. P. Fillery
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Learning Program ◽  
Dryland Salinity ◽  
The Usa

Dryland salinity and water quality problems occur in the Great Plains and cornbelt regions of the United States of America (USA) and southern Australia due to the replacement of native perennial systems by annual species. We outline the hydrological effects of selected farming systems in both countries and review progress towards development of new perennial systems with potential to reduce dryland salinity effects. In Australia, development and large-scale trialling are further advanced than in the USA. In both countries there are usually insufficient benefits to farmers to adopt perennials at the scale needed to reduce environmental effects. Perennials are generally more complex to manage and, for successful adoption, greater skills are often required than to manage annuals. Experience from the Conservation Reserve Program in the USA to encourage conversion of cropland to perennials indicates that the scale of landscape change achieved (in the order of 5%) is still low. Lessons learnt in both countries from experiences include: (1) careful thought as to where perennials are most needed (targeting); (2) plant development programs targeted at key environments; (3) involvement of farmers in research at the outset to ensure that systems developed are profitable and adoptable; (4) the need for a trialling and learning program; (5) appropriate choice of policy tools to maximise environmental outcomes.

scholarly journals US and the idea of creating a united Europe

2016 ◽  
pp. 51-63
Author(s):  
Zinaida Svyaschenko
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Marshall Plan ◽  
Political Leader ◽  
Joint Project ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Cold War

The article аnalyses the US’ position on the idea of creating the united Europe within the context of the events of the “cold war”. For many years after the Second World War promoting the European integration was one of the important areas of the American foreign policy. An important role in this process belonged to the “Marshall Plan”, which showed support for the ideas of the European unification and forced the leaders of the Western countries to consider the practical steps for their implementation, supported by Washington. Particular attention is paid to NATO, the formation of which was a joint project of the United States and Europe. This organization had globalized and deepened the economic liasions of the countries, and so they became sustainable partners in the most important areas of their cooperation. It was a pledge of stable contacts and coordination on the major 63 issues, which provided guarantees to the both sides. To reinsure its interests, The US started addressing to Europe, appealing to the equal partnership, knowingly claiming to gaining the unquestionable leadership. It is concluded that the renaissance of some European structures by means of the United States’ aid would put the countries of the region in the distinct dependence. Later, economically strong and integrated Western Europe would act as a partner for a global political leader – the United States, without claiming to be an equal partner that develops within the limits set by the USA. That is why the Western Europe faced a difficult choice of integration during this period. All the further actions taken by the European leaders were focused on the possibility of independent planning and subsequent conduct of their internal policies.

scholarly journals Mapping the transnational imaginary of social media genres

2021 ◽  
pp. 146144482110123
Author(s):  
Blake Hallinan ◽  
Bumsoo Kim ◽  
Rebecca Scharlach ◽  
Tommaso Trillò ◽  
Saki Mizoroki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Cultural Difference ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Media Content ◽  
Large Scale Survey ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Transnational Study

This article presents a transnational study of the classification and evaluation of social media content. We conducted a large-scale survey ( N = 4770) in five countries (Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, and the United States) with open-ended questions about the types of content people like and dislike. Through iterative and inductive coding, we identified 29 topics, or broad areas of interest, and 213 recurrent genres, or narrower categories that share elements of form and content. We compared the results according to country, gender, age, and education level, identifying patterns of cultural difference and commonality. While we found significant differences in the prominence and preferentiality of content, these distictions were less pronounced for disliked topics around which social media users tended to converge. Finally, we discuss genre imaginaries as normative maps that reflect ideas about morality in general and the purpose of social media in particular.

scholarly journals Assistance of the USA to refugees during the Korean War (1950 – 1953)

2018 ◽  
pp. 82-90
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Yushkevych
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rescue Operation ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
The North ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The Usa

The article reveals a set of measures taken by the United States of America to assist “the refugees of war” in the context of local conflict in the Korean Peninsula. It is underlined that securing assistance to hundreds of thousands of Korean refugees has become a unique experience for the United States and the international community in providing financial support, assistance programs, combat operations, and organized troop deployment. Particular attention was paid to the decisions and actions of the US Armed Forces Command aimed at avoiding panic among refugees from the North, evacuating civilians, setting up and operating Refugee Camps. The unprecedented scale of the Hungnam rescue operation carried out during the offensive of the Chinese and North Korean troops in December 1950 is examined. The first exampled experience was the work of the United Nations Civil Aid Command in Korea, whose field teams distributed clothing, supplies, consumer goods and large-scale vaccinations against smallpox and typhoid during the second half of 1950. In addition, it reviewed the work of UNCURK, which was to help rebuild the country. As part of the program, Korean refugees received rice, used clothing and shoes, and medical equipment. At the same time, the establishment and activities of the UNKRA, to whom the United States has been the major donor, have played a leading role in assisting the forced migrants. The relief programs subsequently became a significant factor in the Westernization and economic revival of the Republic of Korea. It has been shown that in the context of the military conflict in Korea, US assistance to refugees was provided not only through a profile UN agency but also through the active involvement of US military structures and non-governmental organizations. The role of volunteer organizations and private initiatives of the American public in support of the Korean Refugee was noted.

scholarly journals ‘Living in Sick Europe is Spiritually More Interesting than in Healthy and Well-fed America’: A.V. Kartashev’s Letters to E.I. Novitskii, 1948–1951

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1257-1301
Author(s):  
Aleksandr V. Antoshchenko
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Theological Seminary ◽  
Historical Source ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Fathers And Sons ◽  
Church Organizations

This publication includes letters from Anton V. Kartashev, a renowned historian, a professor at St. Sergius Orthodox Theological Institute (Institut de théologie orthodoxe Saint-Serge) in Paris, sent to his friend Evgenii I. Novitskii, who had moved from France to the USA not long before. In the introduction, the publisher describes the context, in which the letters were written, which makes it possible to better understand their meaning and value as a historical source. The letters characterize Anton Kartashev’s attitude of towards the idea of reuniting Russian Orthodox parishes in emigration, which were under the jurisdiction of different church organizations. The historian considered it possible to unite them under the seniority of Metropolitan Anastasii (Gribanovskii) and under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople but doubted the fulfilment of this possibility due to the accumulated canonical contradictions. Particular attention is paid to the relations between the Russian Exarchate in Western Europe and the Russian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church in the United States, as well as the possibility of educating graduates of St. Tikhon’s Theological Seminary (Pennsylvania) at the institute. In addition to the information about the persons and events mentioned in the correspondence, the commentary includes fragments from letters of the historian’s wife, Pavla P. Kartasheva, which reveal the nuances of what was sometimes only briefly reported by her husband. Among the latter there are the demarcation between the generations of “fathers” and “sons” at the institute, which led to the departure of young professors to America, and the trip of the Kartashevs to Italy.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document