Participatory Black Scurf Disease Management on Potato in Nepal

A farmer's participatory field experiment was accomplished during three consecutive years (2003-2005) for the sustainable management of black scurf disease of potato at Mainapokhar, Bardiya, Nepal. A heavily infested field with Rhizoctonia solani was selected prior to experimentation. Experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The efficacy of two concentrations (2% and 3%) of boric acid and 0.15% of Thiophanate Methyl were tested for disease control through seed treatment. An antagonistic fungus Trichoderma harzianum was used as seed and soil treatment. As per treatment plan some plots were sterilized with formaldehyde 1% prior to planting. The plots having healthy seed (pre-basic seed) planted in sterilized plots showed minimum disease(6.8%) followed by 3% boric acid treated seed planted in sterilized plots (10.8%) and 2% boric acid without soil sterilization (13.1%) and seed and soil treated plot with T. harzianum (17.1%). Farmers did not accept treatments connected with soil sterilization by Formalin. After analyzing the overall results of three years experiment farmers choose seed treatment with 2% boric acid prior to planting and identified application of Trichoderma harzianum for black scurf management as second option.Nepal Agric. Res. J. Vol. 8, 2007, pp. 56-62DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v8i0.11581

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Length of Efficacy for Control of Curly Top in Sugar Beet With Seed and Foliar Insecticides

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-02-16-0142-re ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 100 (7) ◽

pp. 1364-1370 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Carl A. Strausbaugh ◽

Erik J. Wenninger ◽

Imad A. Eujayl

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Host Resistance ◽

Seed Treatment ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Block Design ◽

Root Yield ◽

Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽

Beet Curly Top Virus ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Untreated Check

Curly top in sugar beet caused by Beet curly top virus (BCTV) is an important yield-limiting disease that can be reduced via neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides. The length of efficacy of these insecticides is poorly understood; therefore, field experiments were conducted with the seed treatment Poncho Beta (clothianidin at 60 g a.i. + beta-cyfluthrin at 8 g a.i. per 100,000 seed) and foliar treatment Asana (esfenvalerate at 55.48 g a.i./ha). A series of four experiments at different locations in the same field were conducted in 2014 and repeated in a neighboring field in 2015, with four treatments (untreated check, Poncho Beta, Asana, and Poncho Beta + Asana) which were arranged in a randomized complete block design with eight replications. To evaluate efficacy, viruliferous (contain BCTV strains) beet leafhoppers were released 8, 9, 10, or 11weeks after planting for each experiment, which corresponded to 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after Asana application. Over both years, in 30 of 32 observation dates for treatments with Poncho Beta and 14 of 16 observation dates for Asana, visual curly top ratings decreased an average of 41 and 24%, respectively, with insecticide treatments compared with the untreated check. Over both years, in eight of eight experiments for treatments with Poncho Beta and six of eight experiments for Asana, root yields increased an average of 39 and 32%, respectively, with treatment compared with the untreated check. Over both years, the Poncho Beta treatments increased estimated recoverable sucrose (ERS) yield by 75% compared with the untreated check for weeks 8 and 9. By week 10, only the Poncho Beta + Asana treatment led to increases in ERS in both years, while the influence of increasing host resistance may have made other treatments more difficult to separate. When considering curly top symptoms, root yield, and ERS among all weeks and years, there was a tendency for the insecticides in the Poncho Beta + Asana treatment to complement each other to improve efficacy.

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In vitro evaluation of fungicidal responses on the growth of pathogenic Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, antagonistic binucleate Rhizoctonia and Trichoderma harzianum Rifai

Bangladesh Journal of Botany ◽

10.3329/bjb.v39i1.5534 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 107-110

Author(s):

Md Maniruzzaman Khandaker ◽

Md Khurshed Alam Bhuiyan ◽

Abul Khair

Keyword(s):

Boric Acid ◽

Rhizoctonia Solani ◽

Key Words ◽

Trichoderma Harzianum ◽

Stem Canker ◽

Black Scurf ◽

Binucleate Rhizoctonia ◽

Crop Fields ◽

Potato Plants

Two pathogenic isolates of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn causing stem canker/black scurf disease of potato plants and four antagonist isolates, two of binucleate Rhizoctonia and two of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai were isolated from crop fields and evaluated in vitro for their fungicidal responses against eight fungicides. Vitavax was effective in inhibiting the growth of R. solani and binucleate Rhizoctonia but it did not inhibit the growth of T. harzianum at 100 ppm concentration. Terraclor Super X, Dithane M 45 and Boric acid are the fungicides which at 100 ppm concentration did not inhibit the growth of antagonist isolates of T. harzianum and binucleate Rhizoctonia but inhibited the growth of isolates of R. solani to some extent. The in vitro findings suggest that any one of these three fungicides along with antagonist isolates of binucleate Rhizoctonia and T. harzianum can be used as biocontrol agents to reduce soil borne inocula of R. solani. Key words: Rhizoctonia solani; Binucleate; Trichoderma harzianum; Fungicide DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v39i1.5534Bangladesh J. Bot. 39(1): 107-110, 2010 (June)

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Virulence of five Phytophthora species causing rhododendron root rot in Oregon.

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-09-20-1873-re ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Gabe O. Sacher ◽

Carolyn F. Scagel ◽

E. Anne Davis ◽

Bryan R. Beck ◽

Jerry E. Weiland

Keyword(s):

Root Rot ◽

Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽

Block Design ◽

Abundant Species ◽

Phytophthora Species ◽

Phytophthora Root Rot ◽

Moderate Disease ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Infested Field ◽

Production Areas

Phytophthora root rot is a destructive disease of rhododendron, causing substantial losses of this nursery crop in infested field and container production areas. Historically, Phytophthora cinnamomi was considered the main causal agent of the disease. However, a recent survey of soilborne Phytophthora species from symptomatic rhododendrons in Oregon revealed that P. plurivora is more common than P. cinnamomi and that several other Phytophthora species may also be involved. We investigated the ability of the five most abundant species from the survey to cause root rot: P. plurivora, P. cinnamomi, P. pini, P. pseudocryptogea, and P. cambivora. Three to four isolates were selected for each species from across six Oregon nurseries. Media of containerized Rhododendron catawbiense ‘Boursault’ was infested with single isolates in a randomized complete block design in a greenhouse. Phytophthora cinnamomi, P. pini, and P. plurivora rapidly caused ≥ 90% incidence of severe root rot while P. pseudocryptogea caused more moderate disease with 46% incidence of severe root rot. Phytophthora cambivora failed to produce enough inoculum and was used at a lower inoculum density than the other four species, but occasionally caused severe root rot (5% incidence). No differences in virulence were observed among isolates of same species, except for one isolate of P. plurivora that caused less disease than other P. plurivora isolates. This study demonstrates that all five Phytophthora species, which were representative of 94% of the survey isolates, are capable of causing severe root rot and plant death, but that not all species are equally virulent.

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Investigations of the Potential Interactions Between Pre-emergence Residual Herbicides, Variety, and Seed Treatments in Soybean

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2018.44 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 32 (5) ◽

pp. 570-578

Author(s):

Blake R. Barlow ◽

Lovreet S. Shergill ◽

Mandy D. Bish ◽

Kevin W. Bradley

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Seed Treatment ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Block Design ◽

Yield Losses ◽

Treatment Combination ◽

Seed Treatments ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Chlorimuron Ethyl ◽

Potential Interactions

AbstractField experiments were performed in 2016 and 2017 in Missouri to determine whether interactions exist between PRE herbicides and seed treatments in soybean. The experiments consisted of a randomized complete block design with factorial arrangements of varieties, seed treatments, and herbicides. We selected two genetically similar varieties of soybean, one with known tolerance to PPO-inhibiting herbicides and one with known sensitivity. Each variety of seed received three separate seed treatment mixtures (STMs): (1) STM1, imidacloprid plus prothioconazol+penflufen+metalaxyl plus metalaxyl plusBacillus subtilis+B. pumilis, (2) STM2,Pasteuria nishizawaeplus thiamethoxam plus prothioconazol+penflufen+metalaxyl plus metalaxyl plusB. subtilis+B. pumilis, and (3) STM3, fluopyram plus imidacloprid plus prothioconazol+penflufen+metalaxyl plus metalaxyl plusB. subtilis+B. pumilis. Chlorimuron-ethyl+flumioxazin+pyroxasulfone, chlorimuron-ethyl+flumioxazin+metribuzin, and chlorimuron-ethyl+sulfentrazone were applied PRE to each variety and seed treatment combination at 1× and 2× the labeled use rate. Chlorimuron-ethyl+sulfentrazone treatment at the 2× rate resulted in greater injury of 8% and 14% to the sensitive variety than the tolerant in 2016 and 2017, respectively; this was the highest injury observed from any herbicide treatment in either year. In 2017, chlorimuron-ethyl+sulfentrazone resulted in the greatest height reductions in both varieties, but this reduction was more evident in the sensitive (19%) than in the tolerant (6%) variety. Overall, yield differences between the two varieties were not consistent between years, and for both varieties, the sulfentrazone-containing treatments resulted in the highest yield losses. The results of this research indicate that there is a larger interaction between herbicides and varieties than there is between herbicides and seed treatments, or seed treatments and varieties.

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Kompos Cair sebagai Alternatif Pupuk yang Ramah Lingkungan dalam Produksi Padi

Agrosains: Jurnal Penelitian Agronomi ◽

10.20961/agsjpa.v21i1.27972 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Siti Mudmainah ◽

Dwi Ari Cahyani ◽

Purwanto Purwanto

Keyword(s):

Trichoderma Harzianum ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Block Design ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Compost Tea ◽

Organic Cultivation ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Leaf Greenness

<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">The development of cheap and easily applied organic fertilizer technology through extraction of fertilizers into liquid organic fertilizer has become one of the simple and inexpensive technological alternatives. The variety of raw materials for making liquid compost will certainly affect nutrient content and useful microbial content. This study was aimed to examine the effect of compost tea from various compost sources enriched with biological agents to improve the growth and yield of rice plants that are cultivated organically. This study used Randomized Complete Block Design with 10 treatments and repeated three times. The treatments tried included p0: control; p1: liquid compost from cow compost; p2: liquid compost from chicken coop compost; p3: liquid compost from mushroom waste; p4: liquid compost from cow compost + Pseudomonas flouresence; p5: liquid compost from compost chicken coop + Pseudomonas flouresence; p6: liquid compost from waste mushroom + Pseudomonas flouresence; p7: liquid compost from cow compost + Trichoderma harzianum; p8: compost tea from chicken coop compost + Trichoderma harzianum; p9: liquid compost from waste of mushroom + Trichoderma harzianum. The variables observed included plant height, number of tillers, leaf greenness, leaf area, LAI, number of productive tillers, panicle length, number of seeds per panicle, percentage of filled grain, and grain yield. The results showed that the application of liquid compost enriched with useful microorganisms had not shown its effect in increasing the growth and yield of Sintanur variety in organic cultivation. The highest yield were achieved in the treatment of liquid compost from baglog mushroom enriched with Trichoderma harzianum at 3.06 tons ha-1.

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Effect of Trichoderma harzianum and Some Selected Soil Amendment Against Damping off Disease Complex of Potato and Chilli

The Agriculturists ◽

10.3329/agric.v9i1-2.9485 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 9 (1-2) ◽

pp. 106-116 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

MM Uddin ◽

N Akhtar ◽

MT Islam ◽

AN Faruq

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Trichoderma Harzianum ◽

Soil Amendment ◽

Seed Treatment ◽

Soil Amendments ◽

Damping Off ◽

Soil Application ◽

Disease Complex ◽

Treated Seed ◽

Growth Characters

Soil applications with poultry refuse, cocodust, vermicompost, ash, sawdust, khudepana, cowdung, solarized sand, Trichoderma harzianum and or with seed treatment by T. harzianum were evaluated against damping off disease complex of potato and chilli. All the treatments significantly reduced percent damping off over control. T. harzianum treated seed along with soil treatment with T. harzianum performed best in terms of seed germination, percent damping off reduction and enhanced growth characters than soil application with T. harzianum alone. The experiment indicates that seed treated with T. harzianum then sown in different soil amendment applied seed bed performed better in all parameters than only application with soil amendment. Among the different soil amendments, poultry refuse and vermicompost have promising impact on seed germination, reduction of percent damping off and growth of potato and chilli seedlings when applying along with T. harzianum. Keywords: Damping off; potato; chilli; Trichoderma harzianum; soil amendment DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v9i1-2.9485 The Agriculturists 2011; 9(1&2): 106-116

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Effect of Trichoderma and fungicide on seedling establishment and yield performance of dry direct seeded boro rice

Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University ◽

10.3329/jbau.v14i1.30594 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 37-42

Author(s):

MM Hassan ◽

S Hossain ◽

MM Rahman ◽

S Mahmud

Keyword(s):

Seedling Establishment ◽

Seed Treatment ◽

Block Design ◽

Seedling Mortality ◽

Yield Performance ◽

Major Barrier ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Direct Seeded ◽

And Control ◽

Boro Rice

Poor seedling establishment and seedling mortality is the major barrier to optimum stand establishment in dry direct seeded boro rice. Experiments were carried out at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, Bangladesh during January to June 2013 to study the effect of Trichoderma and fungicide application on seedling establishment and yield performance of dry direct seeded Boro rice. The experiment comprised ten treatment combinations of Trichoderma and fungicides viz. seed treatment with Trichoderma (M1), seed treatment with Trichoderma+spraying of Thiovit (M2), seed treatment with Trichoderma + spraying of Propiconazole (M3), seed treatment with Trichoderma + spraying of Thiovit and Propiconazole (M4), spraying of Thiovit (M5), spraying of Propiconazole (M6), seed treatment with Thiovit + spraying of Propiconazole (M7), seed treatment with Propiconazole + spraying of Thiovit (M8), spraying of mixture of Thiovit and Propiconazole (M9), and control (no fungicide or Trichoderma ) (M10).The experiments used Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Experiment revealed that seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum followed by spraying of Thiovit gave the highest yield of rice. The study concludes that Trichoderma and then application of sulphur fungicide at 20 days after sowing could be practiced for ensuring high seedling establishment and yield of rice under dry direct seeded system in boro season.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 14(1): 37-42, June 2016

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Harvest of Lettuce from Verticillium-Infested Fields Has Little Impact on Postharvest Quality

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-04-18-0546-re ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 103 (4) ◽

pp. 668-676

Author(s):

Krishna D. Puri ◽

Gary E. Vallad ◽

Qing-Ming Qin ◽

Ryan J. Hayes ◽

Krishna V. Subbarao

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Block Design ◽

Postharvest Quality ◽

Foliar Symptoms ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Infested Field ◽

Harvest Maturity ◽

The Impact

Verticillium wilt of lettuce, caused by the soilborne pathogen Verticillium dahliae, poses a serious threat to the California lettuce industry. Knowledge of disease development and its impact on postharvest marketability would facilitate better management of the affected fields. This study investigated postharvest marketability of 22 lettuce varieties harvested from two Verticillium-infested commercial lettuce fields in Salinas and Watsonville, CA, in 2005 using a randomized complete block design. Periodic sampling to monitor disease in several crisphead varieties in the field demonstrated that root symptoms developed quickly at later stages of heading, followed by the onset of foliar symptoms as the crop reached harvest maturity. Harvested marketable heads were vacuum cooled soon after harvest to about 4°C and maintained at this temperature in commercial coolers. The impact of V. dahliae on postharvest marketability was assessed based on the percentage of heads per case deemed marketable following 1, 2, and 3 weeks of refrigerated storage. Across both field experiments, the average disease incidence and postharvest marketability ranged from 4.2 to 87.5% and from 69.4 to 100.0%, respectively, among lettuce types and varieties. The Pearson correlation analysis detected no significant relationship between disease incidence and postharvest marketability across all varieties tested (r = 0.041, P = 0.727), or within lettuce types, even though V. dahliae was recovered from 34% of the plants harvested, and recovery ranged from 0 to 73.3% for V. dahliae and from 10 to 91.7% for non-V. dahliae (V. isaacii or V. klebahnii) species. These findings demonstrate that growers can harvest lettuce from an infested field before foliar symptoms develop with negligible impact by Verticillium spp. on postharvest marketability or quality.

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Growth, Productivity and Quality of Soybean Grains, Submitted to Different Seed Treatments

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v11n11p274 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 274

Author(s):

Mádilo Lages Vieira Passos ◽

Lusiane de Sousa Ferreira ◽

Késsia Tenório Figueirinha ◽

Jarlyson Brunno Costa Souza ◽

Antonio Gabriel da Costa Ferreira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Seed Treatment ◽

Block Design ◽

Seed Treatments ◽

Thiophanate Methyl ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Productive Potential ◽

Crop Cycle ◽

Reproductive Phases

The protection conferred via chemical treatment of seeds is indispensable to the normal development of crops, with a view to the best use of its productive potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the soybean crop response, cultivate ‘FTS Paragominas RR’, to seed treatment. The study was conducted in an experimental area of the Center of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences of the Federal University of Maranhão, in Chapadinha (MA), from February to June 2018. A randomized complete block design was used, with split-plot in time. The plots consisted of five seed treatments: thiophanate-methyl + fluazinam fungicides, fludioxonil, carbendazim + thiram, the insecticide fipronil and the absence of the application. Throughout the crop cycle the agronomic characteristics were verified: plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area. And, at the time of harvesting, grain yield, the height of insertion of the first pod, the total number of pods and weight of 1000 grains. Seed treatments induced very variable responses on the growth and development of soybean ‘FTS Paragominas RR’. The best performances were obtained with the use of thiophanate-methyl + fluazinam fungicides (dose 198 mL) and fludioxonil (dose 200 mL). The application of carbendazim + thiram and fipronil, both at a dose of 200 mL, presented adverse effects throughout the vegetative and reproductive phases of soybean ‘FTS Paragominas RR’. None of the products provided significant increases in grain yield.

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Field Evaluation of Some Selected Chemicals against Bacterial Blight in Cotton

Asian Journal of Biology ◽

10.9734/ajob/2019/v8i230061 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Salma Sarker ◽

N. Sultana ◽

F. M. Aminuzzaman

Keyword(s):

Disease Severity ◽

Bacterial Blight ◽

Seed Treatment ◽

Block Design ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Field Evaluation ◽

Disease Spread ◽

Streptomycin Sulphate ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design

The aim of this study is to evaluate the comparative efficacy of some selected chemicals and antibiotic in controlling bacterial blight of cotton variety CB-9 in vivo. A field experiment was carried out at the Department of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh to study efficacy of selected chemicals against bacterial blight of cotton with ten treatments arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD).Cotton plant was affected by bacterial blight at all stages of its development. The disease spread from the cotyledons to the leaves followed by the main stems, branches and bolls. Field evaluation of selected chemicals revealed that Streptomycin Sulphate was highly effective against bacterial blight of cotton caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum. The highest germination (92%) was found in the treatment where cotton seed was treated with Streptomycin Sulphate at 0.15% which was followed by seed treatment with Streptomycin Sulphate at 0.15% + Foliar spray with Streptomycin Sulphate at 150 ppm. The lowest disease severity in terms of PDI (22.66%) was found in Seed treatment with Streptomycin Sulphate at 0.15% + Foliar spray with Streptomycin Sulphate at 150 ppm subsequently after three foliar sprays at 105 DAS. Seed treatment with Streptomycin Sulphate at 0.15% + Foliar spray with Streptomycin Sulphate at 150 ppm reduced the disease severity by 44.46% over control and increased the yield of seed cotton 34.58% over control. Streptomycin Sulphate showed higher affectivity against bacterial blight of cotton compared with other tested fungicides.

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