Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Detection of Genes for Antimicrobial Resistance of Mycoplasma bovis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Penicillin G ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Mycoplasma Bovis ◽

A Cell ◽

Background: Mycoplasma bovis (Gram-positive bacteria) belongs the class Mollicutes and to the family Mycoplasmataceae (Maunsell and Donovan, 2009). It is a cell wall-less bacterium and are instead enveloped by a complex plasma membrane. In cattle, M. bovis is widely known causes various diseases, such respiratory disease, mastitis, arthritis and otitis.Methods: The present study was aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility and identify the genes for antimicrobial resistance of Mycoplasma bovis PG45, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. M. bovis PG45, S. aureus and E.coli were subjected to test for their sensitivity to various clinically important antibiotics (Cefotaxime, Cefuroxime, Cefaclor Cefalexin, Ofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Nalidixic acid, Amikacin, Ampicillin, Oxacilin, Amoxyclav, Rifampicin, Penicillin G and Tylosin). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each antimicrobial agent was determined by applying an agar dilution method. Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify specific DNA fragments and thus to determine the presence or absence of a target gene (VspA, tet k and tetA). Result: Showed the MIC values and the presence of VspA, tetK and tetA in M. bovis PG45, S. aureus and E. coli respectively.

Antibacterial Diterpenes from the Roots of Ceriops tagal

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x0800300104 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 1934578X0800300 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Musa Chacha ◽

Renameditswe Mapitse ◽

Anthony J. Afolayan ◽

Runner R. T. Majinda

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Bacillus Cereus ◽

Spectroscopic Data ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Agar Dilution ◽

Ceriops Tagal

Investigation of the roots of Ceriops tagal led to the isolation of a new isopimarane, together with the known diterpenes isopimar-8(14)-en-15,16-diol and erythroxyl-4(17),15(16)-dien-3-one. The structure of the new compound was identified as isopimar-8(14)-en-16-hydroxy-15-one. These structures were determined from extensive spectroscopic data analysis. The isolates were screened for antibacterial activity using the agar dilution method against ten test bacterial strains ( Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Micrococcus kristinae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella pooni, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis and Streptococcus pyrogens). Isopimar-8(14)-en-16-hydroxy-15-one exhibited activity, with MIC values of 0.5 mg/mL against Streptococcus pyrogens; 0.25 mg/mL against Salmonella pooni and 0.1 mg/mL against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus kristinae.

The Russian gonococcal antimicrobial susceptibility programme (RU-GASP) – national resistance prevalence in 2007 and 2008, and trends during 2005-2008

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/ese.15.14.19533-en ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 15 (14) ◽

Author(s):

A Kubanova ◽

N Frigo ◽

A Kubanov ◽

S Sidorenko ◽

I Lesnaya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

European Union ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

The European Union ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

First Line ◽

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a major problem worldwide. In the former Soviet countries including Russia, the knowledge regarding AMR has been highly limited. However, in 2004 the Russian gonococcal antimicrobial susceptibility programme (RU-GASP) was initiated. The aims of this study were to examine and describe the prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae AMR in 2007 and 2008 in Russia, and reveal trends in the period from 2005 to 2008. Gonococcal isolates (660 in 2007 and 900 in 2008) from 36 surveillance sites were examined using agar dilution method. From 2005 to 2008, the proportion of isolates resistant to spectinomycin increased from 0% to 7.2%, and remained high for those resistant to ciprofloxacin (approximately 49%). The resistance to azithromycin was 2.3% and 0.4% in 2007 and 2008, respectively. All isolates between 2005 and 2008 were susceptible to ceftriaxone. In conclusion, the AMR of N. gonorrhoeae in Russia is high, as in most countries in the European Union, and ceftriaxone should be the first line for treatment. If there is no access to ceftriaxone or in the presence of severe beta-lactam antimicrobial allergy, spectinomycin should be used; however, the resistance to spectinomycin has increased. Regular, quality-assured national and international surveillance of AMR in N. gonorrhoeae is crucial globally for public health.

In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Tigecycline

Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital ◽

10.3126/mjsbh.v13i2.13114 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 35-38

Author(s):

Sabita Bhatta ◽

Babli Basu ◽

Chandrasekhar Narharrao Chaudhary ◽

Ashok Kumar Praharaj

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Agar Dilution ◽

Vancomycin Resistant

Introduction: Tigecycline is a novel glycylcycline derivative of the tetracycline with activity against a wide range of organisms including Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus , Extended spectrum beta lactamase producing (Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumonia) and Acinetobacter species. The aim of the study was to assess effectiveness of the drug against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE), ESBL producers and carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and to compare the efficacy of different methods of antimicrobial susceptibility testing for Tigecycline.Methods: A total of 250 clinical isolates were processed and identified by conventional methods. In all the 250 isolates, antimicrobial susceptibility was carried out by disc diffusion method , Minimum inhibitory test by agar dilution method (MIC) and in 30 isolates of A baumannii MIC was also done by E test.Results: Out of 250 isolates, 236 isolates were sensitive to tigecycline by agar dilution method while only 159 were sensitive by disk diffusion method.Conclusion: Marked discordance was observed between the results of two different methods (DDT & Agar dilution method) for E coli, Klebsiella spp and A baumannii, where significant number of isolates were resistant to tigecycline by DDT as compared to AD method. But results of MIC by agar dilution method & E test were in concordance for A. baumannii.

Summary and Trends of the Russian Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme, 2005 to 2016

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.02024-18 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 57 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alexey Kubanov ◽

Viktoria Solomka ◽

Xenia Plakhova ◽

Aleksandr Chestkov ◽

Natalya Petrova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Penicillin G ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Surveillance Programme ◽

Content Type ◽

Antimicrobial Surveillance ◽

Agar Dilution ◽

Chromosomal Mutations

ABSTRACT The Russian Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (RU-GASP) was established in 2004 and operated continuously during the years from 2005 to 2016. The aims of this study were to summarize the RU-GASP results over this 12-year period and evaluate the trends in Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance in Russia. In total, 5,038 verified N. gonorrhoeae isolates from 40 participating regions were tested for susceptibility to six antimicrobials via an agar dilution method. DNA loci involved in antimicrobial resistance were identified via minisequencing or DNA microarray techniques. From 2005 to 2016, increasing susceptibility to penicillin G (from 22.6% to 63.0%), tetracycline (from 34.8% to 53.0%), and ciprofloxacin (from 50.6% to 68.6%) was observed, but resistance to these drugs remained high. The proportions of isolates nonsusceptible to azithromycin and spectinomycin peaked in 2011 and decreased thereafter. Of the isolates, only 6 and 23 were identified as nonsusceptible to ceftriaxone according to the CLSI definitions and EUCAST breakpoint (0.57% of the total population), respectively. Comparison of N. gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance genetic determinants in 2005 versus those in 2016 showed a significant decrease in the number of isolates carrying chromosomal mutations. The proportion of isolates with wild-type genotypes increased from 11.7% in 2005 to 30.3% in 2016. Thus, the RU-GASP can be considered a successful gonorrhea surveillance program, and the current state of N. gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance in Russia is less serious than that in other WHO GASP regions.

Antibiotic sensitivities of Neisseria meningitidis isolates from patients and carriers in Greece

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268800049955 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 108 (3) ◽

pp. 449-455 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

G. Tzanakaki ◽

C. C. Blackwell ◽

J. Kremastinou ◽

C. Kallergi ◽

G. Kouppari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neisseria Meningitidis ◽

School Children ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Southern Europe ◽

Agar Dilution ◽

Of Greece

SUMMARYUsage of antibiotics in southern Europe is less well regulated than in northern countries. The proportion (48%) of meningococci in Spain insensitive to penicillin (MIC ≥ 0·1 mg/l) prompted this investigation of antibiotic sensitivities of isolates from Greek patients with meningitis (31) and carriers (47 school-children and 472 recruits). The agar dilution method was used to determine MIC to penicillin G (PN), sulphamethoxazole (SU), rifampicin (RF), cefaclor (CF) and ciprofloxacin (CP).The proportion of isolates insensitive to PN was 48% for isolates from patients, 19% from school-children and 36·6% from recruits. Resistance to SU (MIC ≥ 16 mg/l) was found in 16% of those from patients, 10·6% from children and 40% from recruits. None of the isolates from patients was resistant to RF (≥ 1 mg/l) but 6% of those from carriers were. Resistance to CF (≥ 4 mg/l) was found in 9·2% of patient isolates, 6·4% from children and 23·7% from recruits. All isolates except one were sensitive to CP (MIC range < 0·0015–0·125 mg/l).Resistances to PN, SU and RF were analysed by serogroup, serotype and subtype of the bacteria. The proportion of resistant isolates showed some variation between different areas of Greece, but it was not statistically significant.

Antimicrobial activity of honeys from two stingless honeybee species and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) against pathogenic microorganisms

Acta Amazonica ◽

10.1590/s0044-59672014000200015 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 287-290 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Carolinie Batista Nobre da Cruz ◽

Fabio Alessandro Pieri ◽

Gislene Almeida Carvalho-Zilse ◽

Patrícia Puccinelli Orlandi ◽

Carlos Gustavo Nunes-Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Apis Mellifera ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

E Coli ◽

Agar Dilution ◽

Amazonas State

Honeys are described possessing different properties including antimicrobial. Many studies have presented this activity of honeys produced by Apis mellifera bees, however studies including activities of stingless bees honeys are scarce. The aim of this study was to compare the antimicrobial activity of honeys collected in the Amazonas State from Melipona compressipes, Melipona seminigra and Apis mellifera against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Chromobacterium violaceum, and Candida albicans. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined using the agar dilution method with Müller-Hinton agar (for bacteria) or Saboraud agar (for yeast). Staphylococcus aureus and E. faecalis were inhibited by all honeys at concentrations below 12%, while E. coli and C. violaceum were inhibited by stingless bee honeys at concentrations between 10 and 20%. A. mellifera honey inhibited E. coli at a concentration of 7% and Candida violaceum at 0.7%. C. albicans were inhibited only with honey concentrations between 30 and 40%. All examined honey had antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogens, thus serving as potential antimicrobial agents for several therapeutic approaches.

Characterization of Clinical Isolates ofEnterococciwith Special Reference to Glycopeptide Susceptibility at a Tertiary Care Center of Eastern Nepal

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2019/7936156 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Aasish Karna ◽

Ratna Baral ◽

Basudha Khanal

Keyword(s):

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Disc Diffusion ◽

Diffusion Technique ◽

Background. Enterococci, once considered as a harmless commensal of intestine, have now emerged as medically important pathogens and are associated with both community-acquired and nosocomial infections. They bear the potential to exhibit resistance against all commonly used antibiotics either by inherent or acquired mechanism, posing a therapeutic challenge.Objectives. This study aimed to characterize enterococci up to the species level and study their antibiogram with special regard to vancomycin.Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal, from February to May 2017. A total of 91 enterococcal isolates recovered from clinical specimens were investigated in this study. Their identification and speciation were done according to standard microbiological guidelines. Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion technique was used to study antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, whereas minimum inhibitory concentration of vancomycin was determined by the agar dilution method, with reference to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.Results. Seven different species of enterococci were isolated,E. faecalisandE. faeciumaccounting about 45% each. The other species encountered wereE.avium,E.cecorum,E.dispar,E.durans, andE.raffinosus. Highest proportion of antimicrobial susceptibility was recorded for linezolid (97.8%), followed by teicoplanin (95.6%) and high-level gentamicin (81.3%). Sensitivity to vancomycin was seen in 79.1% isolates. Likewise, 82.1% of urinary strains were susceptible to nitrofurantoin. A total of 4 disparities were observed between the disc diffusion technique and agar dilution method in determining vancomycin resistance. Multidrug resistance was observed in 31.9% isolates. The overall prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci based on the standard minimum inhibitory concentration method was 25.3%.Conclusions.Enterococcus faecalisandE. faeciumwere the predominant species in causing enterococcal infections. The alarming rise in prevalence of vancomycin and multidrug resistance strains warrants immediate, adequate, and efficient surveillance program to prevent and control its spread.

Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Isolated from Hog, Beef, and Chicken Carcass Samples from Provincially Inspected Abattoirs in Ontario

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-67.3.448 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

pp. 448-455 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

C. LARKIN ◽

C. POPPE ◽

B. MCNAB ◽

B. MCEWEN ◽

A. MAHDI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

The United States ◽

Test Methods ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Chicken Carcass ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Agar Dilution ◽

Microbroth Dilution ◽

Good Agreement

The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella organisms, especially Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, has been reported in many countries, including the United States and Canada. The purposes of this study were to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella isolated from hog, beef, and chicken carcasses from provincially inspected abattoirs in Ontario and to determine the agreement between the agar dilution method and the microbroth dilution method for measurement of antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates from hogs (n = 71), beef (n = 24), and chicken (n = 295) to amikacin, ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole,and tetracycline was determined using the two methods. None of the 390 isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin at levels of 0.125 μg/ml. All chicken and hog isolates were sensitive to amikacin, whereas all beef isolates were sensitive to both amikacin and gentamicin. Multiple antimicrobial resistance (resistance to more than one antimicrobial) was found in 29% of bovine isolates and 42% of porcine isolates using both methods for testing and in 42% by the agar dilution and 33% by the microbroth dilution methods in the chicken isolates. Overall, there was good agreement between the two test methods for resistance to most of the antimicrobials, with disagreement found in the results in 1.3% of the isolates for ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole, 8.2% for streptomycin, 5.6% for cephalothin, and 1.0% of the isolates for tetracycline. The lack of agreement between the two test methods was found mostly among the chicken isolates.

Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Different Clinical Isolates against Third-Generation Cephalosporins

Journal of Pharmaceutics ◽

10.1155/2018/5070742 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Fanta Gashe ◽

Eshetu Mulisa ◽

Mekidim Mekonnen ◽

Gemechu Zeleke

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Generation Cephalosporin ◽

Third Generation ◽

Bacterial Isolates ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests ◽

Susceptibility Tests ◽

Jimma University

Background. Drug resistant microorganisms lead to an increase in morbidity and mortality as they boost the risk of inappropriate therapy. Hence, data on antimicrobial resistance help define the best possible treatment for individual patients. Therefore, this study aimed to screen the antimicrobial resistant profile of 3rd generation cephalosporin drugs in Jimma University Specialized Teaching Hospital. Methods. A hospital based prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in Jimma University Specialized Hospital (JUSH) from April to August 2016. The clinical samples such as wound swab, urine, sputum, and stool were collected from hospitalized patients. Then, bacterial species were isolated and identified as per the standard microbiological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were carried out using various antimicrobial discs by Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Results. Totally, 248 bacterial isolates were obtained from 154 (62.1%) male and 94 (37.9%) female patients. Escherichia coli (25.4%) and Staphylococcus aureus (19.0 %) were the predominant organisms isolated from specimens. About 140 (56.5%) and 149 (60.1%) of the total bacterial isolates were found to be resistant to ceftriaxone and ceftazidime, respectively. The majority of Escherichia coli isolates 46 (73%) were resistant to ceftriaxone and 41 (65%) of them were resistant to ceftazidime. Staphylococcus aureus, which accounted 19% of the total bacterial isolates, showed 23.4% and 34% resistance to ceftriaxone and ceftazidime, respectively. Among the bacterial strains revealing resistant to ceftriazone and ceftazidime, about 109 (44%) and 108 (43.5%) of them were resistant to two, three, or four other drugs, respectively. Conclusion. Bacterial resistance towards third-generation cephalosporin (ceftriaxone and ceftazidime) is escalating as more than half of the isolated strains demonstrated resistance to these drugs. Moreover, these strains also revealed multidrug resistance mainly against clinically used drugs which could render therapy unsuccessful. Therefore, in clinical use appropriate medications should be selected based on the data obtained from antimicrobial susceptibility tests.

Broth Microdilution and Gradient Diffusion Strips vs. Reference Agar Dilution Method: First Evaluation for Clostridiales Species Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10080975 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 975

Author(s):

Florian Baquer ◽

Asma Ali Sawan ◽

Michel Auzou ◽

Antoine Grillon ◽

Benoît Jaulhac ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Reference Method ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Broth Microdilution ◽

Multicenter Studies ◽

Gradient Diffusion ◽

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobes is challenging. Because MIC determination is recommended by both CLSI and EUCAST, commercial broth microdilution and diffusion strip tests have been developed. The reliability of broth microdilution methods has not been assessed yet using the agar dilution reference method. In this work, we evaluated two broth microdilution kits (MICRONAUT-S Anaerobes® MIC and Sensititre Anaerobe MIC®) and one gradient diffusion strip method (Liofilchem®) for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 47 Clostridiales isolates (Clostridium, Clostridioides and Hungatella species) using the agar dilution method as a reference. The evaluation focused on comparing six antimicrobial molecules available in both microdilution kits. Analytical performances were evaluated according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommendations. Essential agreements (EA) and categorical agreements (CA) varied greatly according to the molecule and the evaluated method. Vancomycin had values of essential and categorical agreements above 90% for the three methods. The CA fulfilled the FDA criteria for three major molecules in the treatment of Gram-positive anaerobic infections (metronidazole, piperacillin/tazobactam and vancomycin). The highest rate of error was observed for clindamycin. Multicenter studies are needed to further validate these results.