scholarly journals Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Reported from Tertiary Care Hospital in Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Urmila Lama ◽  
Dharmendra Shah ◽  
Upendra Thapa Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Nasal Swab ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant

Objectives: The study was conducted to assess the rate of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among patients and healthcare personnel at Manmohan Memorial College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal and to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration of Vancomycin to MRSA isolates.Methods: A total of 1433 different clinical specimens from patients and 33 nasal swabs from healthcare personnel were subjected to bacteriological investigation following standard protocol. S. aureus were isolated and identified by using standard Microbiological tools. Those isolates were subjected to Antimicrobial susceptibility testing using modified Kirby-Bauer’s disc diffusion method following CLSI guidelines.Results: The rate of S. aureus carriage was found to be 65 (18.9%) in the samples from clinical patients and 24 (72.7%) in the samples from healthcare personnel. The rate of MRSA was found to be 57(85.1%) in patients and 24 (100%) in healthcare personnel. The high distribution of MRSA was found in female of age group 21-30 years (patients: 10.4%; healthcare personnel: 70.8%). Amikacin was found to be most effective antimicrobial. All S. aureus isolates were found to be multidrug resistant (100%). On performing D-test, 10 (17.5%) and 22 (38.6%) of MRSA from clinical specimens showed inducible and constitutive Clindamycin resistance respectively. Whereas, 11 (45.8%) and 4 (16.7%) of MRSA from nasal swabs were found to be inducible and constitutive Clindamycin resistance respectively. Upon performing minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test for clinical isolates, 3.5% (2) of MRSA were found to be Vancomycin resistant (VRSA), 54.4% (31) were Vancomycin intermediate (VISA) and 42.1% (24) were found to be Vancomycin sensitive (VSSA). All of the nasal swab MRSA isolates were found sensitive to Vancomycin. Congo red agar method was done for biofilm production. For clinical isolates, 32 (47.8%) were found to be strong, 6 (8.9%) moderate and 29 (43.3%) were non biofilm producer. For nasal swab isolates, 66.7% (16) and 33.3% (8) were found as strong and non-biofilm producer respectively.Conclusion: This study reported the case of VRSA which hasn’t been reported in Nepal. Though present study showed that Vancomycin remains the main choice of treatment of MRSA infection. Therefore, to preserve its value, use of vancomycin should be limited only to those cases where there are clearly needed.

scholarly journals Vancomycin Sensitivity of Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from Patients in Dhaka City, Bangladesh

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Shahriar ◽  
Sanjida Shahid ◽  
Khusbu Khalil Katha ◽  
Waheeda Nasreen ◽  
Mohiuddin Ahmed Bhuiyan
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pharmaceutical Journal ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), resistant to all antibiotics including vancomycin, has been reported in Japan, USA, Canada and Brazil. Hence, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the possible presence of vancomycin resistant or intermediate Stap. aureus in Dhaka. A total of 122 clinical isolates were collected from different hospitals, clinics and diagnostic centers of the city for about 12 months starting from August 2010 to July 2011.They were identified using standard bacteriological methods. Sensitivity to recommended antibiotics was determined by disc diffusion method. In the present study 74% of total isolates were found to be betalactamase producers by iodometric methods, whereas with Nitrocefin® sticks 80% of the isolates were found to be beta-lactamase producers. All the multiple drug resistant strains were beta-lactamase producers. Out of 122 isolates, although no strains were found vancomycin resistant, 93.44% were found intermediate and only 6.56% showed sensitivity. This study reveals the growing antimicrobial resistance in Bangladesh and refers not to use the antimicrobial drugs that show insufficient sensitivity against Stap. aureus to prevent resistance and associated treatment failure. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v15i2.12582 Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 15(2): 159-163, 2012

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Sensitivity of Staphylococcus aurous Isolated from Nasal Swabs to Natural Honey

2020 ◽  
pp. 56-64
Author(s):  
A Molanaei ◽  
SA Seyedoshohadaei ◽  
S Hasani ◽  
P Sharifi ◽  
M Rashidian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Dilution Tube ◽  
Natural Honey

Introduction: Bacterial resistance to antibacterial agents is a very serious threat to public health. Where some antibacterial agents prove ineffective, the antibacterial properties of honey have been shown to be highly efficacious against several human bacterial pathogens. The purpose of this study is to investigate the sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the nursing staff of a hospital to natural honey. Methods: In this study, 35 strains of methicillin-resistant S. aurous samples were selected from hospital staff's nasal swabs. Two strains were vancomycin-resistant. The serial dilution tube test methodwas used to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) .The susceptibility of each strain of staph bacteria to natural honey without wax was determined and compared with that of a glucose solution with the same density. Results: In all strains, except for the two strains resistant to vancomycin, MIC level was < 8.3% (v/v). The MIC of glucose as dense as honey was four times higher. The two vancomycin-resistant strains were completely resistant to natural honey. Conclusions: This study has therefore demonstrated that inhibiting bacterial growth is not merely done by purely natural honey not because of osmolality, but vancomycin-resistant bacteria are not sensitive to natural honey. Keywords: sensitivity, Staphylococcus aurous, natural honey, minimum inhibitory concentration

scholarly journals Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cloxacillin for selected isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with their antibiogram

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Islam ◽  
MM Alam ◽  
ME Choudhury ◽  
N Kobayashi ◽  
MU Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Susceptibility Test ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽  
Mrsa Strains

The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) represents the concentration of antimicrobial at which there is complete inhibition of growth of organism. In order to determine the MIC of cloxacillin, 10 MRSA were previously detected from 40 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Agar plate dilution test was used to determine the MIC of cloxacillin. The clinical samples were collected from Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh. The study was done in the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh from July 2006 to June 2007. The MIC of the cloxacillin for 5 MRSA strains were ≥32 (mg/ml), for 1 MRSA strain was ≥ 128(mg/ml) and for another 4 MRSA strains were above ≥128 (mg/ml). Antimicrobial susceptibility test of the isolated organisms were done by disc diffusion method. On antibiotic susceptibility test, MRSA strains showed 100% resistant against penicillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin and amoxycillin. Cent per cent susceptibility of MRSA was found against vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, fusidic acid and rifampicin. Key words: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), antibiotic resistance, cloxacillin, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v6i1.1350 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (1): 121-126

scholarly journals Evaluation of Antimicrobial Effect of Oenothera biennis by Using Different Concentrations of Extract against Staphylococcus Aureus -An experimental study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 2900-2902
Author(s):  
Anila errum ◽  
M. Talha zahid ◽  
Saima pervaiz ◽  
Faiza ishtiaq ◽  
Nada imran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Microbiology Laboratory ◽  
Oenothera Biennis ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a superbug which is infamous for causing wound infections. Unfortunately it is developing resistance quickly against commonly used antibiotics. Antimicrobial drugs effective against methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus are too expensive to afford by impoverish population in our country. However, herbal medicines are seen to be equally effective with less severe adverse effects. There is need to explore alternative medicines of botanical origin to cure dangerous bacteria. Oenothera biennis contains phytochemicals which have antimicrobial activity against some gram negative and gram positive microorganisms. Objectives: To evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration of Oenothera biennis seed extract against staphylococcus aureus by using different concentrations. Study Design: In Vitro antibacterial study. Settings: The study was conducted in microbiology laboratory of Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex, Lahore. Duration: One year. Methodology: Oenothera biennis extract was prepared in 95% Ethanol in biochemistry laboratory of Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Lahore. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were procured from microbiology laboratory and American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strains used as quality control for MSSA & MRSA, were purchased from musaji adam and sons Karachi ([email protected]). The antibacterial activity of oenothera biennis seed extract against staphylococcus aureus was tested by deep well broth microdilution and disc diffusion method. Different concentrations of stock solutions (100μg/10μl to 500μg/10μl of DMSO) were used to test antimicrobial effect to establish dose response relationship. Results: Results were measured and compared according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Oenothera biennis seed extract inhibited growth of methicillin sensitive and methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus isolate from laboratory as well as ATCC strains with minimum inhibitory concentration 530μg/10μl solvent. Whereas other concentrations 50 μg/10μl ,100 μg/10μl ,150 μg/10μl ,200 μg/10μl ,250 μg/10μl ,300 μg/10μl ,350 μg/10μl ,400 μg/10μl ,450 μg/10μl and 500 μg/10μl had no effect at all. Conclusion: Oenothera biennis extract inhibits growth of staphylococcus aureus at concentration of 530μg remarkably. This can inhibit both MSSA & MRSA already proved in our study. This could be beneficial as an alternate medicine. However, further research is needed to be conducted for animal study. Key words: Oenothera biennis, ethanolic extract, Methicillin sensitive, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MSSA, MRSA.

scholarly journals Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the United States

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (28) ◽  
Author(s):  
N Woodford
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Foot Ulcer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dialysis Catheter ◽  
Vancomycin Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant

Since the first reports of glycopeptide resistant enterococci (GRE) in 1987, concern has been expressed about enterococcal van genes, which encode vancomycin resistance, reaching Staphylococcus aureus. This often voiced fear has now been realised, with the reported isolation of a VanA MRSA (vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) &gt;128 mg/L; teicoplanin MIC 32 mg/L) from the tip of a dialysis catheter and from a chronic foot ulcer of a patient in Michigan, in the United States; glycopeptide resistant Enterococcus faecalis (genotype not specified) was also isolated from the ulcer (1).

scholarly journals Colonization, Virulence Factors, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from the Anterior Nares of Medical and Paramedical Students

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-67
Author(s):  
Venkataramana Kandi
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Blood Agar ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Moderate Growth ◽  
Nasal Swabs

Background: Hospital environment and healthcare personnel form an integral part of healthcare system. Patients visit the hospital for various reasons. Some patients require hospitalization and others require medical and surgical interventions. Microbes present in the hospital environment and those colonized in the anterior nares, and on the skin of healthcare personnel could pose an increased threat of hospital acquired infections. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one among many microbial species with potential to cause mild to severe infections that could be present colonized in the healthcare personnel. This study is aimed to evaluate the colonization of S. aureus in the anterior nares of medical and paramedical students. Methods: Nasal swabs were collected from a total of 100 medical, and paramedical students. The swabs were cultured on blood agar, and the staphylococcal isolates were identified to the species level by using standard and conventional microbiological techniques. The colonies were counted on isolation (<10 colonies-scanty growth; <25 colonies-moderate growth; <50 colonies-moderate to heavy growth; and > 50 colonies; heavy growth). The virulence determinants including hemolysis, pigment production was assessed. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: Microbes had grown in 97% of the nasal swabs. Most frequent bacterial isolates were Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CONS), and diphtheroid bacteria (bacterial resembling Corynebacterium diphtheriae. S. aureus was isolated in 13% of the study participants. Conclusion: The isolation rates of S. aureus were noted to be 13%. Increased resistance was noted against vancomycin, and commonly used antimicrobial agents. Most isolates demonstrated hemolysis on blood agar.

scholarly journals The TO STUDY ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATED FROM VARIOUS SKIN SAMPLES

2019 ◽  
pp. 171-175
Author(s):  
NEHA ◽  
BHARTI MITTU ◽  
ZARINA BEGUM ◽  
HARJOT PAL KAUR
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Set Protocol ◽  
Third Line

Objective: The study was carried out to check the antibiotic susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: In this study for the isolation of strain, skin swabs from different parts of the body were taken aseptically with the set protocol. The sensitivity patterns of S. aureus were explored with different antibiotics for the treatment of S. aureus infections. We have studied the susceptibility pattern of various antibiotics including present all line therapies and other antibiotics using disk-diffusion method. Results: It has been found that bacteria show the highest sensitivity toward third-line antibiotic tetracycline, trimethoprim, and minocycline. The different concentrations of these antibiotics were used to check the minimum inhibitory concentration and found to be effective even at the lower concentration of 0.01 mcg/disc. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration of each antibiotic has been calculated to find the most effective antibiotic at low concentration. The isolates are found to be highly resistant toward ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and cefotaxime. Conclusion: The research concluded that the bacteria S. aureus are found to be more sensitive for chloramphenicol, kanamycin, and trimethoprim in first-line antibiotics, second-line antibiotics, and third-line antibiotics, respectively.

scholarly journals THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF WATER APPLE LEAVES ACTIVE COMPOUND (Syzygium zeylanicum) AGAINST Escherichia coli AND Staphylococcus aureus

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamidah ◽  
Salni ◽  
Nina Tanzerina
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Active Compound ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Apple Leaves ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

Escherichia coli is one of the bacteria that cause infections in the human digestive tract such as diarrhea, while Staphylococcus aureus is one of the bacteria that cause infections in the skin injury such as boils and pimples. This study used Syzygium zeylanicum leaves because it has potential as a antibacterial because it contains active compounds. This study aimed was determine the antibacterial activity of the fraction and the active compound in Syzygium zeylanicum leaves against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Research conducted on November 2015 to January 2016. The method used in this research were extraction by maceration, fractionation by liquid fractionation, antibacterial activity test, and determination of minimum inhibitory concentration with the diffusion method and isolation of active compounds by column chromatography method. The bacteria used in this test are Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Data are presented in tabular form based on the average value of the inhibition diameter and deviation standard. The results of this research showed the water methanol active fraction against the bacteria that used in this test. The methanol water fraction had obtained one antibacterial compound in bottle 1,3,5 which shows the value of tannin Rf 0,416. The minimum inhibitory concentration of water methanol of water apple leaves is 1000 µg/mL for Escherichia coli and 500 µg/mL for  Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum  inhibitory concentration of the active  compound  to  Escherichia  coli  and  Staphylococcus  aureus  in  500  µg/mL.  The fraction and the active compound of water apple leaves have an antibacterial activity with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and the active compound is tannin.

scholarly journals In vitro study of antifungal effect of carica papaya peel var. California extract against Candida albicans

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Trisnawaty K ◽  
Anin Esta Rauna ◽  
Siti Rusdiana Puspa Dewi ◽  
Pudji Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Antifungal Effect ◽  
Peel Extract

Candida albicans is a normal microflora in the oral cavity which can be an opportunistic pathogen that could cause oral candidiasis when there are underlying predisposing conditions. Papaya as one of the most widely grown herbal plants in Indonesia has been known to cure diseases. Unused papaya peel only became a waste; however, the papaya peel is known to contain active compounds that have antifungal effect, especially raw ones. This study aimed to determine the antifungal effect of raw papaya peel extract of Californian variety and determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of this extract on clinical isolates of C. albicans. This study was an experimental laboratory study with post-test only control group design. Ethanol-based extract of papaya peel was obtained from maceration process using 96% ethanol. Antifungal effect testing was carried out in vitro using disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) on clinical isolates of C. albicans. The concentration of Ethanol extract of papaya peel used consisted of 2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 20% with positive control (nystatin) and negative control (distilled water). The results showed that 2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 20% papaya peel extracts were able to inhibit the growth of C. albicans with 2.5% concentration of raw papaya peel extract as minimum inhibitory concentration. Ethanol extract of raw papaya peel of Californian variety with 2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 20% concentrations has small antifungal effect against clinical isolates of C. albicans.

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