Body mass index (BMI) of vegetarian and  non-vegetarian children in Nepal

This article builds upon a study that aimed to evaluate the BMI differences among vegetarian and non-vegetarian children of Nepal and to recommend the diet practice of growing-age children. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to determine physical growth and calculate the BMI values of 1251 Koiri and Yadav children aged 6-14 years who were selected for the study. Data were analyzed based on age, sex, vegetarian and non-vegetarian children. The average BMI value wt (kg)/ht (m2) of non-vegetarian children was significantly higher than the vegetarian in both sex groups. The finding of the study clearly shows that vegetarian diet practice in children is smaller than the non-vegetarian. The study recommends that vegetarian group children required more plant source protein food for favorable growth and balanced physical growth, good health status to maintain different physical and mental disabilities, and enhance school performances. Protein requirements on vegetarian children may be fulfilled if the diet includes different varieties of plant-based protein sources in their regular meals. Therefore, the study recommends that vegetarian families regularly include protein-rich foods for the growing-age children, such as legumes, beans, different seeds and nuts, and a variety of protein sources.

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Nutrient Intakes from Meals and Snacks Differ with Age in Middle-Aged and Older Americans

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11061301 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1301 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Jessica L. Krok-Schoen ◽

Satya S. Jonnalagadda ◽

Menghua Luo ◽

Owen J. Kelly ◽

Christopher A. Taylor

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Food Group ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Study Data ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Nutrient Intakes ◽

Protein Food ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Meal Patterns ◽

Age Related

The present study investigated the meal patterns across demographic characteristics in middle-aged and older US adults. Study participants were noninstitutionalized participants from the 2005–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, an observational cross-sectional study. Data from 17,361 adults were categorized into 45–59 years (n = 7366), 60–70 years (n = 5348), and 71+ years (n = 4647) to compare demographics, nutrient intakes, and meal patterns. Dietary recalls were collected using the multiple-pass method. Data analyses were weighted to create a nationally representative sample. Two-thirds of adults reported consuming three meals on the day of intake. Lunch was the most often skipped meal across all age groups. A greater proportion of adults over 70 years reported consuming breakfast, while a smaller proportion reported consuming snacks. Significant differences were observed in total energy and nutrient intakes and proportion of the day’s intakes by meal. Grain, milk, and dairy food group intakes were highest at breakfast, while the protein food group intakes were highest at lunch and dinner. Age-related differences in meal consumption and composition provide valuable formative data to support targeted nutritional education and intervention opportunities to promote and encourage healthy food choices.

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Vegetarian diet and cholesterol and TAG levels by gender

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980014000883 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 721-726 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Zhi-Hong Jian ◽

Yi-Chen Chiang ◽

Chia-Chi Lung ◽

Chien-Chang Ho ◽

Pei-Chieh Ko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Vegetarian Diet ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Study Data ◽

Vegan Diet ◽

Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Vegetarian Diets ◽

Omnivorous Diet

AbstractObjectiveThe present study assessed the effects of vegetarian and omnivorous diets on HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), TAG and the ratio of HDL-C to total cholesterol (TC) by gender.DesignHDL-C, LDL-C, TAG and HDL-C:TC were compared among three diet groups (vegan, ovo-lacto vegetarian and omnivorous). Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to examine factors significantly and independently associated with vegetarian status and to estimate the β value of lipid profiles for the diet groups.SettingsA cross-sectional study. Data were obtained from the Taiwanese Survey on the Prevalence of Hyperglycemia, Hyperlipidemia and Hypertension (TwSHHH).SubjectsThe study comprised included 3257 men and 3551 women.ResultsAfter adjusting for confounders, vegan and ovo-lacto vegetarian diets lowered LDL-C levels (β=−10·98, P=0·005 and β=−7·12, P=0·025, respectively) in men compared with omnivorous diet. There was a significant association between HDL-C and vegan diet (β=−6·53, P=0·004). In females, the β values of HDL-C, TAG and HDL-C:TC were −5·72 (P<0·0001), 16·51 (P=0·011) and −0·02 (P=0·012) for vegan diet, and −4·86 (P=0·002), 15·09 (P=0·008) and −0·01 (P=0·026) for ovo-lacto vegetarian diet, when compared with omnivorous diet.ConclusionsVegan diet was associated with lower HDL-C concentrations in both males and females. Because the ovo-lacto vegetarian diet was effective in lowering LDL-C, it may be more appropriate for males.

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Studying and More: Part-Time Employment as an Educational Challenge?

Journal of Medical Psychology ◽

10.3233/jmp-200024 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 57-63

Author(s):

Silke Heuse ◽

Cathrin Dietze ◽

Daniel Fodor ◽

Edgar Voltmer

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Perceived Stress ◽

Health Care Professionals ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Study Data ◽

Future Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Professional Students ◽

Educational Challenge ◽

Part Time

Background: Future health-care professionals face stress both during education and in later professional life. Next to educational trainings, many students are forced to assume part-time employment. Objective: Applying the Job Demands-Resources Model to the educational context, we investigate which role part-time employment plays next to health-care professional students’ education-specific demands and resources in the prediction of perceived stress. Method: In this cross-sectional study, data from N = 161 health-care students were analysed, testing moderation models. Results: Education-specific demands were associated with higher and education-specific resources with lower amounts of perceived stress. Part-time employment functioned as moderator, i.e. demands were less associated with stress experiences in students who were employed part-time. Conclusion: Identifying part-time employment as a resource rather than a demand illustrates the need to understand students’ individual influences on stress. Both educators and students will benefit from reflecting these resources to support students’ stress management.

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Nigerian physiotherapists’ perception of direct access and patients’ self-referral

Nigerian Journal of Medical Rehabilitation ◽

10.34058/njmr.v18i1.105 ◽

2015 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chidozie Emmanuel Mbada ◽

Kayode D. Ojetola ◽

Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin ◽

Udoka A. C. Okafor ◽

Olubusola E. Johnson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Support ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Study Data ◽

Professional Autonomy ◽

Direct Access ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Major Barrier ◽

Physiotherapy Practice ◽

South West ◽

Validated Questionnaire

Background: The global advocacy for Direct Access (DA) and Patients’ Self-Referral (PSR) to physiotherapy is consistent with the quest for promoting professional autonomy and recognition. It was hypothesized in this study that the attainment of this clarion call in Nigeria may be hamstrung by challenges similar or different from those reported in other climes. Objective: This study assessed the perception of DA and PSR among Physiotherapists (PTs) in South-West, Nigeria. Methods: One hundred PTs from ten purposely selected public-funded out-patient facilities from South-West, Nigeria responded in this cross-sectional study, yielding a response rate of 75% (100/150). A previously validated questionnaire for World Confederation of Physical Therapists (WCPT) on the global view of DA and PSR for physical therapy was used in this study. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: There was a high awareness on legislation regulating practice (91%) and scope (84%) of the profession. Respondents assert that the extant legislation allows for DA (49%) and PSR (97%). However, 40% of the respondents opined that the baccalaureate qualification of PTs was inadequate for competence in DA and PSR; and a post-professional residency programme was mostly recommended (52%). Public support for DA and PSR to physiotherapy was rated more than the advocacy role of the Nigeria Society of Physiotherapy (60% vs. 40%). Physicians’ (71%) and politicians’ (65%) views were rated the major barrier to achieving DA and PSR status in physiotherapy. Similarly, physicians’ (90%) and politicians’ (88%) support was perceived as the major facilitator. Conclusion: Physiotherapy practice in Nigeria has the semblance of autonomy in DA and PSR but is devoid of legislative support. Most Nigerian physiotherapists assume professional autonomy but were not aware of the lack of legal support for DA and PSR. The current entry-level academic curricula were considered to be deficient and inadequate for autonomous practice in Nigeria. Physicians and politicians were the most important barrier or facilitator to achieving legal support for DA and PSR in physiotherapy in Nigeria.

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Bedtime Oral Hygiene Behaviours, Dietary Habits and Children’s Dental Health

Children ◽

10.3390/children8050416 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 416

Author(s):

George Kitsaras ◽

Michaela Goodwin ◽

Michael P. Kelly ◽

Iain A. Pretty

Keyword(s):

Oral Hygiene ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Dental Health ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Study Data ◽

General Anaesthetic ◽

Dental Disease ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Important Relationship ◽

Bedtime Routine

Background: Oral hygiene behaviours as well as dietary habits before bed can affect children’s dental health resulting in higher prevalence of dental disease. Dental disease can affect children’s health, development and even school performance. If left untreated, dental disease can progress and it can lead to extractions under general anaesthetic causing further distress for children and families. Consistent and appropriate oral hygiene behaviours and dietary habits can prevent dental diseases from occurring in the first place. Objective: This cross-sectional study examines the relationship between oral hygiene behaviours, dietary habits around bedtime and children’s dental health. Methods: A total of 185 parents with children between the ages of 3 and 7 years from deprived areas participated in the study. Data on bedtime routine activities were collected using an automated text-survey system. Children’s dental health status was established through examination of dental charts and dmft (decayed, missed, filled teeth) scores. Results: In total, 52.4% of parents reported that their children’s teeth were brushed every night. The majority of children (58.9%) had dmft scores over zero. In total, 51 (46.7% of children with dmft score over 0 and 27.5% of all children) children had active decay. The mean dmft score for those experiencing decay was 2.96 (SD = 2.22) with an overall mean dmft score of 1.75 (SD = 2.24). There were significant correlations between frequency of tooth brushing, frequency of snacks/drinks before bed and dmft scores (r = −0.584, p < 0.001 and r = 0.547, p = 0.001 respectively). Finally, higher brushing frequency was associated with a lower likelihood of a dmft score greater than 0 (Exp(B) = 0.9). Conclusions: Despite families implementing oral hygiene behaviours as part of their bedtime routines those behaviours varied in their consistency. Results of this study highlight the need for additional studies that consider bedtime routine-related activities and especially the combined effects of oral hygiene practices and dietary habits due to their potentially important relationship with children’s dental health.

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Elderly Patients in Primary Care are Still at Risks of Receiving Potentially Inappropriate Medications

Journal of Primary Care & Community Health ◽

10.1177/21501327211035088 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 215013272110350

Author(s):

Pasitpon Vatcharavongvan ◽

Viwat Puttawanchai

Keyword(s):

Primary Care ◽

Primary Care Clinic ◽

Clinical Decision ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Study Data ◽

Patient Specific ◽

Potentially Inappropriate Medications ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Care Clinic ◽

Inappropriate Medications

Background Most older adults with comorbidities in primary care clinics use multiple medications and are at risk of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) prescription. Objective This study examined the prevalence of polypharmacy and PIMs using Thai criteria for PIMs. Methods This study was a retrospective cross-sectional study. Data were collected from electronic medical records in a primary care clinic in 2018. Samples were patients aged ≥65 years old with at least 1 prescription. Variables included age, gender, comorbidities, and medications. The list of risk drugs for Thai elderly version 2 was the criteria for PIMs. The prevalence of polypharmacy and PIMs were calculated, and multiple logistic regression was conducted to examine associations between variables and PIMs. Results Of 2806 patients, 27.5% and 43.7% used ≥5 medications and PIMs, respectively. Of 10 290 prescriptions, 47% had at least 1 PIM. The top 3 PIMs were anticholinergics, proton-pump inhibitors, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Polypharmacy and dyspepsia were associated with PIM prescriptions (adjusted odds ratio 2.48 [95% confident interval or 95% CI 2.07-2.96] and 3.88 [95% CI 2.65-5.68], respectively). Conclusion Prescriptions with PIMs were high in the primary care clinic. Describing unnecessary medications is crucial to prevent negative health outcomes from PIMs. Computer-based clinical decision support, pharmacy-led interventions, and patient-specific drug recommendations are promising interventions to reduce PIMs in a primary care setting.

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A cross-sectional study of owner-reported health in Canadian and American cats fed meat- and plant-based diets

BMC Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s12917-021-02754-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sarah A. S. Dodd ◽

Cate Dewey ◽

Deep Khosa ◽

Adronie Verbrugghe

Keyword(s):

Good Health ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Exclusion Criterion ◽

Health And Wellness ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Adverse Health Outcomes ◽

Nutrient Imbalances ◽

Ideal Body ◽

Diet Type

Abstract Background Cats, being obligate carnivores, have unique dietary requirements for nutrients most commonly found in dietary ingredients of animal origin. As such, feeding a diet devoid of animal-derived ingredients has been postulated as a possible cause of nutrient imbalances and adverse health outcomes. A small proportion of cat owners feed strictly plant-based diets to the cats in their care, yet the health and wellness of cats fed these diets has not been well documented. Results A total of 1325 questionnaires were complete enough for inclusion. The only exclusion criterion was failure to answer all questions. Most cats, 65% (667/1026), represented in the survey were fed a meat-based diet and 18.2% (187/1026) were fed a plant-based diet, with the rest fed either a combination of plant-based with meat-based (69/1026, 6.7%) or indeterminable (103/1026, 10%). Cat age ranged from 4 months to 23 years, with a median of 7 years, and was not associated with diet type. No differences in reported lifespan were detected between diet types. Fewer cats fed plant-based diets reported to have gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders. Cats fed plant-based diets were reported to have more ideal body condition scores than cats fed a meat-based diet. More owners of cats fed plant-based diets reported their cat to be in very good health. Conclusions Cat owner perception of the health and wellness of cats does not appear to be adversely affected by being fed a plant-based diet. Contrary to expectations, owners perceived no body system or disorder to be at particular risk when feeding a plant-based diet to cats. This study collected information from cat owners and is subject to bias, as well as methodological limitations. Further research is warranted to determine if these results are replicable in a prospective investigation.

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Association of Health Literacy with the Implementation of Exercise during the Declaration of COVID-19 State of Emergency among Japanese Community-Dwelling Old-Old Adults

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18042100 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 2100

Author(s):

Daijo Shiratsuchi ◽

Hyuma Makizako ◽

Yuki Nakai ◽

Yoshiaki Taniguchi ◽

Tomomi Akanuma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Literacy ◽

Mail Survey ◽

Good Health ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Exercise Group ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression Model ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

State Of Emergency ◽

Old Adults

Health literacy is important for promoting and maintaining good health in old-old adults. It may influence the implementation of exercise in the coronavirus disease epidemic. The present cross-sectional study investigated the association of each dimension of health literacy with the implementation of exercise during the declaration of a state of emergency due to coronavirus disease in community-dwelling old-old adults. We collected data from 483 community-dwelling old-old adults (52.8% women) aged between 77 and 99 years who participated in a mail survey. Participants were divided into exercise or nonexercise groups based on the implementation of exercise during the declaration of a state of emergency. Health literacy was assessed using a 14-item health literacy scale. There were 327 (67.7%) participants in the exercise group and 156 (32.3%) in the nonexercise group. A significantly higher score of health literacy was observed in the exercise group than in the nonexercise group (communicative health literacy score = 14.0 ± 3.6 vs. 12.7 ± 3.8, p = 0.001). In a multivariate logistic regression model adjusted for potential confounders, high communicative health literacy scores were significantly associated with the implementation of exercise during the declaration of a state of emergency (odds ratio = 1.88, 95% confidence interval = 1.20–2.93). Approximately two-thirds of community-dwelling old-old adults implement exercise during the declaration of a state of emergency. High communicative health literacy was associated with the implementation of exercise during this period.

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Patient satisfaction and associated factors among psychiatry outpatients of St Paulo’s Hospital, Ethiopia

General Psychiatry ◽

10.1136/gpsych-2019-100120 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. e100120

Author(s):

Kebebew Wogi Goben ◽

Endalamaw Salelew Abegaz ◽

Samuel Tolesa Abdi

Keyword(s):

Patient Satisfaction ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Mental Healthcare ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Good Health ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Male Sex

BackgroundPatient satisfaction with mental healthcare service is recognised as an important integral part of measuring the outcomes and performance of clinical service delivery. It is not well studied in Ethiopia. Therefore, it is essential to improve service in the future.AimsTo assess patient satisfaction and associated factors among psychiatry outpatients at St. Paulo’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.MethodsAn institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted with consecutive sampling technique from May to June 2018. Data were collected using a Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8). Both bivariate and multivariate ordinal logistic regression analyses were used. Variables with p value <0.05 at multivariate analysis were considered statistically significant.ResultsA total of 589 participants were enrolled with a response rate of 98.2%. In regard to the magnitude of patient satisfaction, 50.3% (95% CI 46.0 to 54.2) were highly satisfied, 31.0% (95% CI 27.2 to 34.8) were satisfied, and 18.7% (95% CI 15.4 to 22.1) were dissatisfied. Male sex (adjusted OR (AOR) 2.30, 95% CI 1.57 to 3.36), inability to read and write (AOR 2.23, 95% CI 1.10 to 4.66), being unemployed (AOR 1.69, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.47), obtaining services for free (AOR 1.57, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.22), and availability of medication (AOR 1.62, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.23) were significantly associated with patient satisfaction.ConclusionsThe study showed that further improvements in patient satisfaction are required. Male sex, inability to read and write, being unemployed, obtaining services free of charge, and availability of medication were significantly associated with patient satisfaction. More than half of the participants were dissatisfied with the waiting time to receive services. The provision of services within a reasonable timeframe and meeting patient expectations are helpful for good health outcomes.

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Knowledge of conjunctivitis among high school students in Pokhara valley of Western Nepal

Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal ◽

10.3126/jgmcn.v13i1.28517 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 19-22

Author(s):

Sarita Tuladhar ◽

Jamuna Gurung

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High School Students ◽

Health Education ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Study Data ◽

School Students ◽

Government Schools ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Pokhara Valley

Introduction: Conjunctivitis is a common health problem in Nepal. It is inflammation of conjunctiva presenting as red eye. It is a communicable eye disease. Health education to the students and proper management can help spread of the disease. Knowledge of conjunctivitis among school students will help in prevention of the disease. So the study was carried out to assess the knowledge of conjunctivitis among high school students in Pokhara valley of Western Nepal. Materials/ Methods: A school based cross sectional study was performed among six government schools in western Nepal from May 2019 to June 2019. Students from grade eight, nine and ten were included in the study. Data was collected using structured questionnaire including demographic data, knowledge regarding sign symptoms of conjunctivitis, treatment, prevention, complication of conjunctivitis. Data was analysed using SPSS version 11.6. Result: A total of 523 students were included in the study. The mean age of the students was 14.7 ± 1.2 years with majority of females (53%). Nearly 2/3rd of the students (61.6%) had heard of conjunctivitis. Majority of the students (87.4%) of the students mentioned that it is communicable while 80.3% of the students correctly mentioned its etiology. Majority of the students (97.9%) mentioned that it is curable with treatment as first option (97.5%). Majority of the students (98.3%) correctly responded to the preventive measures but majority of the students (83.2%) wrongly mentioned mode of transmission. Conclusion: Secondary school students in Western Nepal have poor knowledge of conjunctivitis. Appropriate eye health education should be given to school students to prevent rapid spread of infective conjunctivitis.

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