scholarly journals Colonization, Virulence Factors, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from the Anterior Nares of Medical and Paramedical Students

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-67
Author(s):  
Venkataramana Kandi
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Blood Agar ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Moderate Growth ◽  
Nasal Swabs

Background: Hospital environment and healthcare personnel form an integral part of healthcare system. Patients visit the hospital for various reasons. Some patients require hospitalization and others require medical and surgical interventions. Microbes present in the hospital environment and those colonized in the anterior nares, and on the skin of healthcare personnel could pose an increased threat of hospital acquired infections. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one among many microbial species with potential to cause mild to severe infections that could be present colonized in the healthcare personnel. This study is aimed to evaluate the colonization of S. aureus in the anterior nares of medical and paramedical students. Methods: Nasal swabs were collected from a total of 100 medical, and paramedical students. The swabs were cultured on blood agar, and the staphylococcal isolates were identified to the species level by using standard and conventional microbiological techniques. The colonies were counted on isolation (<10 colonies-scanty growth; <25 colonies-moderate growth; <50 colonies-moderate to heavy growth; and > 50 colonies; heavy growth). The virulence determinants including hemolysis, pigment production was assessed. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: Microbes had grown in 97% of the nasal swabs. Most frequent bacterial isolates were Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CONS), and diphtheroid bacteria (bacterial resembling Corynebacterium diphtheriae. S. aureus was isolated in 13% of the study participants. Conclusion: The isolation rates of S. aureus were noted to be 13%. Increased resistance was noted against vancomycin, and commonly used antimicrobial agents. Most isolates demonstrated hemolysis on blood agar.

scholarly journals The bacterial profile and sensitivity patterns of isolates from medical equipment and surfaces in the Children’s emergency room of a Nigerian hospital

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 192-197
Author(s):  
Ikenna Kingsley Ndu ◽  
Isaac Nwabueze Asinobi ◽  
Uchenna Ekwochi ◽  
Obinna Chukwuebuka Nduagubam ◽  
Ogechukwu Francesca Amadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Emergency Room ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Cross Sectional

Objective:  Nosocomial infections are those acquired in hospitals or healthcare service units that first appear 48 hours or more after admission or within 30 days after discharge following in-patient care. Knowledge of the bacterial profile and sensitivity patterns of any hospital environment is a key factor in infection control and good antibiotic stewardship. Material and Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Children’s Emergency Room (CHER) of Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria.  Samples for culture were collected from equipment and hospital surfaces. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was determined for each isolate by the Agar diffusion method using Standard Nutrient Agar 1 discs. Results: Bacterial growth was observed in 83 (70.3%) specimens. Staphylococcus aureus (53.4%) was the most common isolate cultured followed by Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (18.8%), then Escherichia coli (13.9%). Among Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 25.9% were MRSA. Ampicillin resistance of the gram negatives was high. All the Gram-negative isolates were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Ceftriaxone. Conclusion: Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, and Escherichia coli were the commonest isolates. More efforts are needed to ensure improved hygiene standards in order to reduce the burden of nosocomial infections.

scholarly journals Recurrent Challenges for Clinicians: Emergence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin Resistance, and Current Treatment Options

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (02) ◽  
pp. 071-078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bansidhar Tarai ◽  
Poonam Das ◽  
Dilip Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Vancomycin Resistance ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Resistant Strains

ABSTRACTGram-positive pathogens mainly, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, are developing increasing resistance to glycopeptides that pose a problem in treating infections caused by these pathogens. Vancomycin is the treatment of choice in treating methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Community-acquired MRSA is associated with infections in patients without recent history of hospital admission and without the classical risk factors for MRSA carriage (including healthcare personnel). MRSA poses new threats and challenges beyond the hospital with the emergence of community-acquired MRSA. Indiscriminate use of vancomycin leads to the emergence and spread of vancomycin resistance in multidrug resistant strains is of growing concern in the recent years. Minimum Inhibitory concentration (MIC) remains an important determinant in choosing the right antibiotics. Infections caused by MRSA strains with vancomycin MIC > 4 μg/mL leads to the vancomycin treatment failure. The Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute had also lowered the cut-off susceptibility and resistance breakpoints for vancomycin. Despite the availability of newer antimicrobial agents (Linezolid, Daptomycin, Tigecycline) for drug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens, clinicians and patients still need options for treatment of MRSA infection. There is a need to reduce the global burden of infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens and its resistant strains (mainly MRSA). Continuous efforts should be made to prevent the spread and the emergence of glycopeptide resistance by early detection of the resistant strains and using the proper infection control measures in the hospital setting.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antibiotics Susceptibility Pattern of Urine Bacterial Isolates from Tripoli Medical Center (TMC), Tripoli, Libya

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-226
Author(s):  
Abir Ben Ashur ◽  
◽  
Hamida El Magrahi ◽  
Asma Elkammoshi ◽  
Hiba Alsharif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Tract Infections

Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most common human bacterial infections encountered by physicians. The risk of resistant microbes is emerging as a result of the overuse of antibiotics treatments. The presence of pathogens with increased resistance to antimicrobial agents makes UTIs difficult to treat. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of the pathogens that cause UTIs, as well as the antibiotic susceptibility of these isolates. Materials and methods: This prospective study was conducted from February 2020 to April 2020; a total number of 200 urine samples were collected from patients who daily attended TMC Libya. Bacterial pathogens were determined by bacteriological culture methods and Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by using the disc diffusion method. Results: Out of 200 samples, 110 cases had a positive culture. The dominant bacterial pathogens were Gram-negative that being with Escherichia coli (49, 55.68%), followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (18, 20.46%), Pseudomona aeruginosa (9, 10.23%), Proteus mirabilis (8, 9.09%), Enterobacter aerogenes (2, 2.27%), Citrobacter freundii (2, 2.27%). Gram-positive bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus 20 (90.91%) followed by S. saprophyticus (2, 9.01%) of the isolate’s strains. The isolated uropathogen showed increased levels of resistance to antibiotics. Where the Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus indicated the highest antibiotic resistance to Nitrofurantoin, Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin, Metronidazole and also revealed the most sensitivity to Cefixime followed by doxycycline and ceftriaxone. Conclusions: The obtained results emphasized the emergence of highly resistant bacteria to most of the tested antimicrobials and propose the need for physicians to change their treatment pattern depending on antimicrobial susceptibility results.

scholarly journals Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Reported from Tertiary Care Hospital in Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Urmila Lama ◽  
Dharmendra Shah ◽  
Upendra Thapa Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Nasal Swab ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant

Objectives: The study was conducted to assess the rate of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among patients and healthcare personnel at Manmohan Memorial College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal and to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration of Vancomycin to MRSA isolates.Methods: A total of 1433 different clinical specimens from patients and 33 nasal swabs from healthcare personnel were subjected to bacteriological investigation following standard protocol. S. aureus were isolated and identified by using standard Microbiological tools. Those isolates were subjected to Antimicrobial susceptibility testing using modified Kirby-Bauer’s disc diffusion method following CLSI guidelines.Results: The rate of S. aureus carriage was found to be 65 (18.9%) in the samples from clinical patients and 24 (72.7%) in the samples from healthcare personnel. The rate of MRSA was found to be 57(85.1%) in patients and 24 (100%) in healthcare personnel. The high distribution of MRSA was found in female of age group 21-30 years (patients: 10.4%; healthcare personnel: 70.8%). Amikacin was found to be most effective antimicrobial. All S. aureus isolates were found to be multidrug resistant (100%). On performing D-test, 10 (17.5%) and 22 (38.6%) of MRSA from clinical specimens showed inducible and constitutive Clindamycin resistance respectively. Whereas, 11 (45.8%) and 4 (16.7%) of MRSA from nasal swabs were found to be inducible and constitutive Clindamycin resistance respectively. Upon performing minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test for clinical isolates, 3.5% (2) of MRSA were found to be Vancomycin resistant (VRSA), 54.4% (31) were Vancomycin intermediate (VISA) and 42.1% (24) were found to be Vancomycin sensitive (VSSA). All of the nasal swab MRSA isolates were found sensitive to Vancomycin. Congo red agar method was done for biofilm production. For clinical isolates, 32 (47.8%) were found to be strong, 6 (8.9%) moderate and 29 (43.3%) were non biofilm producer. For nasal swab isolates, 66.7% (16) and 33.3% (8) were found as strong and non-biofilm producer respectively.Conclusion: This study reported the case of VRSA which hasn’t been reported in Nepal. Though present study showed that Vancomycin remains the main choice of treatment of MRSA infection. Therefore, to preserve its value, use of vancomycin should be limited only to those cases where there are clearly needed.

scholarly journals Frequency and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Methicillin and Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Bovine Milk

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (04) ◽  
pp. 463-468
Author(s):  
Muhammad Umar Javed
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant

The increase in resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has been an emerging threat in therapeutic areas of the dairy industry throughout the globe. The current study was conducted in bovines of district Faisalabad, Pakistan to investigate the phenotypic prevalence of methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) in milk samples positive for subclinical mastitis. The study further aimed to assess the associated risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern against MRSA and VRSA isolates. A total of 385 milk samples (n=193 cattle; n=192 buffalo) collected and screened for subclinical mastitis by surf field mastitis test (SFMT) were further subjected to standard microbiological techniques for the isolation of S. aureus. The positive isolates of S. aureus were phenotypically evaluated for MRSA and VRSA by the disc diffusion method. The study results revealed that out of 385 milk samples, 45.97% (177/385) samples were found positive for subclinical mastitis on SFMT while 37.14% (143/385) samples were confirmed for the presence of S. aureus. Out of these S. aureus isolates, MRSA and VRSA were confirmed in 17.48% (25/143) and 12.58% (18/143) samples respectively. The in-vitro trials of various antibiotics for MRSA and VRSA isolates showed 100% resistance towards Cefoxitin followed by 50% towards Gentamicin, Tylosin, and Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazole then 25% to Oxytetracycline, and Fusidic acid while ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and linezolid were found sensitive against study isolates. The public health importance of S. aureus and emerging resistance against antibiotics like methicillin and vancomycin demands regular monitoring of effective use of antimicrobial agents against the isolates of VRSA and MRSA.

scholarly journals Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriers and the prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among medical students

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 3149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baag Shaza R. ◽  
Vishvesh P. Bansal ◽  
Manjushree Bhalchandra ◽  
Jyotsna Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Staphylococcal Infection ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a dynamic and adaptable bacterium that has an incredible talent to attain antibiotic resistance. Nasal colonisation of S.aureus increases with greater exposure of students to the hospital environment. The prevention of staphylococcal infection and reduction of spread and emergence of MRSA are essential. Medical students would be a key target group to introduce awareness of hospital-acquired infections. Therefore, the present study aims at understanding the prevalence of carrier rate of S.aureus and MRSA among Medical students during their clinical postings.Methods: Nasal swabs were taken from 150 medical students. Their Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage was determined by plating on sheep blood agar and MRSA carriage by to Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion method using Cefoxitin disc (30 µg).Results: The present study showed a 40% nasal carriage of S.aureus amongst medical students. Of the 60 S. aureus isolates 28%, 36% and 56% isolates were from 1st, 2nd and 3rd year respectively. The colonisation rate of MRSA in the present study was found to be 12.66% amongst the medical students of 6%, 10%, 22% belonged to 1st, 2nd, and 3rd respectivelyConclusions: The nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among medical students increases as their exposure to patient care increases. Medical students should be made aware of the risks of carrying S.aureus and MRSA and educated about the hand washing protocol and safety precautions to be followed while handling patients.

scholarly journals Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection: risk factors and clinical outcome in non-intensive-care units

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karinne Spirandelli Carvalho Naves ◽  
Natália Vaz da Trindade ◽  
Paulo Pinto Gontijo Filho
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bloodstream Infection ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus Bloodstream Infection

INTRODUCTION: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is spread out in hospitals across different regions of the world and is regarded as the major agent of nosocomial infections, causing infections such as skin and soft tissue pneumonia and sepsis. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for methicillin-resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection (BSI) and the predictive factors for death. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of fifty-one patients presenting bacteraemia due to S. aureus between September 2006 and September 2008 was analysed. Staphylococcu aureus samples were obtained from blood cultures performed by clinical hospital microbiology laboratory from the Uberlândia Federal University. Methicillinresistance was determined by growth on oxacillin screen agar and antimicrobial susceptibility by means of the disk diffusion method. RESULTS: We found similar numbers of MRSA (56.8%) and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (43.2%) infections, and the overall hospital mortality ratio was 47%, predominantly in MRSA group (70.8% vs. 29.2%) (p=0.05). Age (p=0.02) was significantly higher in MRSA patients as also was the use of central venous catheter (p=0.02). The use of two or more antimicrobial agents (p=0.03) and the length of hospital stay prior to bacteraemia superior to seven days (p=0.006) were associated with mortality. High odds ratio value was observed in cardiopathy as comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Despite several risk factors associated with MRSA and MSSA infection, the use of two or more antimicrobial agents was the unique independent variable associated with mortality.

scholarly journals Activity of Debio1452, a FabI Inhibitor with Potent Activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus spp., Including Multidrug-Resistant Strains

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 2583-2587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert K. Flamm ◽  
Paul R. Rhomberg ◽  
Nachum Kaplan ◽  
Ronald N. Jones ◽  
David J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mrsa Strains ◽  
Human Infections

ABSTRACTStaphylococcus aureusand coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are responsible for a wide variety of human infections. The investigational antibacterial Debio1450 (previously AFN-1720), a prodrug of Debio1452 (previously AFN-1252), specifically targets staphylococci without significant activity against other Gram-positive or Gram-negative species. Debio1452 inhibits FabI, an enzyme critical to fatty acid biosynthesis in staphylococci. The activity of Debio1452 against CoNS, methicillin-susceptibleS. aureus(MSSA), and methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA), including significant clones, was determined. A globally diverse collection of 574 patient isolates from 35 countries was tested that included CoNS (6 species, 103 strains), MSSA (154 strains), MRSA (163 strains), and molecularly characterized strains (includingspa-typed MRSA clones; 154 strains). The isolates were tested for susceptibility by CLSI broth microdilution methods against Debio1452 and 10 comparators. The susceptibility rates for the comparators were determined using CLSI and EUCAST breakpoint criteria. AllS. aureusand CoNS strains were inhibited by Debio1452 concentrations of ≤0.12 and ≤0.5 μg/ml, respectively. The MIC50s for MSSA, MRSA, and molecularly characterized MRSA strains were 0.004 μg/ml, and the MIC90s ranged from 0.008 to 0.03 μg/ml. The MICs were higher for the CoNS isolates (MIC50/90, 0.015/0.12 μg/ml). AmongS. aureusstrains, resistance was common for erythromycin (61.6%), levofloxacin (49.0%), clindamycin (27.6%), tetracycline (15.7%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (7.0%). Debio1452 demonstrated potent activity against MSSA, MRSA, and CoNS. Debio1452 showed significantly greater activity overall (MIC50, 0.004 μg/ml) than the other agents tested against these staphylococcal species, which included dominant MRSA clones and strains resistant to currently utilized antimicrobial agents.

scholarly journals The Frequency of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase Gene Polymorphism in Egypt

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hend M. Abdulghany ◽  
Rasha M. Khairy
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Gene Polymorphism ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Rflp Typing

The current study aimed to use Coagulase gene polymorphism to identify methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) subtypes isolated from nasal carriers in Minia governorate, Egypt, evaluate the efficiency of these methods in discriminating variable strains, and compare these subtypes with antibiotypes. A total of 400 specimens were collected from nasal carriers in Minia governorate, Egypt, between March 2012 and April 2013. Fifty-eight strains (14.5%) were isolated and identified by standard microbiological methods as MRSA. The identified isolates were tested by Coagulase gene RFLP typing. Out of 58 MRSA isolates 15 coa types were classified, and the amplification products showed multiple bands (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8 bands). Coagulase gene PCR-RFLPs exhibited 10 patterns that ranged from 1 to 8 fragments with AluI digestion. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing with a panel of 8 antimicrobial agents showed 6 different antibiotypes. Antibiotype 1 was the most common phenotype with 82.7%. The results have demonstrated that many new variants of the coa gene are present in Minia, Egypt, different from those reported in the previous studies. So surveillance of MRSA should be continued.

scholarly journals Comparison of protein — A with clumping factor, hemolysis and coagulase tests for identification of Staphylococci isolated from Nasal swabs of healthy carriers

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Blood Agar ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Healthy Carriers

Thirty nine (12.8%) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from 304 healthy human (Nasal swabs). It was found that percentage of males that have S. aureus is more than female's percentage. These isolates (39) were tested with different tests. Twenty seven isolates (69.23 %) were positive for Staphylococcus protein —A (SPA) ,thirty seven ( 94.8 %) were positive for tube coagulase , thirty five ( 89.7 % ) were positive with clumping factor and thirty two ( 82.05 %) had 13 — hemolytic on blood agar. It was found that 100% of the isolates (39 isolates) were positive with one, two or three tests (tube coagulase, clumping factor and SPA).

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