scholarly journals Comparative Microbiological Assessment of Drinking Water Collected from Different Areas of Kathmandu Valley

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
Aman Thapa Magar ◽  
Mamata Khakurel ◽  
Shree Laxmi Pandey ◽  
Kalyan Subedi ◽  
Umesh Kaji Manandhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Aerobic Plate Count ◽  
Filtration Technique

Objectives: This study was aimed to evaluate different water samples in terms of Total bacterial load and Total Coliform Load in comparison with different parameters such as pH, type of samples, chlorination status, turbidity, temperature and collection areas. Methods: Altogether 250 water samples were collected; 110(44%) were ground water samples, 60(24%) were public tap water samples and 80(32%) were bottled water samples. Total Coliform load was evaluated using Membrane Filtration Technique and Total Bacterial Load was evaluated using Aerobic Plate Count Technique. pH was measured using pH meter, turbidity was measured using nephelometer, temperature was measured using temperature probe and bottled water were considered chlorinated. Results: Among these 250 samples, the highest mean bacterial load was seen in public tap water samples (137×103 cfu/ml) and least mean bacterial load was seen on bottled water sample (28×103). Similarly, highest mean coliform load was seen on ground water samples (81 cfu/ml) and least mean coliform load was seen on bottled water samples (6 cfu/ml). Conclusion: This study has concluded that ground water samples contain large number of coliforms which suggest it might be fecally contaminated. Also the result had shown even bottled water contained coliforms. Therefore, it is recommended to treat ground water before using. Proper care must be taken during manufacture of bottled water.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Bacteriological and Physicochemical Qualities of Some Brands of Bottled Water Sold in Owerri, Imo State

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-17
Author(s):  
Kingsley Kelechi Onyekachi ◽  
Joy Nkeiruka Dike-Ndudim ◽  
Emeka Simon Anikwo ◽  
Chizaram Winners Ndubueze
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Bacterial Agent ◽  
Filtration Technique

This work was carried out in order to detect the presence of bacterial agent in the bottled water samples, and to evaluate the physicochemical qualities of these bottled water. Twenty samples selected from four different brands of bottled water sold in Owerri, were examined to determine their bacteriological and physicochemical qualities. Bacteriological analyses using Membrane filtration technique was carried out to determine the heterotrophic bacteria, total coliform and fecal coliform counts. Physicochemical qualities were also determined using standard methods. The heterotrophic bacterial count ranged from 0.00 to 12.00 CFU/ml, total coliform count ranged from 0.00 to 7.50 coliform/100ml. There was absence of fecal coliform in the samples. The pH, Color, Turbidity and Conductivity of the samples ranged from 5.18 to 7.28, 0.00 to 18.00 PCU, 0.55 to 1.62 NTU and 16.00 to 262.00 µs/cm respectively.  The Chloride, Iron and Nitrite content of the samples ranged from 16.99 to 27.98 mg/L, 0.01 to 0.07 mg/L Fe, and 0.00 to 0.34 mg/L respectively. The bacterial species isolated belong to the genera Staphylococcus, Proteus, Klebsiella, Bacillus and Escherichia. Quality wise, most of the water samples met the XYZ standard for bacteriological and physicochemical quality for drinking water with the exception of few. It can be deduced from this study, that none of the bottled water is suitable for drinking with regards to the bacteriological and physicochemical parameters tested. Though some samples passed the bacteriological examination, most of them were acidic and therefore not safe for consumption.

Microbiological Quality of Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and Water of Live Holding Tanks in Seattle, WA Markets

1989 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAREN G. COLBURN ◽  
CHARLES A. KAYSNER ◽  
MARLEEN M. WEKELL ◽  
JACK R. MATCHES ◽  
CARLOS ABEYTA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crassostrea Gigas ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Potential Pathogen ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophilia ◽  
Aerobic Plate Count ◽  
Oyster Sample

Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and water samples from Live Holding Tanks at five different Seattle area retail markets were analyzed for microbiological quality indicators and for potential pathogens monthly from March to September, 1987. Aeromonas hydrophilia was the most frequently isolated potential pathogen in this study with a higher incidence in oysters (78%) compared to water (53%). Vibrio cholerae non 01 and V. fluvialis were isolated from oyster samples from two different markets but not from water. V. alginolyticus was isolated from 53% of the water samples but was not found in any of the oysters. One oyster sample had a non-pathogenic Yersinia entercolitica. Yersinia spp. were isolated from oyster samples from one tank at two sampling periods. Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from one oyster sample. Samples were examined for Listeria spp. during the August sampling period and none were detected. The aerobic plate count was similar for both oyster and water samples and averaged 2000 CFU/gm. Total coliform levels were significantly higher (P<.05) for oysters (525MPN/100gm) compared to water (11MPN/100ml). The degree of water turbidity, crowding and species diversity varied between markets and sampling periods.

scholarly journals Bacteriological assessment of tap water collected from different markets of Mymensingh, Gazipur and Sherpur districts of Bangladesh with special focus on the molecular detection and antimicrobial resistance of the isolated Escherichia coli

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
Md Shihab Hassan ◽  
SM Lutful Kabir ◽  
Yousuf Ali Sarker ◽  
Md Tanvir Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
E Coli

The objectives of this study were to assess the bacteriological quality of tap water samples obtained from different markets of different upazillas of Mymensingh, Sherpur & Gazipur district. For achieving the above mentioned objectives, methods of heterotrophic plate count (HPC) and total coliform count (TCC) were applied. Moreover, isolated E. coli from tap water samples were characterized by using biochemical test, molecular method and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. HPC was highest in market tap water collected from Kaligonj and TCC was highest in market tap water of collected from Mymensingh sadar. The geometric mean of HPC of Mymensingh, Gazipur and Sherpur districts water was 8.4x105, 2.5 x106 and 6.8 x105 C.F.U/100 ml. All isolates of E. coli (n=20) were amplified by using 16S rRNA gene based PCR. In respect to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, most of the E. coli isolates were susceptible to norfloxacin, ampicilin, tetracycline, streptomycin and ciprofloxacin. Furthermore, a few E. coli isolates were intermediate resistant to gentamycin and ciprofloxacin. However, a few of the E. coli isolates were resistant to erythromycin and amoxycilin. Moreover, out of 20 E. coli isolates 3 (15%) isolates were detected as multidrug resistant. This study indicated the presence of multidrug resistant E. coli isolates in tap water in Mymensingh, Sherpur and Gazipur districts that warrants particular attention. Asian Australas. J. Food Saf. Secur. 2018, 2(1), 21-28

scholarly journals Bacteriology of the fresh water bivalve clam Batissa violacea (Kai) sold in the Suva market

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
A A M Hatha ◽  
K S Christi ◽  
R Singh ◽  
S Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Running Water ◽  
Total Plate Count ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
The Family ◽  
Aerobic Plate Count

Forty samples of freshwater clam (Batissa violacea), popularly known as Kai, collected from the Suva market were analysed for total aerobic plate count and total coliforms. The heterotrophic bacteria isolated by plate count were also characterised up to genera. The results indicated higher than acceptable level of plate count and coliform bacteria. While total plate count of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria ranged from 5.5 x 105 colony forming units (cfu) per gram to more than 107 cfu/ gram, total coliform load varied between 1.1 x 104 to 1.1 x 105 per 100 gm of Kai flesh. The characterisation of the heterotrophic bacteria revealed the predominance of the genera Micrococcus (34%) and Bacillus (24%). Other genera encountered included Acinetobacter, Vibrio, Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus and members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The results revealed the need for depuration of the Kai in clean running water to reduce the bacterial load to acceptable levels. Temperature control soon after harvesting by proper icing and thorough cooking of the Kai before consumption is also recommended.

scholarly journals Qualitative and Bacteriological Assessment of Commercially Available Bottled Water in the City of Mymensingh, Bangladesh

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shabnam Sharmin ◽  
SM Lutful Kabir ◽  
M Mufizur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
The City ◽  
Good Number ◽  
Safety Guidelines

Bottled water has become one of the most popular drinks in Bangladesh. Now a days it is easily available in the market. The objectives of this study were to assess the overall quality (qualitative and bacteriological) of bottled water samples in the city of Mymensingh, Bangladesh. For achieving the objectives, standard questionnaire, methods of heterotrophic plate count (HPC) and total coliform count (TCC) were applied. Qualitative assessment of bottled water indicated that a good number of people preferred bottled water to tap water. The criterion in order to qualify for a ‘good bottled water’ was the taste (43.3%). The bottled water quality was satisfactory in 40% of the responders in this study on the basis of peoples’ satisfactions, perceptions and expenditures on bottled water quality. On the other hand, the percentage of dumping of bottled water after consumption refuse was 33.3%. Monthly expenditure on bottled water was less than 300 taka in 80% of the responders. The geometric mean of HPC of different brands of bottled water ranged from 2.9x103 cfu/100 ml to 6.2x103 cfu/100 ml. In addition, the geometric mean of TCC of different brands of bottled water ranged from 9 cfu /100 ml to 43 cfu /100 ml. The results indicate that most of the bottled water studied were out of their safety guidelines. Recommendations for better treatment systems for bottled drinking water to address the issue appears to be essential. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/mh.v1i2.14096 Microbes and Health, 2012 1(2): 81-85

scholarly journals Comparison of Microbiological and Physicochemical Quality of Tap and Dispenser Water from Different Mid-Range Restaurants of Dhaka City, Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
pp. 69-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Alam ◽  
Rubayat Jamal ◽  
SM Sabbir Alam ◽  
Mohammad Moniruzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Physicochemical Quality

Dhaka is the most populous city in Bangladesh and the tenth-largest metropolitan in the world with about twelve million inhabitants. Most people of Dhaka have low or middle ranged incomes and frequently use roadside mid range restaurants to take their meals and drinking water. Water quality is a significant health concern in Bangladesh and is a probable source of many water borne diseases and outbreaks. Tap water and dispenser water samples were collected from ten roadside restaurants. These samples were analyzed for pH, salinity, conductivity, TDS (total dissolved solid) for physicochemical quality analysis while total coliform, faecal coliform and total heterotrophic bacterial counts were determined for microbiological quality analysis. All the samples conformed to the WHO standards of TDS, salinity and conductivity. Except for 20% of the tap water samples, pH of all the samples was found to be satisfactory. The heterotrophic plate count was in a range of 8.0 x 101 cfu/ml to 9.3 x 105 cfu/ml from tap water sample and 6.5 x 101 cfu/ml to TNTC from dispenser water samples. Only 10% of the tap water samples and 30% of the dispenser water samples complied with the WHO stipulated limit of total heterotrophic count (100 cfu/ml). In terms of total coliforms, all the tap water samples and 20% of the dispenser water samples were found to be contaminated, whereas 50% of both the tap water and dispenser water samples were contaminated with faecal coliforms, indicating possible faecal contamination and presence of pathogenic bacteria. By comparing coliform/faecal coliform count on tap and dispenser water it was found that dispenser water is safer than tap water.Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 31, Number 1-2,June-Dec 2014, pp 69-72

scholarly journals Investigations on Bacteriological Quality of Tap Water Sources within the University of Port Harcourt

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
H. O. Stanley ◽  
C. J. Ugboma ◽  
P. C. Uzoaru
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
The University

In this study, the sanitary quality of tap water sources within the University of Port Harcourt was investigated in order to determine its suitability for drinking and other domestic applications. Eight composite samples of tap water were collected from Eight different locations within the three campuses of the University of Port Harcourt using 300 ml-capacity sterile containers. These locations included NDDC Hostel, Sports Hostel, Medical Hostel, NUH Hostel, Dan Etete Hostel, Delta A Hostel, Delta B Hostel and Choba Campus. After collection, water samples were taken to the laboratory for enumeration and identification of Total heterotrophic bacteria (THB), Total coliform (TC) and Faecal coliform (FC) using the membrane filtration method. Result showed that the average THB, TC and FC counts recorded in the tap water samples across the eight locations ranged from 12.4 CFU to 36.7 CFU, 4.3 CFU to 10.1 CFU and 2.8 CFU to 5.2 CFU per 100ml respectively. Bacterial isolates were identified as probably belonging to genera such as Bacillus spp., Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Staphylococcus spp., Proteus spp., Citrobacter spp., Serratia spp. and Escherichia spp., respectively. Samples from Delta B hostel and Choba campus recorded the lowest and highest THB, TC and FC counts respectively. According to WHO standard, the result of THB, TC and FC counts indicated that the tap water in all eight locations were above the limit acceptable for drinking but within acceptable limit for other domestic use such as bathing and washing.

Determining bacterial load and water quality of tomato flume tanks in Florida packinghouses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruna Bertoldi ◽  
Cameron A Bardsley ◽  
Christopher A Baker ◽  
Christopher R Pabst ◽  
Alan Gutierrez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Aerobic Plate Count ◽  
Over Time

Monitoring and maintenance of water quality in dump tanks or flume systems is crucial to prevent pathogen cross-contamination during postharvest washing of tomatoes, but there is limited information on how organic matter influences sanitizer efficacy in the water. The main objective of this study was to monitor water quality in flume tanks and evaluate the efficacy of postharvest washing of tomatoes in commercial packinghouses. Flume tank water samples (n=3) were collected on an hourly basis from three packinghouses in Florida and analyzed for pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), free chlorine, chemical oxygen demand (COD), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and turbidity. Additionally, three flume water samples were collected and tested for total aerobic plate count (APC), total coliforms (TC), and generic E. coli (EC). Fresh tomatoes (n=3), both before and after washing, were collected and analyzed for the same bacterial counts. Turbidity, COD, and TDS levels in flume water increased over time in all packinghouses. Correlations observed include COD and turbidity (r = 0.631), turbidity and TDS (r = 0.810), and ORP and chlorine (r = 0.660). APC for water samples had an average range of 0.0 to 4.7 log CFU/mL and TC average range of 0.0 to 4.7 log CFU/mL. All water samples were negative for generic E. coli . The average APC for pre-and post-flume tomatoes from the three packinghouses was 6.0 log CFU/tomato and ranged from 2.2 to 7.4 log CFU/tomato. The average TC count was <1.5 and 7.0 log CFU/tomato for pre-and post-wash tomatoes, respectively. There was no significant effect ( P >0.05) of postharvest washing on the microbiological qualities of tomatoes. Water quality in flume tanks deteriorated over time in all packinghouses during a typical operational day of 4-8 h.

scholarly journals Microbial analysis of tap water collected from selected upazillas of Jamalpur, Tangail, Kishoreganj and Netrokona districts of Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-200
Author(s):  
Hosneara Champa ◽  
SM Lutful Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern

The present study was undertaken to analyze the microbial quality of tap water samples obtained from different upazilla markets of Jamalpur, Tangail, Kishoreganj and Netrokona districts. For achieving the above mentioned objectives, 20 tap water samples were collected and the methods of heterotrophic plate count (HPC) and total coliform count (TCC) were applied. Moreover, isolated E. coli from tap water samples were characterized by using biochemical test, molecular method and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. HPC was highest in market tap water collected from Sarishabari of Jamalpur district and TCC was highest in market tap water collected from Durgapur of Netrokona district. The geometric mean of HPC of Jamalpur, Tangail, Kishoreganj and Netrokona districts water were 4.2x107, 2.7x107, 2.4x107 and 4.4x107 CFU/ml respectively. Out of 13 isolates of E. coli, 13 isolates were amplified by using 16S rRNA gene based PCR. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern showed that the isolates were highly resistant to amoxicillin. Most of the E. coli isolates were susceptible to tetracycline, azithromycin, streptomycin, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Furthermore, a few E. coli isolates were intermediate resistant to erythromycin and gentamycin. Moreover, out of 13 E. coli isolates 2 (15.4%) isolates were detected as multidrug resistant. This study indicated the presence of multidrug resistant E. coli isolates in tap water in Jamalpur, Tangail, Kishoreganj and Netrokona districts that warrant particular attention.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2018, 4(2): 193-200

Effects of Postexsanguination Dehairing on the Microbial Load and Visual Cleanliness of Beef Carcasses

1995 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 1297-1302 ◽  
Author(s):  
TIMOTHY D. SCHNELL ◽  
JOHN N. SOFOS ◽  
VIRGINIA G. LITTLEFIELD ◽  
J. BRAD MORGAN ◽  
BRENDA M. GORMAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Beef Carcasses ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Plant Personnel ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Aerobic Plate Count

Ten grain-fed steers or heifers were selected to be dehaired at slaughter, while another 10 cattle (of the same kind) were slaughtered and dressed without dehairing. The carcasses of these animals were evaluated for bacterial contamination (aerobic plate count [APC], total coliform count [TCC], Escherichia coli biotype I, and count and presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes) after sampling from the brisket, flank, and inside round at each of three sites (after dehiding, after evisceration, and after final carcass washing). Visual defects (hairs and specks) and weight associated with trimmings were also evaluated. Overall, there were no major differences in APC, TCC, or E. coli counts between samples from dehaired cattle and those from conventionally slaughtered animals. Dehaired carcasses had fewer (P < 0.05) visible specks and fewer total carcass defects before trimming (but not after trimming) than did carcasses of conventionally slaughtered animals. There were fewer (P < 0.05) visible hairs both before and after trimming on dehaired carcasses than on conventionally slaughtered animals, and no hair clusters were observed on dehaired carcasses. The average amount of trimmings removed to meet zero tolerance specifications in carcasses of conventionally slaughtered cattle was almost double (2.7 versus 1.4 kg) that required on dehaired animals, but due to large variation among plant personnel involved with trimming the carcasses, the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). Overall, dehairing reduced visual contamination evident on beef carcasses but did not decrease the overall bacterial load.

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