scholarly journals Socialism and the Jewish Community in Slovakia

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Salner

This study is based on data acquired by the oral history method and discusses the reflections of two generations of Jews in relation to the socialist regime in Czechoslovakia (1948–1989). The first generation is represented by people who had survived the Holocaust. The second generation is represented by the ‘children of the Holocaust’ (born 1945–1965). They grew up at a time when the political realm was completely dominated by theCommunist Party. Their attitudes only changed with the invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. This probe suggests differences which stem from contrasting life experiences.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Rachel Awad

Rising levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been ovserved in the environment, humans, and animlas. Studies have shown that these compounds can elicit toxic effects in animals (e.g. neurotoxicity and thyroid toxicity). This research investigated the effects of BDE47 on the survival and reproduction of Daphnia magna over two generations. The impacts of water-borne exposure were compared to dietary exposure using the following treatments: dosed water (DW), dosed algae (DA) and dosed water and algae (DWA). In the first generation, significant impacts on reproduction were observed in daphnids in the DA and DWA treatments. In the second generation, no significant impacts on reproduction were observed indicating a recovery from maternal exposure. When second generation daphnids were exposed to BDE47, there was high mortality in the DWA treatment anad reduced reproduction in all dosed treatments. Dietary exposure to BDE47 had a more profound impact on daphnid reproduction than water exposure. In the second generation, dietary exposure affected both survival and reproduction and water exposure reduced reproduction, indicating that maternal exposure was a factor.


2020 ◽  
pp. 144078332093415
Author(s):  
Yao-Tai Li

Immigrants of the 1.5-generation (1.5-ers) differ from first- and second-generation immigrants because they are generally better immersed in the culture of the host society than the first generation; yet, compared to the second generation, they often have to renegotiate their identities in relation to parents, colleagues at work, and people in the host society during the processes of migration. Drawing on interview data from Taiwanese 1.5-ers in Australia, this article takes a further step and points out that in addition to the identity struggle between home and host country, Taiwanese 1.5-ers also identify as ethnic Chinese (Huaren) and constantly negotiate between these three identities (Huaren, Taiwanese, and Australian). This article argues that identity negotiation and hybridization is in nature a re-politicization process in which respondents are fully aware of the political meanings and power disparities of each identity. It is also a process whereby Taiwanese 1.5-ers mobilize, downplay, and hybridize specific identities based on time and context.


1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 631 ◽  
Author(s):  
PW Weiss ◽  
DM Simmons

Australian populations of the widespread Emex australis and the more restricted E. spinosa were tested for subspecific variation. The plants were grown for two generations in a glasshouse from seed collected from field populations. The results from growing the first generation showed that two groupings of E. australis could be made on the basis of hierarchical grouping analysis, but the populations were much more similar in the second generation and such groupings could not be made. There were no marked differences between E. australis populations from Australia and South Africa, although one from Hawaii was less vigorous than the others. Amongst Australian populations of E. spinosa, one from Western Australia was less vigorous than the others. It was also found that Australian populations of E. spinosa were generally similar to those from Portugal and slightly more vigorous than those from Morocco.


1986 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Pollard

ABSTRACT Persistent effects of stress were found in second generation rats bred from females whose own mothers had been stressed during pregnancy. The second generation rats grew more slowly, with a plateau in the growth being reached at the same age as in the controls. This resulted in adult animals of both sexes being permanently smaller than their control counterparts. When these offspring were subjected to short-term stress (one session) in adulthood, the response was not significantly different to that for the controls, indicating an intact emergency response. The male offspring from the stressed group, however, had a significantly (P < 0·01) higher plasma progesterone concentration, and a significantly (P < 0·01) lower testicular enzymic 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity at rest, when compared with the control offspring. The fertility of the mature female from the stressed group was not affected as a third generation of litters born did not differ from the controls. It is suggested that a changed genetic programme in the ovarian germ cells of the first generation and/or a changed uterine environment in the second generation may be implicated. J. Endocr. (1986) 109, 239–244


1987 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid H. Williams ◽  
A. P. Martin ◽  
Maria Kelm

SummaryThe phenology of the emergence of brassica pod midge from overwintering sites and its subsequent infestation of winter oil-seed rape crops on a farm in southern England was studied over 3 years. Two generations occurred each year. The first generation of adults emerged from mid-May or early June until early July from overwintering cocoons in soil at sites where oil-seed rape had been grown in the previous year or years. Many females and a few males migrated to flowering winter rape crops where eggs were laid in the pods. Mature larvae dropped daily from the pods from early or mid-June until late July or early August, and formed cocoons in the soil. The second generation of adults emerged from late June until mid-July or early August to lay further eggs in the crop. Larvae from these eggs dropped to the soil to diapause within cocoons for up to 3 years.


2020 ◽  
pp. 33-54
Author(s):  
Кринка [Krinka] Видаковић-Петров [Vidaković-Petrov]

Transgenerational Memory: From Pre-Holocaust to Post-YugoslaviaThe study focuses on Fanika as an example of documentary writing by firstand second-generation survivors, i.e. women in the mother-daughter relationship (Hanna Altarac/Fanika Lučić and Branka Jovičić), both from Sarajevo, Yugoslavia. The timeline of the life story of Hanna/Fanika, born in 1922 in a Sephardic family from Sarajevo, coincides on the macro level with the history of Yugoslavia (the establishment of the state and the interwar period, World War Two and the Holocaust, the postwar socialist period, the break-up of the country and post-Yugoslavia), which is important for the contextualization of the narrative. We have analyzed the motivation of first-generation survivor Fanika Lučić to present her memories of the Holocaust, highlighting the importance of communicative memory as an instrument of their transmission to a second-generation survivor as well as the process involved in their transfer from private to public narrative. Further analysis refers to the generic frames of the narrative, its hybrid character, and its liminal position at a point where biography and autobiography meet and interact. Mediation is a key procedure in Fanika, so attention has been dedicated to determining the degrees of mediation, their variation throughout the narrative and their impact on the substructures (narrative segments). Finally, we have identified, interpreted, and contextualized several gender markers appearing at various levels of the text. In conclusion, the book was designed not only to transmit the Holocaust testimony of Fanika Lučić, but also to provide a biographical account of her life in socialist Yugoslavia, her experience of the war in Bosnia, and the final phase of her life as a Canadian immigrant. Transgenerational memory and gender play a key role in the hybrid structure of this book, which is a welcome contribution to Yugoslav Holocaust literature. Pamięć międzypokoleniowa: od czasów przed Holokaustem do okresu postjugosłowiańskiegoArtykuł analizuje książkę Fanika jako przykład prozy dokumentalnej, autorstwa dwóch kobiet należących kolejno do pierwszego i drugiego pokolenia ocalałych z Holokaustu. Są to pochodzące z Sarajewa matka i córka – Hanna Altarac/Fanika Lučic i Branka Jovičic. Ramy czasowe historii życia Hanny/Faniki (ur. 1922 w sefardyjskiej rodzinie) zbiegają się z historią Jugosławii (powstanie państwa i okres międzywojenny, II wojna światowa i Holokaust, powojenny socjalistyczny okres, rozpad kraju i okres postjugosłowiański), co stanowi istotny punkt wyjścia dla kontekstualizacji narracji. W artykule poddano analizie zarówno motywację ocalałej z pierwszego pokolenia Faniki Lučić do przedstawienia swoich wspomnień z Holokaustu, podkreślając znaczenie pamięci komunikacyjnej jako narzędzia służącego do przekazywania wspomnień ocalałemu z drugiego pokolenia, jak i proces transferu wspomnień z narracji prywatnej do publicznej. Dalsza analiza odnosi się do ogólnych ram narracji, jej hybrydowego charakteru i jej pozycji liminalnej w punkcie, w którym biografia i autobiografia spotykają się i współdziałają. Ponieważ mediacja jest procedurą kluczową w Fanice, zwrócono uwagę na określenie stopnia mediacji, jej zmienności poprzez narrację, a także jej wpływu na narracyjne podstruktury (segmenty narracyjne). Wreszcie zidentyfikowano, zinterpretowano i osadzono w kontekście kilka wyznaczników płci pojawiających się na różnych poziomach tekstu. Podsumowując, książka miała na celu nie tylko przekazanie świadectwa o Holokauście Faniki Lučić, ale także przedstawienie biograficznego opisu jej życia w socjalistycznej Jugosławii, jej doświadczeń wojny w Bośni i ostatniej fazy jej życia jako imigrantki w Kanadzie. Pamięć międzypokoleniowa i płeć odgrywają kluczową rolę w hybrydowej strukturze tej książki, która wnosi istotny wkład do jugosłowiańskiej literatury Holokaustu.


Author(s):  
Jagtar Kaur Chawla ◽  
Nidhi Nema

<p>Every diasporic study or displacement theory inadvertently leads through an analysis and understanding of its governing forces <em>viz</em> socio-economic factors, culture, milieu etc. so as to arrive at any recognizable pattern of the given diasporic consciousness.</p><p>The first generation Indian diasporic sensibilities, governed majorly by the strong undercurrents of culture and traditions, stick to the natal bonds and cultural identity in foreign lands. These culture-preservation efforts are tested and challenged on several fronts externally. Ironically, the biggest threat is posed by internal agents, the second generation, who being culturally hybridized, find themselves torn between two sensibilities. Intrinsically attached to the American mainstream, they take only peripheral interest in reinforcing the ties with their roots.</p><p>The novels of the internationally acclaimed writer of the Indian origin, Jhumpa Lahiri, traverse through the psychological landscape of the first and second generation Indian immigrants in USA mapping significantly the boundaries and distances between the both. This study makes an attempt to look through Lahiri’s works at the paradigm shift between the two generations, the first generation with its ‘living within the walls’ approach and second generation with its unfixed values. The paper also analyzes the set of ‘C’s- conflicts, clashes, complexities and compromises, with a view to present the dialectics or the process of thesis, antithesis and synthesis involved in the Indian diasporic reality.</p><p><strong>Key Words- </strong>Acculturation, Deculturation, Hyphenated Identity, Hybridization, Paradox of Otherness, Breaking the Stereotypes<strong> </strong></p>


1918 ◽  
Vol s2-63 (251) ◽  
pp. 293-374
Author(s):  
A. D. IMMS

(1) Blastothrix britannica, Gir., and Aphycus melanostomatus, Timb., are two important Chalcid parasites of the Scale Insect Lecanium capreæ. (2) B. britannica passes through two generations in the year, and both males and females occur in approximately equal numbers. The first generation of adults are derived from hibernated larvæ, and emerge during May and early June. The female lays one or several eggs in the young fully grown host, only perforating the body-wall of the latter with her ovipositor and leaving the pedicel of the egg protruding to the exterior. The newly-hatched larva is unique among Hymenoptera in being metapnenstic, and its spiracular extremity remains attached to the chorion of the egg. By this means the parasite respires free air through the open apex of the pedicel. Subsequently it loses its attachment, becomes peripneustic with nine pairs of open spiracles, and lies free in the body-cavity of the Coccid. At this stage it frequently becomes enclosed in a phagocytic sheath formed by the host. Pupation takes place, within the body of the latter, and occurs towards the end of June; as many as forty-two pupze were found within a single Lecanium. The second generation of adults emerge in greatest numbers during the first three weeks of July. The females utilise the very young larval hosts for purposes of oviposition, and lay a single egg within inch Coccid selected. The resulting larvæ pass through changes similar to those undergone in the first generation, but remain throughout the winter within the bodies of their hosts, and pupate, as a rule, during the following April. The Chalcids which emerge there from constitute the first generation of adults for that year. (3) A. melanostomatus similarly passes through two animal generations, and the various stages of its life-history occur almost contemporaneously with those of the preceding species. Males, however, are less abundant than females, and occur in the approximate proportion of 1:3. The first generation of adults emerges between the beginning of May and the middle of June. The eggs are devoid of a pedicel, and are deposited within the body-cavity of the young adult hosts. The larvæ upon hatching are apneustic, respiration taking place through the skin. They subsequently become peripneustic with nine pairs of open spiracles, and are usually enclosed in a sheath or cyst. Pupation takes place within the host, and from one to forty-eight pupæ were found in a single example of the latter. The second generation of adults emerge about the same time as those of the previous species, and, similarly to the latter, they utilise the very young larval hosts for purposes of oviposition. The eggs are laid singly, a female never depositing more than one egg in an individual Coccid. The larval parasites over-winter in the apneustic condition, and give rise to the first generation of adults of the following year. A partial third generation of adults has been observed. (4) The results of the first generation of parasitism upon the host are similar in both species of Chalcids. From the purely economic standpoint they are negligible. An average of about 53 per cent, of the Lecanium are attacked, but the latter do not succumb to the effects thereof until after they have deposited their ova. Furthermore, no conclusive evidence was discovered which might indicate any inhibitory action on the part of the parasitism in relation to egg production by the host. On the other hand, the effects of the second generation of parasitism are complete; about 40 per cent, of the hosts are attacked and destroyed a long period before attaining sexual maturity. (5) The second generation of parasitism is of great importance in limiting the abundance of the host, which, in consequence, seldom occurs in sufficient numbers to constitute a pest, notwithstanding its high fecundity.


2021 ◽  
pp. 506-521
Author(s):  
Ronald W. Zweig

The creation of the State of Israel transformed the ties between the Jewish community there and the Jewish world at large. The World Zionist Organization and the Jewish Agency were supplanted by the institutions of the sovereign state. Similarly, prominent leaders of American Zionism, especially Abba Hillel Silver and Emanuel Neumann, became marginalized as the focus shifted to the politics of the Knesset and the political leadership of David Ben-Gurion. As the role of diaspora Zionism declined in importance, a new relationship of mutual interdependence emerged in the 1950s, as Israel and the diaspora collaborated in pursuing restitution, reparations, and indemnification for victims of the Holocaust. The non-Zionist Jacob Blaustein and the American Jewish Committee now defined the diaspora-Israel relationship.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifei Yu ◽  
Charles Nottage ◽  
Oscar Alvarez ◽  
Chaoqun Liu

Abstract Scientists developed many vortex identification methods and Liu classified the traditional vortex identification methods into two generations. Vorticity and vorticity-based methods belong to the first generation while eigenvalues-based methods are considered as the second generation, such as Q criterion and λci method. However, although these methods are widely used, there is still room for improvements. People used to consider direction of vorticity is the swirling axis and the magnitude of it is the rotation strength, but the predictions by vorticity does not match the experiment very well which drove scientists to develop the second-generation methods. All the second-generation methods are scalar-valued and as a result they are unable to locate the swirling. Another problem is even though second-generation methods can predict vortex better than vorticity, they are more or less contaminated by shear. To solve these problems, Liu innovated Liutex recently. Liutex is a vector quantity whose direction represents rotation axis and whose magnitude represents rotation strength. Firstly, the physical essence of rotation axis is provided coming with the mathematical definition of swirling axis which is the direction of Liutex. Secondly, orthogonal transformations are used to find out the rigid rotation speed and that speed is defined as the strength of Liutex. Wang later proposed an explicit formula to calculate Liutex strength without doing orthogonal transformations which makes it much easier to apply Liutex method. Some theories dependent on Liutex concept have been proposed these years. Liutex core lines represent the core of vortex which can uniquely and clearly show vortex structure. Principal coordinate is a special coordinate in which it is easy to decompose the velocity gradient tensor into rotation, shear and stretching parts correctly. And principal decomposition is the decomposition in principal coordinate. The Liutex theory system is gradually formed and they are considered as the third generation by Liu.


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