scholarly journals Migration and the Problem of Old Age People in Nepal

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 145-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tika Ram Gautam
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Living Condition ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Temporary Migration ◽  
Family Structures ◽  
Rural Villages ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Impact

Current trends of migration in Nepal imply that the extensive out-migration of young people from rural areas, to foreign and internal urban centres, coincides with a rise in the problem of older couples in rural areas. This article examines the impact of migration on living condition and internal feelings of old age couples by drawing on the results of sociological and demographic field studies in Kandebash Village Development Committee (VDC) comprising multiethnic communities of western Nepal. The methodology for identifying older people is, social survey followed by direct interview with semi-structured questionnaire, examining variations by socio-economic strata and family structures. Comparative analysis indicates considerable heterogeneity in past and present migration patterns, both within and between countries. Economically higher status families are commonly able to reinforce their position by making better use of emigration opportunities. These families are migrating permanently to urban centers within country. Migrants from economically middle and lower status families are continuing temporary migration to foreign countries. Temporary migration, both within and between countries, is making old age couples alone in rural villages. The migrants' financial and material contributions are a nominal support. The old age lonely couples are facing many problems such as feeling loneliness, helplessness, frustration, increased household and social burdening.Key words: Migration, emigration, immigration, old age couple, rural migration, NepalDOI = 10.3126/dsaj.v2i0.1361Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.2 pp.145-160

scholarly journals Israeli Arabs develop diverticulitis at a younger age and are more likely to require surgery than Jews

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-104
Author(s):  
Itai GHERSIN ◽  
Nadav SLIJPER ◽  
Gideon SROKA ◽  
Ibrahim MATTER
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Acute Diverticulitis ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Israeli Arabs ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND: Only few studies have examined the impact of racial differences on the age of onset, course and outcomes of diverticulitis. AIM: To provide data about the epidemiology of diverticulitis in northern Israel, and to determine whether ethnicity is a predictor of age of onset, complications, and need for surgery. METHODS: Was conducted a retrospective review of the charts of all patients diagnosed with a first episode of diverticulitis in our hospital between 2005 and 2012. RESULTS: Were found 638 patients with a first episode of acute diverticulitis in the eight year interval. Israeli Arabs developed a first episode of diverticulitis at a younger age compared to Jews (51.2 vs 63.8 years, p<0.01). Arabs living in rural areas developed diverticulitis at a younger age than Arabs living in urban centers (49.4 vs 54.5 years, P=0.03). Jewish and Arabic men developed diverticulitis at younger age compared to their female counterparts (59.9 vs 66.09, p<0.01, and 47.31 vs 56.93, p<0.01, respectively). Arabs were more likely [odds ratio (OR)=1.81 ,95% confidence interval (CI)1.12-2.90, p=0.017] than Jews to require surgical treatment (urgent or elective) for diverticulitis. CONCLUSIONS: Israeli Arabs tend to develop diverticulitis at a younger age and are more likely to require surgical treatment for diverticulitis compared to Jews. Arabs living in rural areas develop diverticulitis at a younger age than Arabs living in urban centers. These findings highlight a need to address the root cause for ethnic differences in onset, course and outcome of acute diverticulitis.

scholarly journals Whom Can I Rely on? The Impact of China's Public Pension Program Expansion on the Expectations for Old-Age Support

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 356-356
Author(s):  
Qian Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Adult Children ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Public Pension ◽  
Old Age Support ◽  
Pension Program ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Program Expansion

Abstract Aging is a global trend and China is no exception. Older people in China mostly rely on their adult children for old-age support. This traditional provision pattern of old-age support, however, is challenged by hundreds of millions of internal migrant workers. They relocate from rural to urban regions for better employment and are no longer able to provide old-age support to their older parents in rural areas. The aim of this study was to determine the impacts of China’s public pension program expansion in rural areas on older people’s expectations for old-age support. Utilizing the natural experiment of program expansion, this study identified an instrumental variable as the county adoption of the pension program. In addition, the study analyzed a nationally representative longitudinal dataset CHARLS with fixed effects model. Results from the statistical model showed that given the participation in the pension program, older adults reported more reliance on pension for old-age support financially and less reliance on children. Heterogeneous effects were found for older adults living together with children and older adults living independently. These important findings suggest that the government partially assumes the responsibility for the old-age support of adult children in the traditional sense. The potential benefits of this study provide a policy implication for developing countries to alleviate old-age support problems and enable internal migration for economic development.

scholarly journals Regional differences in the mid-Victorian diet and their impact on health

JRSM Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 205427041775186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Greaves
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Living Condition ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Victorian Britain ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Waterborne Infections ◽  
The Impact

Summary The aim of this study was to examine the impact of regional diets on the health of the poor in mid-Victorian Britain. Contemporary surveys of regional diets and living condition were reviewed. This information was compared with mortality data from Britain over the same period. Although there was an overall improvement in life expectancy during the latter part of the 19th century, there were large regional differences in lifestyle, diet and mortality rates. Dietary surveys showed that the poor labouring population in isolated rural areas of England, in the mainland and islands of Scotland and in the west of Ireland enjoyed the most nutritious diets. These regions also showed the lowest mortality rates in Britain. This was not simply the result of better sanitation and less mortality from food and waterborne infections but also fewer deaths from pulmonary tuberculosis, which is typically associated with better nutrition. These more isolated regions where a peasant-style culture provided abundant locally produced cheap foodstuffs such as potatoes, vegetables, whole grains, and milk and fish, were in the process of disappearing in the face of increasing urbanisation. This was to the detriment of many rural poor during the latter half of the century. Conversely, increasing urbanisation, with its improved transport links, brought greater availability and diversity of foods to many others. It was this that that led to an improved nutrition and life expectancy for the majority in urbanising Britain, despite the detrimental effects of increasing food refinement.

Impact of Migration on Rural Employment and Earnings in the Western Development Region of Nepal

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-448
Author(s):  
Indra P. Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Occupational Mobility ◽  
Cash Income ◽  
Temporary Migration ◽  
Rural Employment ◽  
Subsistence Production ◽  
Western Development ◽  
Development Region ◽  
The Impact

This study was carried out to examine the impact of migration on rural employment and earnings in the Western Development Region of Nepal. Spatial mobility in expectation of employment and earning opportunities has remained a phenomenon in rural areas. Destinations of migrants have either been long or short distance. However, rural-to-rural migration has not contributed to occupational mobility and attainment of a higher level of earnings at the place of destination in comparison to the native population who have stayed behind. Temporary migration, largely to India, has resulted in occupational mobility, reduced rural underemployment, and contributed higher cash income to the participating households. Consequently, households with temporary outmigrant members who contribute to household earnings by salary, remittances, or pension, distinctly increase the earning level of this group and is significantly higher than that of households without any migrant members. The temporary outmigration of at least one member from more than one-third of total rural households has not had a negative impact on the subsistence production of agriculture.

scholarly journals Simultaneous measurements of urban and rural particles in Beijing – Part 2: Case studies of haze events and regional transport

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 9249-9263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Chen ◽  
Guangming Shi ◽  
Jing Cai ◽  
Zongbo Shi ◽  
Zhichao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Particle ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Hysplit Model ◽  
Regional Transport ◽  
Haze Formation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Two parallel field studies were conducted simultaneously at both urban and rural sites in Beijing from 1 to 29 November 2016. An online single-particle chemical composition analysis was used as a tracer system to investigate the impact of heating activities and the formation of haze events. Central heating elevated EC-Nit (elemental carbon-nitrate), EC-Nit-Sul (EC-nitrate-sulfate), and ECOC-Nit (ECOC: internal-mixed elemental carbon and organic carbon) levels by 1.5–2.0 times due to the increased use of coal in the urban areas. However, in the rural areas, residential heating, which mainly consumes low-quality coal, and biomass burning elevated ECOC-Nit-Sul, NaK-Nit, and OC-Sul levels by 1.2–1.5 times. Four severe haze events (hourly PM2.5 > 200 µg m−3) occurred at both sites during the studies. In each event, a pattern of transport and accumulation was found. In the first stage of the pattern, particles were regionally transported from the south and southwest and accumulated under air stagnation, creating significant secondary formation, then PM2.5 was elevated to 300 µg m−3. At both sites, the severe haze occurred due to different patterns of local emission, transport, and secondary processes. At Pinggu (PG), the sulfate-rich residential coal burning particles were dominant. The regional transport between PG and Peking University (PKU) was simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (WRF-HYSPLIT) model, confirming that the transport from PG to PKU was significant, but PKU to PG occurred occasionally. These cases can explain the serious air pollution in the urban areas of Beijing and the interaction between urban and rural areas. This study can provide references for enhancing our understanding of haze formation in Beijing.

scholarly journals A Risk Management Assessment of Rural Villages in Abhar County, Iran Using Spatial Analysis and Disaster Readiness Surveys

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Hajilo ◽  
Lori Pennington-Gray ◽  
Vahid Riahi ◽  
Amir Talkhab
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Multiple Criteria Decision Making ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Rural Villages ◽  
Rural Districts ◽  
Medium Risk ◽  
Risk Areas

Understanding the vulnerability of areas and the likelihood of specific disasters, particularly earthquakes, is one of the most important issues in Iran. One of the major concerns in Iran is the resilience of rural communities. The present study is devoted to spatial analysis of risk in rural areas and the evaluation of preparedness in the rural districts of the city of Abhar. In particular, this study evaluates the resilience to earthquakes. The research was conducted in two parts in which the first part has used the VIKOR Multiple criteria decision making model as well as the employment of this model in the ArcGis. The second part of the study used field studies, in the form of questionnaires, to evaluate the readiness of the local population against the risks of earthquakes. Four indicators, individual, physical, economic abilities and access, were assessed. The population included rural districts, where statistical samples were villagers. Results of the spatial analysis indicated that 15 villages are in the high-risk areas, 24 villages were in the medium-risk areas and all other villages were in low-risk areas. In terms of readiness of the locals, the results indicated a lack of planning with regards to the four mentioned indicators.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Measurement of Urban and Rural Particles in Beijing, Part II: Case Studies of Haze Events and Regional Transport

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Chen ◽  
Guangming Shi ◽  
Jing Cai ◽  
Zongbo Shi ◽  
Zhichao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Hysplit Model ◽  
Regional Transport ◽  
Haze Formation ◽  
Rural Sites ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Two parallel field studies were conducted simultaneously at both urban and rural sites in Beijing from 11/01/2016 to 11/29/2016. Online single-particle chemical composition analysis was used as a tracer system to investigate the impact of heating activities and the formation of haze events. Central heating elevated EC-Nit, EC-Nit-Sul, and ECOC-Nit levels by 1.5–2.0 times due to the increased use of coal in the urban areas. However, in the rural areas, residential heating which mainly consumes low-quality coal and biomass burning elevated ECOC-Nit-Sul, Nak-Nit, and OC-Sul levels by 1.2–1.5 times. Four severe haze events (hourly PM2.5 > 200 µg m−3) occurred at both sites during the studies. In each event, a pattern of transport and accumulation was found. In the first stage, particles were regionally transported from the south or southwest and accumulated under air stagnations, creating the significant secondary formation. Consequently, the boosting of PM2.5 led to severe haze. At both sites, the severe haze occurred due to different patterns of local emission, transport, and secondary processes. At PG, the sulfate-rich residential coal burning particles were dominant. The regional transport between PG and PKU was simulated using the WRF-HYSPLIT model, confirming that the transport from PG to PKU was significant, but PKU to PG occurred occasionally. These cases can explain the serious air pollution in the urban areas of Beijing and the interaction between urban and rural areas. This study can provide references for enhancing our understanding of haze formation in Beijing.

scholarly journals Migration, social structure and old-age support networks: a comparison of three Indonesian communities

2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
PHILIP KREAGER
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Support Networks ◽  
Old Age Support ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Family Networks ◽  
Considerable Heterogeneity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Local Family

Contemporary trends in population ageing and urbanisation in the developing world imply that the extensive out-migration of young people from rural areas coincides with, and is likely to exacerbate, a rise in the older share of the rural population. This paper examines the impact of migration on vulnerability at older ages by drawing on the results of anthropological and demographic field studies in three Indonesian communities. The methodology for identifying vulnerable older people has a progressively sharper focus, beginning first with important differences between the communities, then examining variations by socio-economic strata, and finally the variability of older people's family networks. Comparative analysis indicates considerable heterogeneity in past and present migration patterns, both within and between villages. The migrants' contributions are a normal and important component of older people's support, often in combination with those of local family members. Higher status families are commonly able to reinforce their position by making better use of migration opportunities than the less advantaged. Although family networks in the poorer strata may effect some redistribution of the children's incomes, their social networks are smaller and insufficient to overcome their marked disadvantages. Vulnerability thus arises where several factors, including migration histories, result in unusually small networks, and when the migrations are within rural areas.

scholarly journals ‘One day I will pick up a snake, wanting to read it’: Becoming a successful reader in a rural environment

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Van der Mescht
Keyword(s):  
Rural Schools ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Literacy Practices ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Literacy Learning ◽  
Rural Villages ◽  
Role Playing Game ◽  
The Impact

Children learning to read and write in rural areas in Southern Africa perform poorly compared to children in urban schools. The poor results of rural schools in national assessments of reading literacy are explained by the deficits of rural areas: poverty, under-resourced schools and under-qualified teachers. Children in rural areas are frequently not exposed to home literacy practices, which prepare them for formal literacy learning at school. Whilst acknowledging the impact of rural poverty on children’s performance, this article explores a role-playing game amongst pre-school and school-going children of rural villages that enabled some children to become successful learners. Focusing on affect, I analyse the way in which the game motivated these children and suggest some of the benefits that promoting this practice may have for teaching and learning in rural areas. The continued underperformance of children in rural schools makes a compelling case for investigating ways of promoting learning and reading in rural homes.

Ease of Doing Business and Its Impact on Inward FDI

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Tareq Hossain ◽  
Zubair Hassan ◽  
Sumaiya Shafiq ◽  
Abdul Basit
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Least Square Regression ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Ease Of Doing Business ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Starting A Business

This study investigates the impact of Ease of Doing Business on Inward FDI over the period from 2011 to 2015 across the globe. This study measures ease of doing business using starting a business, getting credit, registering property, paying taxes and enforcing contracts. The research used a sample of 177 countries from 190 countries listed in World Bank. Least square regression model via E-views software used to examine causal relationship. The study found that ease of doing business indicators ‘Enforcing Contracts’ was found to have a positive significant impact on Inward FDI. Nevertheless, ‘Getting Credit’ and ‘Registering Property’ were found to have a negative significant impact on Inward FDI. However, ‘Starting a Business’ and ‘Paying Taxes’ have no significant impact on Inward FDI in the studied timeframe of this research. The findings of the study suggested the ease of doing business enables inward FDI through better contract enforcements, getting credit and registering property. The findings of the research will assist international managers and companies to know the importance of ease of doing business when investing in foreign countries through FDI.

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