Epidemie i choroby w doniesieniach polskiej prasy rękopiśmiennej z drugiej połowy XVIII w.

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-41
Author(s):  
Adam Kucharski
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
The Public ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Deadly Disease

The advancement of medical knowledge in Europe and Poland of the Enlightenment did not completely eliminate the recurring epidemics of infectious diseases. The plague, which gave way from Western Europe to reappear on Polish soil several times in the second half of the 18th century. The study is devoted to the problem of presenting epidemics and diseases to the public, or rather to the process of informing the public about them, also about other human diseases, such as typhus or smallpox, but also mental ailments in the so-called written newspapers, edited cyclically for specific recipients. It was a characteristic information medium that existed alongside the titles of the printed press. For this reason, apart from the analysis of the dominant narrative of the handwritten press, reference was also made to reports of its printed counterpart during the great plague epidemic of the early 1770s. The newspaper information concerned mainly the specter of the plague threat from the south-eastern borderlands of the country, mainly the areas of Podolia or Volyn, which, however, triggered preventive measures and quarantine even in Warsaw, but also descriptions of local outbreaks of this deadly disease. The first was also mentioned reports on vaccinations. Epizooties, mainly mass cattle sickness, are discussed separately.

The Public Sphere and Journalism

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthea Garman
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Position Statement ◽  
Social Imaginary ◽  
The Public ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The People ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
And Function

The public sphere is a social entity with an important function and powerful effects in modern, democratic societies. The idea of the public sphere rests on the conviction that people living in a society, regardless of their age, gender, religion, economic or social status, professional position, sexual orientation, ethnicity, race, or nationality, should be able to publicly express their thoughts, ideas, and opinions about issues that matter to them and impact their lives. This expression should be as free as possible in form and function and should operate through means and methods that people themselves deem suitable, so not via channels that are official or state-sanctioned. The classic Habermasian idea of the public sphere is that it is used by private individuals (not officials or politicians) who should be able to converse with each other in a public-spirited way to develop opinions that impact state or public-body decisions and policies. Also contained within this classic idea is the conviction that public sphere conversations should be rational (i.e., logical, evidence-based, and properly motivated and argued using an acceptable set of rhetorical devices) in order to convince others of the usefulness of a position, statement, or opinion. In commonsensical, political, and journalistic understandings, the public sphere is a critical component of a democracy that enables ordinary citizens to act as interlocutors to those who hold power and thereby hold them to account. As such it is one of the elements whereby democracy as a system is able to claim legitimacy as the “rule of the people.” Journalism’s imbrication in the social imaginary of the public sphere dates back to 17th- and 18th-century Europe when venues like coffee houses, clubs, and private homes, and media like newspapers and newsletters were being used by a mixture of gentry, nobility, and an emerging middle class of traders and merchants and other educated thinkers to disseminate information and express ideas. The conviction that journalism was the key vehicle for the conveyance of information and ideas of public import was then imbedded in the foundations of the practice of modern journalism and in the form exported from Western Europe to the rest of the world. Journalism’s role as a key institution within and vehicle of the public sphere was thus born. Allied to this was the conviction that journalism, via this public sphere role and working on behalf of the public interest (roughly understood as the consensus of opinions formed in the public sphere), should hold political, social, and economic powers to account. Journalists are therefore understood to be crucial proxies for the millions of people in a democracy who cannot easily wield on their own the collective voices that journalism with its institutional bases can produce.

The Age of Enlightenment and Education

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlota Boto
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Social Life ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Free Access ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The People ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
State Guard

The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that took place in Europe in the 18th century, whose main characteristic was criticism. For the Enlightenment theorists, it was assumed that the idea of reason should be the basis of all actions taken in every sphere of social life. The aim of the present study is to investigate the entanglement between Enlightenment and education. In order to do so, we first resort to Kant’s thought. Kant characterizes the Enlightenment as man’s emergence from his own immaturity, defining immaturity as the inability to use one’s own understanding. One can say that the Enlightenment has an intrinsic pedagogical dimension. The enterprise of Diderot’s Encyclopedia consisted of a project that could be regarded as pedagogical, since it aimed at spreading the new breakthroughs of knowledge in all fields to an increasing number of people. The belief of the Enlightenment was that progress in science and technology did not only depend on advances in accumulated knowledge. The achievements of science would also—beyond the new discoveries in the various fields of knowledge—be furthered through the irradiation of that knowledge. The expansion of access to the achievements of science for an increasing number of people was one of the main objectives of the Enlightenment theorists, and particularly of the Encyclopedia. It should be noted that these pedagogical projects were based on the thesis that the schooling of society was a strategy with which to secure and consolidate the path of reason, and to protect it against dogmas and prejudices against it. For this reason, the Enlightenment consisted of organization of the intellectual world, whereby the activity of thought effectively became a struggle in favor of freedom of reasoning and freedom of belief. In the Enlightenment ideas of education as set out in Diderot’s Plan of a University or of a Public Education in All Sciences, written while he was under state guard, one can see how the idea of instruction is linked to the concept of civilization. It was believed that, through education, the nation could be enlightened, and the people would also be better prepared to live as good citizens. In addition, it was believed that school education would give people the opportunity to develop the talents nature had endowed them with. The idea was that allowing everyone to have free access to the instruments of rationality and freedom of judgment would bring about the possibility of a fairer, more egalitarian society in which distinctions between its citizens were based on merit rather than inequalities of fortune. Finally, Condorcet’s proposal for the organization of the public education undoubtedly constitutes the matrix of our contemporary idea of the state school. To develop reason presupposes, from the point of view of the Enlightenment, using the instruments of that reason so it can be expressed. This implied the formation of public opinion, which was, per se, a pedagogical task. Also, and most importantly, this implied the necessity of the creation of schools.

scholarly journals FROM TYRANNY TO DESPOTISM: THE ENLIGHTENMENT'S UNENLIGHTENED IMAGE OF THE TURKS

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asli Çirakman
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
The Public ◽  
European Experience ◽  
European Public ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Century Thought

This study aims to examine the way in which European writers of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries represented Ottoman government. The Ottoman Empire had a special place in European experience and thought. The Ottomans were geographically close to Western Europe, yet they were quite apart in culture and religion, a combination that triggered interest in Turkish affairs.1 Particularly important were political affairs. The Ottoman government inspired a variety of opinions among European travelers and thinkers. During the 18th century, the Ottomans lost their image as formidable and eventually ceased to provoke curiosity in the European public. They were no longer dreaded as the “public calamity”; nor were they greatly respected as the “most modern government” on earth. Rather, they were regarded as a dull and backward sort of people. From the 16th century to the 19th century, the European observers employed two similar, yet different, concepts to characterize the government of the Ottoman Empire. The concept of tyranny was widely used during the 16th and 17th centuries, whereas the concept of despotism was used to depict the regime of the Ottomans in the 18th century. The transition from the term “tyranny” to that of “despotism” in the 18th century indicates a radical change in the European images of the Ottoman Empire. Although both of these terms designate corrupt and perverse regimes in Western political thought, a distinction was made between tyranny and despotism, and it mattered crucially which term was applied to the Ottoman state. European observers of the empire gave special meanings to these key concepts over time. “Tyranny” allowed for both positive and negative features, whereas “despotism” had no redeeming features. Early modern Europeans emphasized both admirable and frightening aspects of Ottoman greatness. On the other hand, the concept of despotism was redefined as inherently Oriental in the 18th century and employed to depict the corruption and backwardness of the Ottoman government. This transformation was profoundly reflected in the beliefs of Europeans about the East. That is, 18th century thought on Ottoman politics contains a Eurocentric analysis of Oriental despotism that is absent from the discussions of Ottoman tyranny in earlier centuries.

scholarly journals Los cimientos de La Casa de las Luces. Enclave rural en clave cultural

2020 ◽  
pp. 193
Author(s):  
Virginia Zanón
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Rural Culture ◽  
Special Role ◽  
The Public ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Village

Resumen: El presente artículo pretende mostrar los primeros pasos de La Casa de las Luces, un proyecto cultural que nace con el objetivo de poner en valor el rico patrimonio cultural y natural del pueblo de Titaguas y su entorno. El impulso a la iniciativa por parte del Ayuntamiento busca enriquecer la vida cultural del pueblo, así como revitalizar un turismo de calidad que redunde en el desarrollo y bienestar de toda la comarca de La Serranía. La sede que ha de albergar el centro –la tradicionalmente conocida como “Casa del Tío Florencio”- es una construcción de mediados del siglo XVIII, de gran valor histórico y etnológico. El edificio se encuentra en pleno proceso de rehabilitación, y con el avance del proyecto ve garantizada su conservación y apertura al público. El discurso de su contenido otorgará un especial protagonismo a Simón de Rojas Clemente (1777-1827), personaje clave de la Ilustración y el primer liberalismo valencianos, y célebre vecino titagüeño. A través de la biografía del botánico se revisarán tanto los valores universales de la Ilustración como la cultura local y la riqueza natural que plasmó en sus escritos, así como los avatares históricos y políticos de su tiempo, de los que fue testigo de excepción. En clave de experiencia, mostramos aquí las particularidades del proyecto, los objetivos que persigue su diseño y las ventajas e inconvenientes que surgen durante el establecimiento de un centro de nueva creación como este.  Palabras clave: Simón de Rojas Clemente, Titaguas, La Casa de las Luces, patrimonio, rural, cultura.  Abstract: This paper aims to summarize the first steps of “La Casa de las Luces” (The House of Lights), a cultural project intended to emphasize the rich heritage, both cultural and natural, of Titaguas and its environment. The impulse of this initiative by the town hall, is to enrich the cultural life of the village, while also revitalizing a quality tourism that would benefit the development and welfare of the region of La Serranía. The headquarters of the center –traditionally known as “Casa del Tío Florencio” – is a  construction from the mid-18th century, of great historical and ethnological value. The building is currently in the process of rehabilitation, and this project guarantees its conservation and opening to the public. The information in its interior will give a special role to Simón de Rojas Clemente (1777-1827), a key figure of the Enlightenment and first Liberalism in Valencia, and notorious citizen of Titaguas. Through the biography of this remarkable botanist, the universal values of the Enlightenment and the local culture and natural wealth described in his works will be revisited, along with the historical and political events of his time, of which he was an exceptional witness. In terms of experience, we show here the peculiarities of the project, the objectives of its design and the advantages and disadvantages that arise during the establishment of a newly created center like this.  Keywords: Simón de Rojas Clemente, Titaguas, La Casa de las Luces, heritage, rural, culture.

scholarly journals In the “Mirror” of Press: Preparation and Conduct of the First “Russian Season” by S. P. Diaghilev (1906)

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 48-58
Author(s):  
Natalia D. Melnik
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Art ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cultural Activities ◽  
Russian Symbolism ◽  
The Press ◽  
The 19Th Century

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to examine the coverage in the Russian and foreign press the preparation and conduct of the first Russian season in Paris (then in Berlin) by S. P. Diaghilev in 1906, which became the beginning of implementation of large-scale activities of impresario in Western Europe, whose main objective was the promotion of almost unknown at the time for the Europeans the Russian art. Results. Quoting the correspondence of artists-friends of Diaghilev, memoirs of contemporaries, publications in the press, as well as modern research, allows the author to assert that the basis of this cultural project of the impresario was the exhibition “Two centuries of Russian painting and sculpture”, where he exhibited ancient Russian icons, works of Russian artists of the 18th century – the first half of the 19th century, as well as paintings by members of the art Association “World of Art” who were the representatives of Russian symbolism and modernism. Conclusion. The studied materials indicate that the success of the first Russian season set the stage for further cultural activities to acquaint Western Europe with a variety of achievements of Russian art and their success among critics and the public.

scholarly journals ‘Unfortunate creatures’: The hazards of syphilis in wet-nursing

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-56
Author(s):  
Tomasz Sioda ◽  
Virginia Thorley
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Times ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
Medical Involvement ◽  
Wet Nurse

While the selection criteria for wet-nurses had little changed across two millennia, other aspects of their occupation were far from homogenous, changing under the diverse infl uences of culture, current threats to the health of wet-nurses and the babies they fed, contemporaneous medical knowledge and healthcare. Fears of the transmission of the prevailing infectious diseases of the times led to medical involvement at all levels, from selection and inspection of applicants for wet-nurse positions to treatment of illnesses that arose in the child. The article discusses the implications of syphilis, the most serious disease transmissible through wet-nursing before the discovery of antibiotics, and the preventive measures and treatment used by the physicians across fi ve centuries, according to the knowledge of the time. The period covered extends into the early-twentieth century.

scholarly journals Translation from bats to humans beyond infectious diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 218 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matae Ahn ◽  
Lin-Fa Wang
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
The Public

Bats are attracting the greatest attention recently as a putative reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. However, less known to the public, bats also have several unique traits of high value to human health. The lessons we learn from bats can potentially help us fight many human diseases, including infection, aging, and cancer.

Supranationalism in the Era of Nationalism: Civilizational Approach From N.Ya. Danilevsky To V.I. Lamansky

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 121-134
Author(s):  
Alexey B. Panchenko
Keyword(s):  
Public Discourse ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
The Public ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject

he notion of «civilization» entered the public discourse in the 18th century and changed significantly in the next century. In Western Europe, outlined the process of nationalization of that concept, as the result of which the idea of civilization began to be associated with particular countries. In Russia the idea of civilization as a universal level of progress that could be reached only through the joint efforts of all mankind was preserved for a long time. However, after the defeat in the Crimean War, there appeared the idea that Russia was not a part of Europe, which made it impossible to apply there the European notions about the level of progress. Biologist N.Ya. Danilevsky formulated the main principles of the new approach to studying history, which made the subject of historical process not mankind but local civilizations consisting of several nations. At the same time, there were certain contradictions between civilization and private nationalism. Later Danilevsky's ideas were further developed by K.N. Leontiev and V.I. Lamansky, who supplemented the concept of civilization with ethno-cultural and geographical content.

scholarly journals Filozofowie, skandaliści i etnarchowie – twórcy literatury czarnogórskiego oświecenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-251
Author(s):  
Dorota Gil
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Tolerance ◽  
Civilizing Mission ◽  
Christian Ethic ◽  
The Enlightenment

Philosophers, Scandalists and Ethnarchs – the Authors of the Montenegrin Enlightenment Literature This present article is devoted to an issue of assimilation and adaptation of the philosophical tendencies and literary patterns of the European enlightenment in Montenegrin literature which was established in 18th century in difficult internal circumstances and during constant threat to the independence of the country. Key advocates of the rationalistic, democratic and anticlerical demands were mainly descended from the romanized Adriatic communities and obtained their education in Western Europe –transplanting into native ground the ideas of the free mind and conscience, religious tolerance, just politics, reform of the state or general education. In the context of the above-mentioned and similar categories the works of Stefan Zanović, Jovan Baljević, Katerina Radonjićand other authors were considered. The special example of taking advantage of the enlightenment paradigm are texts of the bishops and political rulers from the PetrovićNjegošdynasty –their attitude was formed through the necessity of the defence of the legal-state interest and fidelity to the Christian ethic. As a case of such a meaning of the civilizing mission in the environment of disintegrated Montenegrin tribes Petar I was presented. Especially his messages to the clan communities contain many didactic appeals which are faithful to the enlightenment vision of the man and society.

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