scholarly journals Sero-prevalence of Influenza a Antibodies in Pigs of Bhaktapur, Kavre and Banke Districts of Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-126
Author(s):  
Diksha Pokhrel ◽  
Ishab Poudel ◽  
Rabin Raut ◽  
Sitaram Aryal ◽  
Krishna Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Significant Difference

Pigs play a key role in inter-species transmission of influenza virus, because they have receptors to both avian and human influenza viral strains. A study was conducted in three different districts namely Bhaktapur, Kavre and Banke with face to face type of questionnaire survey and serum sample collection. Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunoassay was utilized for the collected 231 samples for serologic evidence of influenza A. Of the total 231 samples tested, 11 were positive for Influenza virus A with an overall sero-prevalence of (4.76%; Cl95%: 2.68-8.324) Kavre district had highest (5.88%; Cl95%: 2.539-13.04) sero-prevalence, followed by Bhaktapur (5.13%; Cl95%: 2.012-12.46) and Banke (2.94%; Cl95%; 0.8104-10.1) with no significant difference (p=0.685). Rearing swine along with poultry was the most significant risk factor (p=0.03); all positive cases were from the farms that adopted integrated farming system with little to no bio-security measures, especially poultry and swine. Present finding depicts that Influenza A is prevalent in pig farms of Kavre, Banke and Bhaktapur. Further research is needed to sub-type the influenza virus and also determine the effect of commercial poultry and migratory birds on the outbreak of influenza A in swine.  Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 6(2): 122-126

scholarly journals Trends of human influenza infection in Chhattisgarh: a retrospective observational study

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1288
Author(s):  
Raj Sharma ◽  
Rupendra K. Bharti ◽  
Sanat Sharma ◽  
Mahendra K. Jaiswal
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Retrospective Observational Study ◽  
Human Influenza ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Human Influenza Virus ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Human influenza virus was recognized as a pandemic in 2009 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Since then many newer incidences was recognized in India, but there was no sufficient data from all state of India. This study will provide data from the Chhattisgarh state of India.Methods: It was a retrospective observational study from December 2015 to November 2017. All patient samples with suspected influenza infection were collected and analysed by Real-time reverse polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Results: 341 patients’ sample was collected and analysed; among these samples, 07.9% of patients have all three serotype of influenza positive. Raipur district has the highest incidence of influenza A followed by Durg and Raigarh district of Chhattisgarh. There was no significant difference between male and female who was affected by the influenza virus.Conclusions: The incidence of Human influenza virus is lesser in Chhattisgarh as compare to the average states of India and the state capital has a higher rate of sample collection as well as positive influenza infection.

scholarly journals The Role of Past Suicidal Behavior on Current Suicidality: A Retrospective Study in the Israeli Military

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 649
Author(s):  
Leah Shelef ◽  
Jessica M Rabbany ◽  
Peter M Gutierrez ◽  
Ron Kedem ◽  
Ariel Ben Yehuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Attempt ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Suicide Ideation ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Severity Rating ◽  
Significant Difference

Past suicide attempts are a significant risk factor for future suicidality. Therefore, the present military-based study examined the past suicidal behavior of soldiers who recently made a severe suicide attempt. Our sample consisted of 65 active-duty soldiers (61.5% males), between the ages of 18 and 28 years old (M = 20.4, SD ± 1.3). The inclusion criterion was a recent severe suicide attempt, requiring at least a 24 h hospitalization. This sample was divided into two groups, according to previous suicidal behavior, namely whether their first suicide attempt was before or after enlistment (n = 25; 38.5% and n = 40; 61.5%, respectively). We then examined the lethality and intent of the recent event in regard to this division. Four measures were used to assess the subjects’ suicidal characteristics: the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale, the Self-Harm Behavior Questionnaire, the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised, and the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation. No significant difference in the severity of the suicide attempts (either actual or potential severity) were found between those who had suicide attempts before enlistment and those who had their first attempt in the service. As a matter of fact, most of the suicide attempts that occurred for the first time during military service had used a violent method (58.3%, n = 21). Finally, using multivariate analyses, we found that current thoughts and behavior, rather than past suicidality, was the strongest predictor for the lethality of suicide attempts.

scholarly journals Bat influenza vectored NS1-truncated live vaccine protects pigs against heterologous virus challenge

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinhwa Lee ◽  
Yonghai Li ◽  
Yuhao Li ◽  
A. Giselle Cino-Ozuna ◽  
Michael Duff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Live Vaccine ◽  
H3n2 Virus ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractSwine influenza is an important disease for the swine industry. Currently used whole inactivated virus (WIV) vaccines can induce vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD) in pigs when the vaccine strains mismatch with the infected viruses. Live attenuated influenza virus vaccine (LAIV) is effective to protect pigs against homologous and heterologous swine influenza virus infections without inducing VAERD, but has safety concerns due to potential reassortment with circulating viruses. Herein, we used a chimeric bat influenza Bat09:mH3mN2 virus, which contains both surface HA and NA gene open reading frames of the A/swine/Texas/4199-2/1998 (H3N2) and six internal genes from the novel bat H17N10 virus, to develop modified live-attenuated viruses (MLVs) as vaccine candidates which cannot reassort with canonical influenza A viruses by co-infection. Two attenuated MLV vaccine candidates including the virus that expresses a truncated NS1 (Bat09:mH3mN2-NS1-128, MLV1) or expresses both a truncated NS1 and the swine IL-18 (Bat09:mH3mN2-NS1-128-IL-18, MLV2) were generated and evaluated in pigs against a heterologous H3N2 virus using the WIV vaccineb as a control. Compared to the WIV vaccine, both MLV vaccines were able to reduce lesions and virus replication in lungs and limit nasal virus shedding without VAERD, also induced significantly higher levels of mucosal IgA response in lungs and significantly increased numbers of antigen-specific IFN-γ secreting cells against the challenge virus. However, no significant difference was observed in efficacy between the MLV1 and MLV2. These results indicate that bat influenza vectored MLV vaccines can be used as a safe live vaccine to prevent swine influenza.

Evaluation of cytokine production by J774.G8 macrophages after treatment with biotherapics

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (36) ◽  
pp. 167-169
Author(s):  
Camila Siqueira ◽  
Diogo Kuczera ◽  
Eneida Da Lozzo ◽  
Dorly Buchi ◽  
José Nelson Couceiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
H3n2 Influenza ◽  
Aseptic Conditions ◽  
H3n2 Influenza Virus

Introduction: Strains of macrophages, such as murine J774.G8 macrophages, are susceptible to influenza A infection [1]. One of the responses to viral infection involves the production of various types of immunostimulatory cytokines by infected cells [2]. Methods: In the present study, the macrophage strain J774.G8, maintained in RPMI medium, was submitted to treatment with 10% V/V of two different biotherapics prepared from influenza H3N2, both at 30x. Additionally, two control groups were analyzed: macrophages stimulated with water 30x and macrophages without any treatment. Biotherapics were prepared from intact H3N2 influenza virus and H3N2 inactivated by alcohol 70%. The compounding of both biotherapics followed this procedure: one part of viral particles was diluted in 9 parts of sterile distilled water. The 1:10 sample was submitted to 100 mechanical succussions using Autic® Brazilian machine, originating the first dilution, named decimal (1x). 1 ml of this solution was diluted in 9 ml of solvent and was submitted to 100 succussions, generating biotherapic 2x. This procedure was successively repeated, according to Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia, to obtain the biotherapic 30x. By the same technique, water vehicle was prepared in the potency of 30x to be used as control. All samples were prepared under sterile and aseptic conditions, using laminar flow cabinet, class II, and were stored in the refrigerator (8ºC), to avoid microbiological contamination. J774.G8 macrophages were stimulated for 2 days, in a total of six stimuli. Immediately before infection with 25 µl of H3N2 influenza virus, the supernatants were collected and frozen at -20 ºC for later analysis. Next, 24 hours after the virus infection, the supernatants were aliquoted and frozen under the same conditions. Three independent experiments were done in triplicate. Analysis of supernatants was performed by flow cytometry using the Mouse Inflammation Kit. The cytokines detected in this experiment were IL-10, IL 12, TNF-α and MCP1. Results: In all cases, there were no significant differences compared to control groups. However, the production of TNF-α detected in macrophages treated by intact and inactivated biotherapics presented a tendency to increase after infection. In fact, similar results were previously detected in other experiments conducted only with the intact biotherapic [3]. The release of the cytokine MCP1 in all experimental situations presented a tendency to decrease after the viral infection when compared to untreated macrophages. No statistically significant difference was detected in the production of IL 12 and IL 10. These experiments will be repeated to confirm the data obtained.

scholarly journals Venous Thromboprophylaxis in Gastrointestinal Bleeding

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neel Malhotra ◽  
Nilesh Chande
Keyword(s):  
Thrombotic Event ◽  
Antiplatelet Agent ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Primary Diagnosis ◽  
Gi Bleeding ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Vte Prophylaxis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Gi Bleed

OBJECTIVE: To study the use of venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis and the incidence of thrombotic events in patients with acute gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding.METHODS: Individuals admitted with a primary diagnosis of a GI bleed along with any endoscopically confirmed source (over a two-year period) were included. Patient comorbidity and data regarding anticoagulation or antiplatelet agent use before hospitalization were collected, in addition to type of VTE prophylaxis and duration of treatment. The primary end point was the development of VTE (deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism) within one year of presentation.RESULTS: Data from 504 patients admitted with GI bleeding were eligible for review. The total number of VTE events was 20 (4%) while the mortality rate during hospitalization was 4.6%; 397 patients were not given VTE prophylaxis during their hospitalization. Of the patients who were given VTE prophylaxis, 68 received prophylactic heparin or heparin derivatives during their admission. One hundred sixty-five patients had at least one other significant risk factor for VTE including recent or subsequent surgery, past thrombotic event or malignancy. The incidence of thrombosis in those with significant risk factors for VTE was significantly higher than those without (8.5% versus 1.8%; P=0.0009). Overall, there was no significant difference in thrombotic events between individuals receiving pharmacological prophylaxis (1.2%) and those who did not (2.8%) (P=0.4).CONCLUSION: Overall, VTE prophylaxis did not significantly affect thrombotic events in patients admitted for an active GI bleed.

Postpartum Mental State of Mothers of Twins

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Éva Brantmüller ◽  
Mónika Gyúró ◽  
Kitti Galgán ◽  
Annamária Pakai
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Health Visitor ◽  
Maternal Mood ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Relevant Risk Factor ◽  
Convenience Sampling

AbstractTwin birth is a relevant risk factor for postnatal depression (PND). The primary objective of our study is to reveal the prevalence of suspected cases of depression and to identify some background factors among mothers of twins. We applied convenience sampling method within a retrospective, quantitative study among mothers given birth to twins for six months, but, at least, three years. The participants completed the self-administered, modular questionnaire and the standard EPDS questionnaire anonymously. 35% of mothers of twins reached or exceeded the threshold value for depression following the first six months after delivery. No significant difference was found in the prevalence of the suspected cases among the primipara and multipara (p=1.000). At the same time, artificial conception proved to be a significant risk factor (p= 0.019). Distraught family life (p=0.001) and unfavorable changes in a domestic partnership (p=0.009) increased the prevalence of the suspected cases of depression significantly. The health visitor is the only person who knows the hierarchy of families with their weaknesses and strengths in the Hungarian primary health care; therefore, her role is unquestionable in the recognition of maternal mood disorders. The health visitor compares the scores of the EPDS questionnaire with the experiences during family visits, and with all of these facts, she refers the person in need to a specialist.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Superselective Intra-Arterial Chemoradiotherapy versus Radical Surgery on Distant Metastasis for Advanced Oral Cancer

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Wataru Kobayashi ◽  
Beng Gwan Teh ◽  
Norihiko Narita ◽  
Ryohei Ito ◽  
Yuki Saito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Management ◽  
Distant Metastasis ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Oral Cancers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
N Classification ◽  
Neck Recurrence ◽  
T Classification ◽  
Classification And Treatment

Background. Distant metastasis is considerably more frequent in superselective intra-arterial chemoradiotherapy than other radical treatments for advanced oral cancers. However, there is no evidence supporting such claim. The purpose of this study was to report our experience in superselective intra-arterial chemoradiotherapy and conventional surgical management with particular focus on distant metastasis. Methods. One hundred seventy-two patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma in stages III and IV were included in this study. Retrospective analysis for DM rates and background between surgical management and superselective intra-arterial chemoradiotherapy was performed. Results. Distant metastasis developed clinically was detected in 24 out of 141 patients (17.0%) treated surgically and in 6 out of 31 patients (19.4%) treated with superselective intra-arterial chemoradiotherapy. There was no significant difference in the rate of distant metastasis between the 2 groups. Comparison of patients in both groups with and without distant metastasis revealed no differences in age, T classification, N classification, and treatment effect. Neck recurrence was the only significant risk factor for distant metastasis. Conclusion. No significant difference was found in the rate of distant metastasis between patients treated with surgical treatment and superselective intra-arterial chemoradiotherapy, and additional effort is needed to reduce the risk of distant metastasis.

scholarly journals A study to determine risk factors for renal scarring as detected by dimercaptosuccinic acid scan in children with urinary tract infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha Jacob Arackal Jacob ◽  
Seshagiri Koripadu ◽  
Harishchandra Venkata Yanamandala
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Renal Scarring ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Positive Group ◽  
Recurrent Uti ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dimercaptosuccinic Acid Scan ◽  
Dmsa Scan

Background: The aim of the study was to determine the risk factors for renal scarring detected by DMSA (dimercaptosuccinic acid) scan in children with culture-proven urinary tract infection (UTI).Methods: A hospital based observational case-control study was conducted from 2018 June to 2020 June in children aged between 1 month to 5 years who underwent a DMSA scan following culture-proven UTI (N=72). Of the children fulfilling the criteria, 43 had renal scarring in the DMSA scan as a case group and the remaining 29 children who had no renal scarring were taken as a control group.Results: Of the total 72 cases with culture-positive UTI, 59% of patients had renal scarring and the rest and 40% were scar negative. There was no significant difference in the renal scarring observed with respect to age in the two groups. There was significant (p<0.05) the association noted between renal scarring and VUR (vesicoureteric reflux). A significant difference was observed in the renal scarring between the two groups regarding the presence of recurrent UTI (p=0.000). Although most cases (97.7%) had a fever in the DMSA positive group, this was not a significant risk factor for scarring (p>0.05). In DMSA positive group, circumcision was not a significant risk factor for scarring.Conclusions: VUR and recurrent UTI were significant risk factors for renal scarring in children with culture-proven UTI as detected by DMSA scan. The other risk factors like age, sex, fever, leucocytosis and circumcision were not found to be significant. 

Thyroid Autoimmunity and Metabolic Syndrome: A Nationwide Population-Based Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hye Jeong Kim ◽  
Sang Joon Park ◽  
Hyeong Kyu Park ◽  
Dong Won Byun ◽  
Kyoil Suh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Thyroid Autoimmunity ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Walking Activity ◽  
Significant Difference

Objective Recent studies have reported that thyroid hormone levels are associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) even in euthyroid subjects. However, the association between thyroid autoimmunity and MetS is uncertain. We aimed to investigate the relationship between thyroid autoimmunity and MetS in a large cohort study of euthyroid subjects. Methods A total of 4,775 participants aged ≥19 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VI (2013-2015) with anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) results and normal thyroid functions were included in this study. Subjects were grouped according to thyroid autoimmunity (positivity of TPOAb). We estimated the odds ratios (ORs) for MetS according to TPOAb positivity using logistic regression models, adjusted for potential confounders. Results Among the study subjects, 25% (n=1,206) were diagnosed with MetS. Subjects with MetS showed higher median TPOAb levels (6.3 vs 6.8 IU/mL, p<0.001) and higher positivity of TPOAb (5 vs 7%, p=0.002) than those without MetS. There was a significant difference in prevalence of MetS depending on the TPOAb positivity (25% vs 33%, p=0.002). Subjects with TPOAb positive had a significantly greater risk of abdominal obesity [OR 1.675, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.302-2.154, p<0.001], low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR 1.603, 95% CI 1.244-2.066, p<0.001) and elevated blood pressure (OR 1.418, 95% CI 1.099-1.829, p=0.007), as compared to those with TPOAb negative. Positivity of TPOAb was a significant risk factor for MetS even after adjusting for confounding variables including age, sex, household income, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, walking activity, thyroid-stimulating hormone and free thyroxine (OR 1.389, 95% CI 1.048-1.841, p=0.022). Conclusion In euthyroid subjects, thyroid autoimmunity is associated with MetS. Further large longitudinal studies are needed to clarify causality.

scholarly journals Antiplatelet Premedication for Stent-Assisted Coil Embolization of Intracranial Aneurysms: Low-Dose Prasugrel vs Clopidogrel

Neurosurgery ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 981-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun Ho Choi ◽  
Jung Jun Lee ◽  
Young Dae Cho ◽  
Moon Hee Han ◽  
Won-Sang Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coil Embolization ◽  
Intracranial Aneurysms ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Cerebral Aneurysms ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Thromboembolic Events ◽  
Antiplatelet Medication ◽  
Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract BACKGROUND The use of antiplatelet medications to prevent thrombosis in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms with stents has become widely emphasized. OBJECTIVE To compare low-dose prasugrel with clopidogrel in stent-assisted coil embolization of intracranial aneurysms. METHODS This is a retrospective review of 311 aneurysms from 297 patients who underwent stent-assisted endovascular coil embolization of unruptured intracranial aneurysm between November 2014 and March 2017. Thromboembolic and hemorrhagic adverse events were compared between 207 patients who received low-dose prasugrel (PSG group) and 90 patients who received clopidogrel (CPG group). RESULTS P2Y12 reaction unit (PRU) values were significantly lower in the PSG group (PSG group vs CPG group, 132.3 ± 76.9 vs 238.1 ± 69.1; P &lt; .001); the percentage of inhibition was also statistically higher in the PSG group (54.0 ± 26.0% vs 20.8 ± 18.6%; P &lt; .001). Thromboembolic events occurred less frequently in the PSG group than in the CPG group (0.9% vs 6.4%; P = .01), whereas there was no significant difference in the percentage of hemorrhagic complications (0.5% vs 2.2%; P = .22). In the multivariate analysis, clopidogrel as the antiplatelet medication was the sole significant risk factor for thromboembolism in this series of patients undergoing stent-assisted coil embolization. CONCLUSION Use of low-dose PSG as an antiplatelet premedication is quick, effective, and safe for stent-assisted coil embolization of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Prasugrel premedication significantly lowered the frequency of thromboembolic events without increasing the risk of hemorrhage.

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