scholarly journals Socio-demographic characteristics and Iodine status of the school-going children of Suryodaya Municipality, Ilam

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Babita Adhikari ◽  
Praja Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Salt Iodine ◽  
Urine Iodine

Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is a major micronutrient deficiency problem in Nepal. This study was conducted with objective to measure the Urinary iodine excretion (UIE) and attempts were made to relate urinary iodine with salt use and other sociodemographic variables of household of primary school children of Suryodaya municipality of Ilam district of Nepal. A community based cross section study was conducted in two schools of study area selected randomly (lottery method). A total of 202 school children of 6-12 years were recruited for the study to collect urine and salt samples for urine iodine content (UIC) and salt iodine content (SIC) measurement respectively and detail information of study population was achieved from their household. UIC was measured by ammonium persulphate digestion microplate (APDM) method and SIC was estimated by rapid test kit (RTK). Data were expressed in frequency, mean±SD and median (IQR) according to the nature of data. Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to test the significance considering p≤0.05 at 95% confidence interval. It was found that Median UIC of the study population was 152.14 µg/L. Overall; it was found that 30.7% children had urine iodine level less than the normal WHO levels. The availability of adequately iodized salt was 93.1% as measured by RTK. There was statically significant association between consumed salt iodine content and urine iodine excretion level (P < 0.05).

Assessment of Iodine Nutrition of School Children in Gonda, India, Indicates Improvement and Effectivity of Salt Iodization

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Kushagra Gaurav ◽  
Subhash Yadav ◽  
Sheo Kumar ◽  
Anjali Mishra ◽  
Madan M Godbole ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
North India ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Salt Iodine

Abstract Objective: To study the total goiter rate (TGR), urinary iodine concentration (UIC), and salt iodine content among school children in a previously endemic area for severe iodine deficiency disorder (IDD). Design: Cross-sectional epidemiological study. Setting: The study was carried out in the Gonda district (sub-Himalayan region) of North India. Participants: Nine hundred and seventy-seven school children (6-12 years) were studied for parameters such as height, weight, UIC, and salt iodine content. Thyroid volume (TV) was measured by ultrasonography to estimate TGR. Results: The overall TGR in the study population was 2.8% (95% CI: 1.8-3.8%). No significant difference in TGR was observed between boys and girls (3.5% vs. 1.9%, p=0.2). There was a non-significant trend of increasing TGR with age (p=0.05). Median UIC was 157.1 μg/L (IQR: 94.5-244.9). At the time of the study, 97% of salt sample were iodized and nearly 86% of salt samples had iodine content higher than or equal to 15 ppm. Overall, TGR was significantly lower (2.8% vs. 31.0%, p<0.001), and median UIC was significantly higher (157.1 vs. 100.0 μg/L, p<0.05) than reported in the same area in 2009. Conclusions: A marked improvement was seen in overall iodine nutrition in the Gonda district after three and a half decades of USI. To sustainably control IDD, USI and other programs such as health education, must be continuously implemented along with putting mechanisms to monitor the program at regular intervals in place.

ENDEMIC GOITRE IN ALTO ADIGE (ITALY)

1977 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Platzer ◽  
H. Fill ◽  
G. Riccabona ◽  
J. Glatzl ◽  
J. Seidl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Endemic Goitre ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Slight Alteration

ABSTRACT The whole population of Certosa (Karthaus) (altitude 1327 m), a little village in the Alto Adige province in Northern Italy, was studied regarding the incidence and pathophysiological data of endemic goitre. The study included 204 subjects: in 85 % of the whole population, and in 48 % of the school-children population from 6-14 years of age, thyroid enlargement and/or nodularity was found. The 24 h [131I]uptake was 48.6 ± 11.96; the grade "O" thyroids also showed an increased uptake. The region is poor in iodine; the mean iodine content of 55 samples of local drinking water was 0.81 ± 0.96 μg/I; the iodine content of several foodstuffs was definitely lower than those from Turin's markets. The mean iodine excretion in 60 samples of urine was 35.96 ± 22.4 μg/g creatinine. Urinary iodine excretion showed a linear negative correlation with [131I]uptake and did not correlate well with the presence or size of the goitre. The mean values of PBI (6.12 ± 1.57 μg/100 ml) of T4 (7 ± 2.3 μg/100 ml), of T3 (121 ± 55.4 ng/100 ml) and of a free thyroxine index (ETR = 0.95), as well as of TSH (2.63 ± 1.9 μU/ml) were in the normal range. Grade III goitres had slightly lower hormonal values, and a somewhat elevated T3/(T4x100) ratio (0.19). Serum TSH levels showed no correlation with the presence or size of the goitre, radioiodine uptake, the urinary iodine excretion, and not always showed an inverse correlation with the peripheral thyroid hormone values. Urinary thiocyanate excretion (mean value 9.28 ± 2.96 mg/24 h) did not show any relation to the presence of goitre. Raven's tests and physical data obtained from school-children in Alto Adige show some slight alteration in the distribution pattern when compared to normal populations. It is concluded that iodine deficiency exists in the studied area, but that it is not always associated with goitre, and that other pathological factors must be involved in goitrogenesis. Goitre is not coupled with enhanced TSH serum levels. The slight alteration in intellectual and somatic development in schoolchildren may possibly be related to iodine deficiency; other environmental or genetic factors, however, cannot be excluded.

scholarly journals Iodine Deficiency Disorders as a Predictor of Stunting among Primary School Children in the Aseer Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7644
Author(s):  
Fuad I. Abbag ◽  
Saeed A. Abu-Eshy ◽  
Ahmed A. Mahfouz ◽  
Mohammed A. Alsaleem ◽  
Safar A. Alsaleem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nutrition Sensitive

Objectives: To investigate the present occurrence of stunting and explore the role of iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) as a predictor of stunting among primary school children in the Aseer Region. Methods: In a cross-sectional investigation on school children in the Aseer region, thyroid enlargement was evaluated clinically. Urine was collected to evaluate iodine content. Results: The present study involved 3046 school-age pupils. The study disclosed a total goiter rate of 24.0% (95% CI: 22.5–25.5%). The median urinary iodine content (UIC) was 17.0 µg/L. A prevalence of stunting (height for age z score of less than −2) of 7.8% (95% CI: 6.9–8.8%) was found. In a logistic regression model, pupils having clinical goiter (aOR = 1.739; 95% CI: 1.222–2.475) and students having UIC of less than 17 µg/L (aOR = 1.934; 95% CI: 1.457–2.571) were considerably related with stunting. In the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, urinary iodine content to forecast stunting was good (AUC = 0.611, 95% CI: 0.594–0.629). The curve recognized the optimum cutoff point of urinary iodine content to be ≤19.0 µg/L. The sensitivity was 59.66% (95% CI: 53.1–66.0) and the specificity was 57.62% (95% CI: 55.8–59.5). Conclusion: The present study showed that stunting among school-aged children presents a mild public health problem. On the other hand, a severe iodine deficiency situation was revealed among school children in the Aseer region. Continuous monitoring of iodine status among school children is therefore necessary. Concerted interventions that blend nutrition-sensitive with nutrition-specific approaches are expected to influence decreasing stunting significantly.

Urinary iodine excretion and antiperoxidase enzyme antibody in goitrous and healthy primary school children of Arak, Iran

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 274-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Rezvanfar ◽  
H. Farahany ◽  
A. Chehreiy ◽  
M. Nemati ◽  
S. Rostamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Iodine Excretion

scholarly journals Thirty years of a Ban on the Sale of Noniodized Salt: Impact on Iodine Nutrition in Children in Himachal Pradesh, India

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umesh Kapil ◽  
Thakur Dutt Sharma ◽  
Preeti Singh ◽  
Sada Nand Dwivedi ◽  
Supreet Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Himachal Pradesh ◽  
The State ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Iodine Excretion

Background A survey conducted by the central iodine-deficiency disorders team in Himachal Pradesh, a state in the goiter-endemic belt of India, revealed that 10 of its 12 districts have an endemic prevalence of goiter. The survey was conducted to provide health program managers data to determine whether it would be necessary to initiate intervention measures. Objective To assess the status of urinary iodine excretion and household salt iodization levels after three decades of a complete ban on the sale of noniodized salt in this goiter-endemic state in India as measured by assessment of urinary iodine excretion levels and iodine content of salt at the household level. Methods The guidelines recommended by WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD for a rapid assessment of salt iodization were adopted. In each of the 12 studied districts, all senior secondary schools were enlisted and one school was selected by using a random sampling procedure. Two hundred fifty children 11 to 18 years of age were included in the study. Urine samples were collected from a minimum of 170 children and analyzed using the wet digestion method. Salt samples were also collected from a minimum of 170 children and analyzed using the spot testing kit. Results All districts had a median urinary iodine excretion level > 200 μg/L and 82% of the families were consuming salt with an iodine content of 15 ppm or higher. Conclusions The results of the present study highlight the successful implementation of the salt iodization program in the state of Himachal Pradesh. This positive impact may be due to the comprehensive strategy adopted by the state government to improve the quality of salt, development of an effective monitoring information system and effective information, education, and communication activities.

scholarly journals Effects of Giving Iodized Salt, Counseling of Iodine and Goitrogenic Sources of Food in Mothers Who Have Elementary School Children Against Urinary Iodine Excretion

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 238-243
Author(s):  
I Ketut Swiryajaya ◽  
Iswari Pauzi
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
School Children ◽  
Elementary School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
The Mean

As a result of IDD is the occurrence of impaired child growth makes researchers interested in conducting research on "Provision of iodized salt, food counseling about the source of iodine and goitrogenic substances with urinary iodine excretion status in elementary school children". Research on IDD is often carried out in primary school-age children, aged 6-12 years because of their vulnerability to iodine deficiency. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of iodized salt interventions and counseling patterns of iodized and goitrogenic food consumption patterns on levels of urinary yodiun excretion in families with elementary school children. Research methods: The design of this study included quasi-experimental using a specific design that is "pre and post test control group design". The study population was elementary school children with a sample size of 30 children aged 9 -12 years in each group. Data collected included the consumption of nutrients by the 24-hour recall method, the results of urine iodine examination by the spectrophotometric method. The collected data is then analyzed with an independent sample T test. The results showed there were differences in urinary yodiun excretion levels in the two groups (treatment and control), while the mean in the treatment group before intervention was 106.97 ug / L and after the intervention was 43.19 ug / L. Whereas in the control group, the level of urinary yodiun excretion before intervention was 117.30 μg / L and after the intervention was 243.19 μg / L. The mean of respondents who consumed goitrogenic sources in the treatment group before the intervention (Yes = 63%, No = 37%), after the intervention (Yes = 23%, No = 77%). Whereas in the Control group before the intervention (Yes = 56%, No = 73%), after the intervention (Yes = 23%, No = 77%). The average amount of protein consumption before treatment was 47.91 µg/L ± 6.54 and 50.15 µg/L ± 12.52 after treatment. For consumption, an increase with a mean before treatment was 89.88 µg/L ± 38.45 and after treatment was 113 µg/L ± 26. The results of the independent sample t-test showed that in the treatment group there was no significant difference between after and before the intervention (p = 0.058). Whereas in the control group there were significant differences between before and after the intervention (p = 0.002). It can be concluded that there are many factors that need to be controlled in the provision of interventions, especially the use, type of salt and goitronic as well as the method of examination of iodine analysis in urine. Keywords: iodized salt; iodine food sources; goitrogenic; urinary iodine excretion

scholarly journals Prevalence and Pattern of Soil-Transmitted Helminthic Infection among Primary School Children in a Rural Community in Imo State, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelechi Kenneth Odinaka ◽  
Emeka Charles Nwolisa ◽  
Francis Mbanefo ◽  
Alfreda Chinekwu Iheakaram ◽  
Seline Okolo
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
School Children ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Imo State ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Helminthic Infection ◽  
Study Population

Background.Soil-transmitted helminthic infection is a common public health challenge of primary school children in resource challenged and developing countries. Our aim was to determine the prevalence and pattern of soil-transmitted helminthic infection among primary school children in a rural community in Imo State, Nigeria.Method.The study involved a cross-sectional survey of 284 primary school children in a rural community.Results.The overall prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthic infection (STHI) was 30.3%. Of all STHIs, hookworm was the commonest geohelminth observed, 81 (94.2%). The prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthic infection was more in males, 58 (38.4%), than in females, 28 (21.1%). This difference was statistically significant (P=0.001).Conclusion.The high prevalence rate of soil-transmitted helminthic infection amongst the study population is worrisome. There is need for organized and routine deworming among school children in the community.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Goiter and Urinary Iodine Excretion Levels in Children Around Chernobyl*

1997 ◽  
Vol 82 (10) ◽  
pp. 3430-3433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoto Ashizawa ◽  
Yoshisada Shibata ◽  
Shunichi Yamashita ◽  
Hiroyuki Namba ◽  
Masaharu Hoshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽  
Spearman’S Rank Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Medical Diagnostic ◽  
Iodine Excretion

Abstract The prevalence of goiter among children living in areas affected by the Chernobyl accident was investigated by analysis of data on approximately 120,000 children examined at five medical diagnostic centers in Belarus, Russia, and the Ukraine. Examinations of thyroid gland were conducted with an arch-automatic ultrasonographic instrument at the five centers under the same protocol. The diagnosis of goiter was established when the thyroid volume exceeded a limit calculated from age, height, and body weight of a child. A considerable variation by region was noted in the prevalence of goiter. Highest in the Kiev region, the prevalence in the five regions was 54% in Kiev, 38% in the Zhitomir regions of the Ukraine, 18% in Gomel, 22% in the Mogilev regions of Belarus, and 41% in the Bryansk region of Russia. Urinary iodine content was measured in approximately 5700 children, and an endemic iodine deficient zone was confirmed in the Bryansk, Kiev, and Zhitomir regions. A significant negative correlation was observed between the prevalence of goiter and the median level of urinary iodine content (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was −0.35, P = 0.025).

scholarly journals Prevalence of Iodine Insufficiency Is High Among Pregnant and Lactating Women in Northern Bangladesh Three Decades After Initiating Mandatory Salt Iodization

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1037-1037
Author(s):  
Abu abdullah Mohammad Hanif ◽  
Md Mokbul Hossain ◽  
Mehedi Hasan ◽  
Abu Ahmed Shamim ◽  
Malay Kanti Mridha
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Salt Iodine

Abstract Objectives Optimum Iodine status during pregnancy and lactation is crucial for normal fetal growth and child development. We assessed the urinary iodine concentration of pregnant and lactating women to determine their iodine status and measured salt iodine from their households. Methods We collected spot urine samples and corresponding household salt samples from 80 pregnant women (37 and 43 second and third-trimester women, respectively) and 49 lactating women (with children &lt;6 months). Urinary iodine was determined by manual digestion with ammonium persulfate followed by Sandell-Kolthoff Reaction using 96 multi-well plates and a micro-plate reader at 405 nm. The iodine content in salt was measured by iodometric titration method. Samples were analyzed at the icddr, b Immunology, Nutrition, and Toxicology Laboratory, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Results The median [IQR] UIC in the second-trimester women, third-trimester women, and lactating women was 90.6[41.9–171.5] mcg/L, 67.9[24.2–144.5] mcg/L, and 74.7[48.1–134.8] mcg/L, respectively. More than three-quarters of pregnant women (73% of the second-trimester women and 79% of the third-trimester women) and more than half of the lactating mothers (57%) were below the WHO recommended cut-offs. Only 42% of the household salts were adequately iodized. A moderate positive linear relationship was found between urinary and household salt iodine content (r = 0.51, P &lt; 0.0001). Conclusions Even with mandatory salt iodization policy in Bangladesh for about three decades, the iodine insufficiency among pregnant and lactating women is widespread and needs to be improved through ensuring the availability of adequately iodized salt or supplement. Funding Sources ETH Zurich, Switzerland.

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