scholarly journals Glaucoma in Developing Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-121
Author(s):  
Suman Shumshere Thapa ◽  
Indira Paudyal ◽  
Pratibha Lama Joshi ◽  
Kalpana Singh ◽  
Anil Parajuli
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Collaborative Effort ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Eye Care ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Screening Strategies

Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. The diagnosis and management of glaucoma is especially difficult in the developing countries. Lack of cost effective screening strategies, low income, low rates of literacy and inadequate infrastructures and human resources for eye care services are the obstacles for delivering glaucoma service. Majority of people with glaucoma in developing countries usually present at an advanced stage at the time of diagnosis; which negatively affects their quality of life. Further research, proper allocation of resources and collaborative effort by blindness prevention programs will hopefully provide new evidences on cost effective ways to screen and manage glaucoma in the future. This article aims to highlight the burden of glaucoma and ways to address the challenges in developing countries.

scholarly journals Financial Inclusion in Developing Countries: Applying Financial Technology as a Panacea

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-60
Author(s):  
Araniyar Isukul ◽  
Ben Tantua
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Financial Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Policy Objective ◽  
Banking Business ◽  
Financial Technology

Traditional banking methods of addressing the problem of financial inclusion in developing countries is not working efficiently. As it is becoming obvious, opening operational and functional banking business offices in many developing countries is not a financially viable option. Banking offices need enormous amounts of resources, equipment and personnel to run efficiently. In most developing countries were low income is the norm rather than the exception, it is not possible to sustain a policy objective that employs the use of banking business offices to address the problem of financial inclusion. Such initiative could start out well, however the possibility of sustainability is called into question. Thus, whatever meaningful gains have been garnered from such policy will be reversed or lost overtime. This research employs the use of quantitative methods and it sets out to test whether the usage of financial technology has had any meaningful impact in improving financial inclusion in the developing countries selected in the study. The findings of the research reveal that financial technology offers the instrument, tools and mechanism for drive financial inclusion in ways traditional methods of banking cannot. Financial technology offers, cost effective and cheaper means of driving financial development. This research suggests that financial technology should be used as a means of driving financial development in developing countries as it offers a more sustainable and cost-effective solution to the problem of financial inclusion. Developing countries, should embrace, adopt and adapt financial technologies to address their financial development issues.

Bridging Modernity by Improving Informal Sector for Substantially Industrialized Construction in Developing Countries

2018 ◽  
pp. 1706-1735
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Cost Management ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Decision Models ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Construction Productivity

We have argued in Chapters 1-3 that the construction industry in developing countries is dominated by the strong presence of SMEs and “jobbers”. The informal sector workers constitute the essential provider of human resources construction industry. So far, the weaknesses of the construction industry in developing countries have been identified. As a result, various decision models were proposed for largely improving labor cost management and scheduling (time) with the aim of improving productivity. In a single volume like this, it is unrealistic to cover all aspects to improve performance. This chapter will now provide ideas on how quality of projects can also be improved so as to maintain a balance between cost, time and quality. Furthermore, the management of onsite workshops that can lead to construction productivity will be examined.

Environmental Issues, Natural Resources, and Quality of Life

Modern Egypt ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce K. Rutherford ◽  
Jeannie L. Sowers
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Health And Well Being

How Do Environmental Problems Affect Egypt? Egypt faces grave environmental problems that negatively impact the health and well-being of its citizens and threaten the country’s unique natural and cultural heritages. Like many middle and low-income “developing” countries, Egypt must grapple with environmental problems associated with...

scholarly journals Rural Accessibility, Rural Development, and Natural Disasters in Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saleh Ahmed ◽  
Elizabeth Eklund
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
National Development ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Social And Economic Development

Rural accessibility means more than just reliable roads and cost-effective transportation networks. Rural accessibility is critical for achieving social and economic development in low-income developing countries such as Bangladesh where both rural and urban development are constrained by significant infrastructural deficiencies. It is also an important factor that determines the effects of natural disasters on these resource-constrained societies, since both disaster responses and sustainable development are compromised by poor rural accessibility. Using two contrasting case studies from Bangladesh, this article reveals the significance of improved rural accessibility on rural development and the effects of natural disasters on rural areas. The findings of this article suggest that the improvement of rural accessibility should be a top national development priority, since it increases the opportunities for sustainable social and economic development and reduces the adverse effects of natural disasters on the rural areas in developing countries such as Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Thiamin Determination in Food: A Chromatographic Challenge (P13-038-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Verstraete ◽  
Christophe Stove
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Thiamin Deficiency ◽  
Silanol Groups ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Mobile Phases ◽  
Varied Diet ◽  
Metabolic Reactions

Abstract Objectives Thiamin plays an essential role during several metabolic reactions. Thiamin deficiency is a problem in developing countries, where a varied diet is lacking and people mainly rely on rice, which contains insufficient levels of thiamin, for their energy supply. A cost-effective strategy to fight this deficiency is the improvement of the nutritional quality of staple crops via biofortification. Although several methods for the determination of thiamin have been published, no method exists which allows a combined determination of thiamin, its phosphate derivatives and precursors. Methods LC-MS/MS was used to determine the low-level and labile thiamin vitamers. Volatile buffers are required for MS/MS detection, excluding commonly used phosphate buffers. Furthermore, determination of thiamin mono (TMP)- and diphosphate (TPP) is highly challenging due to their strong polar and ionogenic character, whereby regular C18 columns lack retention. HILIC columns are recommended for these types of compounds, however, the solubility of the phosphate derivatives is incompatible with the required organic injection solvent. Therefore, we tested numerous columns and mobile phases, in order to determine all five compounds in one chromatographic run from a single biological sample. Results With the Gemini® C18 column (Phenomenex) we were able to separate all compounds of interest. However, TMP and TPP could only be detected under basic conditions (≥pH 8.8), which resulted in secondary interactions between the charged silanol groups and the quaternary thiamin. We therefore transferred our method to a Gemini® NX C18 column, which offers a higher robustness at high pH and minimizes peak tailing since silanol groups are shielded. Finally, in an 8 minute run, we could achieve acceptable separation of all thiamin vitamers and precursors, with sufficient sensitivity for their determination in ≤200 mg of wild-type unpolished rice and Arabidopsis samples. Conclusions An LC-MS/MS method was successfully developed for the combined determination of all thiamin vitamers and precursors. Application of this method will allow to guide the effectiveness of biofortification strategies in order to fight thiamine deficiency in developing countries. Funding Sources The research was supported by the Research Foundation – Flanders. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

Does government assistance improve utilization of eye care services by low-income individuals?

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 320-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris J. Hong ◽  
Graham E. Trope ◽  
Yvonne M. Buys ◽  
Barbara E. Robinson ◽  
Ya-Ping Jin
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Government Assistance ◽  
Eye Care ◽  
Care Services

scholarly journals OTONOMI DAERAH: KAJIAN KESIAPAN DUNIA USAHA DAN BIROKRASI

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Ihwan Susila
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Technology Change ◽  
Local Society ◽  
Regional Autonomy ◽  
The Government

Decentralization is the reflection of economic and politic reformation. The politic change in developing countries in the last decade shows the tendency that local government has the authority to public service in the local society. Due to technology change and integration in the global market, it is a big demand for the government to control the politic and economic system in the country. The regional autonomy has two different effects. The regional autonomy, however gives the opportunity to their districts to grow and develop their own districts. On the contrary, the regional autonomy can be worse. This occurs due to the lack of preparation of the district to apply the policy. The key to minimize or eliminate the problem is by enhancing the quality of human resources. Preparation of business and bureaucracy to face the regional autonomy will be discussed.

scholarly journals Pollution-Free Road Lighting

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duco A. Schreuder
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Road Lighting ◽  
Technical Report

The beneficial effects of road lighting are often seen as very important. They relate to reducing road accidents and some forms of crime but also enhance the social safety of residents and pedestrians and the amenity for residents. Road traffic in developing countries is much more hazardous than in industrialized countries. Accident rates in ‘low’ income countries may be as much as 35 times higher than in ‘high’ income countries. Thus, it might be much more cost-effective to light roads in the developing world than in the industrialized world. Fighting light pollution is more pressing in developing countries as most of the major high-class astronomical observatories are there. Astronomical observations are disturbed by light from outdoor lighting installations, part of which is scattered in the atmosphere to form ‘sky glow’. The International Lighting Commission CIE has published a Technical Report giving general guidance for lighting designers and policy makers on the reduction of the sky glow.

Use of predictive models (PMs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) for diagnosis of Lynch syndrome (LS): A process measure for quality of care.

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (34_suppl) ◽  
pp. 116-116
Author(s):  
Sarmad Sadeghi ◽  
Afsaneh Barzi ◽  
Michael W. Kattan ◽  
Neal J. Meropol
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Care ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Community Centers ◽  
Clinical Criteria ◽  
Process Measure ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Screening Strategies ◽  
Comprehensive Comparison

116 Background: LS diagnosis (Dx) in CRC patients (probands or Pds) and their first degree relatives (FDRs) impacts the management, outcomes and quality of care. Lack of a uniform approach to screening in academic and community centers is an impediment. Recent studies advocate universal immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing for Pds; however, these analyses exclude clinical criteria e.g., Amsterdam (Ams), Bethesda (Beth), and PMs, e.g., MMRpro (Mpro), MMRpredict (Mpre), and PREMM (PRE) due to concerns for reliability. This comprehensive comparison of all LS screening strategies (STs) aims to identify a cost effective process measure that addresses this need. Methods: We performed a cost effectiveness analysis with a societal viewpoint using TreeAge software. 21 STs for Pd and general population (GP) screening in a population of 100,000 were examined assuming a 3% LS prevalence (Prev) in Pd and 0.23% in GP, 5 FDRs per LS (Dx), 50% LS Prev in FDRs, and 90% germline testing (GT) compliance in Pds and GP and 52% in FDRs. Sensitivity, life years gained (LYG), and incremental cost effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated. Results: See table. Conclusions: This study suggests that Mpro is a cost-effective first step in screening for LS in Pds, and its routine use may be considered as a possible process measure for quality of care in CRC patients. Up-front IHC +/- BRAF, GT could be reserved for Pds where history is incomplete. [Table: see text]

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