scholarly journals Assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on transportation and its inter-linked sectors of Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-19
Author(s):  
Dipendra Bahadur Singh ◽  
Deepak Kumar Sah
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Nepal being a landlocked country is completely dependent on the roadways and airways for means of transportation however, the railway has not been started in Nepal to date. Transportation is interlinked with mobility and due to lockdown every sector related to mobility has been affected. Consequently, the aviation sector has been worst hit as airlines were prohibited to operate. The aviation industry of Nepal has foreseen significant decadence in the mobility of passengers and cargo (international and domestic) which has affected revenue generation. Similarly, the imposed lockdown has influenced the ongoing nation's pride and the long-term investment projects which have been considered as a milestone in the infrastructural development of Nepal and those projects need to be reprogrammed and reprioritized. Moreover, the sharp decrease in import of petroleum products has decreased the revenue paid to the Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) which will help to reduce trade loss. The lockdown induced due to COVID-19 has also affected the agricultural sector as the supply chain has been disrupted due to travel restrictions. The overall Gross Domestic Product (GDP) that the transport and its inter-linked sector contribute has been reduced during lockdown than the preceding years. Identifying the paucity of research in the transportation sector of Nepal this paper is focused on the comprehensive study of the impact of the COVID-19 transportation sector along with its inter-connected areas.

scholarly journals African agriculture in the context of COVID-19: Finding salvation in the devil

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 302-310
Author(s):  
Guy Blaise Nkamleu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Food System ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact

The world is facing unprecedented challenges from COVID-19, which is disrupting lives and livelihoods. The pandemic could profoundly affect the African continent and wipe out hard-won development gains, as sub-Saharan Africa heads into its first recession in 25 years. Beyond the multispatial impact of the coronavirus in Africa, its effects on the agriculture and food system is of particular interest, as food security could be the most affected area and, at the same time, agriculture could be the sector that could help African economies recover quicker from the impact of COVID19. This paper supports the view that COVID-19, as devilish as it may be, offers an opportunity to revive interest in the agricultural sector. The COVID-19 pandemic has placed immense pressures on African countries to raise additional resources, and consequently Africa’s growing public debt is again coming back to the centre stage of the global debate. The conversation on African debt sustainability has begun to dominate the scene and will flood the debate in the near term. While the observed, growing calls for debt relief for African countries are legitimate, we support in this paper that one should not divert attention from the long-term solutions needed to strengthen Africa’s resilience. These long-term solutions lie where they always have: in agriculture. With COVID-19, shipping agricultural inputs and food products from other continents to Africa has become disrupted and is accelerating the trend towards shortening supply chains. This will leave a potential market for inputs and food produced on the continent. COVID-19, together with the launching of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), have aligned the stars in favour of a decisive transformation of the agriculture sector on the continent. Agriculturalists and development experts need to be aware of their responsibility at this time, as they need to advocate for the topic of agricultural development to return to the centre and the heart of the agenda of discussions on how to respond to the consequences of Covid-19 in Africa. In this sense, and unexpectedly, COVID-19 is an opportunity for the agricultural sector.

scholarly journals La programmation déterministe du budget de capital : un modèle financier

2009 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre D. Chateau
Keyword(s):  
Objective Function ◽  
Selection Criterion ◽  
Capital Budgeting ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Financial Instruments ◽  
Financial Model ◽  
Investment Funds ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The financial model presented in the article attempts to further integrate capital budgeting into the firm's overall financial planning policy. Although it is an extension and generalization of Bernhard and Weingartner's previous models, it differs from these works by some basic assumptions related to both the objective function and constraint set. First, the objective function stresses the growing role of managerial discretion as opposed to the common assumption of maximizing shareholders' wealth. In particular we assume that managers wish to maximize the size of the firm under their control at the end of some future time horizon. Since net cash flows of the investment projects selected are sources of future investment funds, the managers try to keep the shareholders' dividends to a minimum level, sufficient enough however to pacify them. Secondly, the model constraints embody the complete set of financial instruments available to the corporation managers: in a sense, this enlarges the previous models' short-term external financing facilities by considering simultaneously the alternative long-term external financial instruments, namely equity and bond issues. In the latter case, the refunding features are incorporated in the constraints. The constraints also imply that managers prefer steady growth of net cash flows through time. This contrasts with the usual maximization approach which has been shown to favor long-term investment projects with somewhat more erratic net cash flows. The derivation of the Kuhn and Tucker conditions for the model allows us to show the impact of the opportunity cost of the various instruments on that of the liquidity requirement and the investment projects selection criterion. Finally, the duality properties also highlight the reciprocal relationships existing between the various opportunity costs, both internal and external.

scholarly journals An International Commentary on Dysphagia and Dysphonia During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Dysphagia ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Miles ◽  
Jackie McRae ◽  
Gemma Clunie ◽  
Patricia Gillivan-Murphy ◽  
Yoko Inamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
International Expert ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Health And Well Being

AbstractCOVID-19 has had an impact globally with millions infected, high mortality, significant economic ramifications, travel restrictions, national lockdowns, overloaded healthcare systems, effects on healthcare workers’ health and well-being, and large amounts of funding diverted into rapid vaccine development and implementation. Patients with COVID-19, especially those who become severely ill, have frequently developed dysphagia and dysphonia. Health professionals working in the field have needed to learn about this new disease while managing these patients with enhanced personal protective equipment. Emerging research suggests differences in the clinical symptoms and journey to recovery for patients with COVID-19 in comparison to other intensive care populations. New insights from outpatient clinics also suggest distinct presentations of dysphagia and dysphonia in people after COVID-19 who were not hospitalized or severely ill. This international expert panel provides commentary on the impact of the pandemic on speech pathologists and our current understanding of dysphagia and dysphonia in patients with COVID-19, from acute illness to long-term recovery. This narrative review provides a unique, comprehensive critical appraisal of published peer-reviewed primary data as well as emerging previously unpublished, original primary data from across the globe, including clinical symptoms, trajectory, and prognosis. We conclude with our international expert opinion on what we have learnt and where we need to go next as this pandemic continues across the globe.

An economic evaluation of long-term sustainability in the dairy sector

2004 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Santarossa ◽  
A. W. Stott ◽  
J. A. Woolliams ◽  
S. Brotherstone ◽  
E. Wall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resource ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Accounting Data ◽  
Genetic Traits ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Economic Weights ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis paper addresses the problem of assigning economic weights to heritable genetic traits of dairy cows while taking all implicit natural resource values into consideration. To do so, a deterministic bio-economic model of a dairy farm enterprise driven by input probabilities of oestrous detection and conception rates that act through the calving interval is constructed. The model further accounts for biologically limiting factors of both livestock and land within a neo-classical economics framework of profit maximization. Departing from the more customary approach of obtaining gross margins to calculate levels of return in the agricultural sector, we employ a natural resource economics methodology where returns are set against an economic point of reference specified as the value of natural assets' productivity and terminal assets' resale value. Introducing the impact of farming intensity on soil fertility enables us to obtain long-run variations in natural asset values as affected by tillage intensity. Results show that economic weights are not constant over the range of changes in genetic improvements due to the non-linearity of the system induced by diminishing marginal product of inputs and finite carrying capacity of resources employed. These values, while invariant to area farmed, are however subject to variations in resource quality and therefore will reflect the sensitivity of long-term sustainability of the system to managerial decisions on intensity of operation. Results further demonstrated that achieving optimum levels of output while precluding the impact of intensity on land productivity can seriously reduce the time horizon over which sustainability can be maintained. Inclusion of the implicit costs of land use on the other hand tended to suggest optimum levels of output below those identified when only considering accounting data.

scholarly journals Productivity of Short-Rotary Crop Cultivation under Different Systems of Basic Tillage in Organic Agriculture of the Steppe of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 40-53
Author(s):  
Yevgen Yurkevych ◽  
Nataliia Valentiuk
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Free System ◽  
Crop Cultivation ◽  
Modern Agriculture ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Check Experiment ◽  
Rotation Crop ◽  
The Impact

Long-term reform of the agricultural sector in Ukraine is taking place under difficult economic and natural conditions. In modern agriculture, the most relevant ones are biologized measures and technologies for growing crops and resource- and energy-economic restoration of soil fertility. Studies of the impact of the system of basic tillage and the use of straw bio-decomposers and postharvest residues in organic farming were conducted in the most common and typical for the southern region of the steppe of Ukraine short- rotation crop cultivation with the following alternation of crops: peas – winter wheat – winter barley – ½ sunflower fields + ½ corn fields. During the years of the first cultivation, the experiment showed the advantages of a system of differentiated tillage, where even without the use of bio-decomposers, the highest yield of cereals was obtained – 3.64 tons/ha and sunflower – 2.20 tons/ha (check experiment). The application of the planar-free system combined with multi-depth and especially planar-free shallow soil processing, main tillage caused a decrease in grain yields by 0.11-0.39 tons/ha and sunflower by 0.28-0.42 tons/ha, respectively. With the use of bio-decomposers provided by brands Ecostern and Cellulad, yields’ growth is in the range of 0.13-0.25 t/ha or 4.5-8.7% for cereals and 0.10-0.23 t/ha or 5.4-12.4% for sunflower. The application of the Ecostern bio-decomposer 1.5 l/ha provided an increase in the yield from 1 ha of crop rotation area of grain, fodder, fodder-protein units and digestible protein on average in all systems of basic tillage by 4.7, respectively; 4.5; 4.3 and 5.4%, and with the introduction of Cellulad 2.0 l/ha, these figures increased by 9.5, respectively; 8.9; 8.6 and 10.8% compared to options without the introduction of bio-decomposers

scholarly journals Cooperative movement in the agricultural sector: retrospective, modernity, future

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (54) ◽  
pp. 9-36
Author(s):  
Lyubov Moldavan ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Food Sovereignty ◽  
Economic Democracy ◽  
State Support ◽  
Cooperative Movement ◽  
Cooperative Development ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
The Impact

The article deals with historical aspects of the cooperative development from primary local forms to national and supranational cooperative structures. The author substantiates differences between cooperative and commercial corporate vertically integrated organizational forms in assigning the final economic result. The main factors of longevity and viability of cooperative forms are identified and substantiated, which include the principles of economic democracy, transparency, and solidarity in cooperatives; the unity of interests of cooperative members as its owners and cooperative services customers; the ability of cooperatives to adapt to rapidly changing external conditions; the impact of cooperatives on price stabilization and food affordability, which characterizes them as both economic and socio-humanistic essence; and solid economic and social connection with communities. The objective conditionality of the state support has been proved for the development of the cooperative movement as a factor in preserving the farming type of economy, promoting the rural population, the development of the rural areas, and strengthening the country’s food sovereignty. The author proves the conformity of cooperative forms of economic activity organization to the principles of sustainable development, which provides them with demand in the future of the agricultural sector. Generalized foreign practice of forming a favorable institutional and legal environment for the cooperative development, their financial support at the formation stage, staffing, and informational and advisory support. The main causes of the slow revival of the cooperative movement in the domestic agricultural sector are explained, and guidelines and ways of their elimination are outlined. Among them, the author identifies as urgent the aligning of domestic cooperative legislation with Western European legal practice and the introduction of long-term state support programs for the development of cooperative movement in Ukraine’s agricultural sector.

scholarly journals The Early Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Aviation Industry

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-44
Author(s):  
Dávid Melas ◽  
Katarína Melasová
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Negative Trend ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Passenger Seat ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Modern Era

The goal of the paper is to assess early economics impact of Covid-19 on the aviation industry as it is one of the hardest hit industries. Covid-19 has an unprecedented impact on the international passenger seat capacity and gross passenger operating revenues of airlines. In the first part, we look at the impact of the pandemic on the economy as a whole and subsequently look at the economic cost of airlines. Two main elements are driving this negative trend – travel restrictions and overall economic development. We are currently experiencing the tightest international travel restrictions in the modern era of flight transportation with the economies worldwide experiencing a greater decline in GDP than during the last 3 recessions. In the second part, we look at two out of many possible path scenarios which are likely to drive the trend: V-shaped path and U-shaped path. All pandemic outbreaks before followed V-shaped scenario but Covid-19 has paralysed the society for longer with stricter governmental measures and so U-shaped scenario has to be taken into account as the most likely outcome for the aviation industry during this pandemic.

scholarly journals Interrelation between the Choice of Investment Trend and Subsequent Economic Results and Strategy of Sustainable Development in Organization

2021 ◽  
pp. 56-65
Author(s):  
E. U. Ganshina ◽  
I. L. Smirnova ◽  
S P. Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Industrial Organizations ◽  
Innovation Model ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
Technological Opportunities ◽  
The Impact

The topic of making investment and choosing the most effective trends of investing money is becoming more acute for today’s organizations due to numerous crisis economic events and accompanying difficulties with capital reproduction. In researching options of investment special attention is paid to strategic aspects of alternative financial and technological opportunities of putting in resources and forecasting the horizon of recovery of the investment. Apart from this, the research interest is aroused by the impact of basic lines of enterprises’ investment on the level of their economic results together with trends of providing long-term sustainable development. The authors analyzed cases of the biggest Russian industrial organizations, identified correlation between investment flows within the frames of the organization and the effect of investment on the basis of consolidated accounting of these companies. The article analyzes some investment projects of the NMLK Group and the PAO Sibur, for instance, introduction of innovation model of making forecast concerning breaking-down of critical equipment and the system of corporate social responsibility. The authors made recommendations on prioritization of aspects of socially important trends of investment for today’s big companies, which could lead to raising efficiency of organizations’ work and thus to principles of sustainable development

scholarly journals National Strategy And Policy On The Agricultural Sector During The Covid-19 Outbreak

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 572
Author(s):  
Supardi Rusdiana ◽  
Chalid Talib
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Major Change ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
National Policies ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact ◽  
National Food Security

The spread of Covid-19 majorly affected the global economic stability. This major change also changed the dynamic of Indonesia economic growth. This study employed a literature study and discussion technique to analyze the situation during the spread of Covid-19. The data collected from the literature, websites, national and international news that relevant to the recent policies and conditions. This study aimed to know the strategy and policy taken by the national policymaker in the agricultural sector during the Covid-19 outbreak. Results showed that the impact of the spread of Covid-19 on the economic aspect and the strategy chosen depending on the national policies. The national policies made based on various aspects, risks, and market scenarios. The labor-intensive effort, development of the agricultural technology, and marketing efforts intensively done to engage the farmer and consumer. The long-term policies strengthen the national food security and agricultural sector. The policies of data use arranged to be applied in various sectors, especially agricultural and food security. These policies managed to encourage and accelerate the synergy of a sustainable agricultural modernization. The national food security development actively contributed to cope with the food security gap in all area in Indonesia. The long-term policies provided a better comprehension and behavior change toward the farmer wellness aspect.

Big oil in 2030: thriving (and driving) in a carbon constrained future

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 525
Author(s):  
Bernadette Cullinane ◽  
Steve McGill
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
New Normal ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Petroleum Companies ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

What if you knew that, 12 years from now, demand for your product would dramatically fall? What would you do? The transportation sector is responsible for more than 60% of worldwide demand for petroleum products. However, several countries have recently introduced policies banning the internal combustion engine (ICE) and/or supporting electric vehicles (EVs), which could have a major impact on this demand. Norway, India, The Netherlands, Germany, China and the UK have all made such announcements. Furthermore, the increasing affordability and reliability of EVs combined with their excellent maintenance and automation capabilities have driven EVs to become among the best-selling luxury cars available today. There is no way to be certain what the new normal of 2030 may bring for petroleum transportation fuels and the automotive industry. Forecasts range from a world dominated by EVs and substantially reduced demand for oil, to scenarios where the impact to petroleum demand is less than 10%. Whatever the future may bring, renewable energy paired with flexible and intelligent EVs is emerging as a threat, to which the petroleum and automotive industries are responding with a myriad of strategies. Throughout history, even small disruptions in supply or demand have resulted in major impacts on industry profitability. Based on case studies from around the world and work with large petroleum companies in Australia, this paper discusses how leading companies are preparing for a post-ICE world and considers what steps petroleum and automotive industry executives should be taking today to ensure that they remain vibrant and viable in the new normal of 2030 and beyond.

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