scholarly journals Tobacco dependence; the whole story

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Feras I Hawari
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Tobacco Dependence ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
High Level

The use of tobacco dates back to hundreds of years and is considered highly addictive. Nicotine is the predominant substance that causes tobacco dependence. Nicotine exerts its effect via similar neurological pathways used by other recreational drugs resulting in high level of dependence. All forms of exposure to tobacco including active use of tobacco, second-hand as well as third-hand exposure to tobacco smoke are known to be harmful. Tobacco is the only risk factor that is common between all non-communicable diseases including cardiovascular diseases, respiratory illnesses, cancer and diabetes mellitus. International consensus regarding the harms of tobacco is now evident. Many international organizations are mapping the way for the end of tobacco. Until then, aggressive treatment for those subjects interested in quitting must be provided in order to prevent a significant surge in non-communicable diseases especially in low income countries. Tobacco dependence is a chronic relapsing disorder that requires a multidisciplinary approach using psychological and pharmacological techniques.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 02 No. 03 July’18. Page : 112-125

scholarly journals The household economic burden of non-communicable diseases in 18 countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. e002040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrianna Murphy ◽  
Benjamin Palafox ◽  
Marjan Walli-Attaei ◽  
Timothy Powell-Jackson ◽  
Sumathy Rangarajan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Healthcare Costs ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Catastrophic Spending

BackgroundNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death globally. In 2014, the United Nations committed to reducing premature mortality from NCDs, including by reducing the burden of healthcare costs. Since 2014, the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Study has been collecting health expenditure data from households with NCDs in 18 countries.MethodsUsing data from the PURE Study, we estimated risk of catastrophic health spending and impoverishment among households with at least one person with NCDs (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, kidney disease, cancer and respiratory diseases; n=17 435), with hypertension only (a leading risk factor for NCDs; n=11 831) or with neither (n=22 654) by country income group: high-income countries (Canada and Sweden), upper middle income countries (UMICs: Brazil, Chile, Malaysia, Poland, South Africa and Turkey), lower middle income countries (LMICs: the Philippines, Colombia, India, Iran and the Occupied Palestinian Territory) and low-income countries (LICs: Bangladesh, Pakistan, Zimbabwe and Tanzania) and China.ResultsThe prevalence of catastrophic spending and impoverishment is highest among households with NCDs in LMICs and China. After adjusting for covariates that might drive health expenditure, the absolute risk of catastrophic spending is higher in households with NCDs compared with no NCDs in LMICs (risk difference=1.71%; 95% CI 0.75 to 2.67), UMICs (0.82%; 95% CI 0.37 to 1.27) and China (7.52%; 95% CI 5.88 to 9.16). A similar pattern is observed in UMICs and China for impoverishment. A high proportion of those with NCDs in LICs, especially women (38.7% compared with 12.6% in men), reported not taking medication due to costs.ConclusionsOur findings show that financial protection from healthcare costs for people with NCDs is inadequate, particularly in LMICs and China. While the burden of NCD care may appear greatest in LMICs and China, the burden in LICs may be masked by care foregone due to costs. The high proportion of women reporting foregone care due to cost may in part explain gender inequality in treatment of NCDs.

scholarly journals Determinants of health seeking behavior for chronic non-communicable diseases and related out-of-pocket expenditure: results from a cross-sectional survey in northern Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatema Binte Rasul ◽  
Olivier Kalmus ◽  
Malabika Sarker ◽  
Hossain Ishrath Adib ◽  
Md Shahadath Hossain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Self Care ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Professional Care ◽  
Non Communicable Disease

Abstract Background In spite of high prevalence rates, little is known about health seeking and related expenditure for chronic non-communicable diseases in low-income countries. We assessed relevant patterns of health seeking and related out-of-pocket expenditure in Bangladesh. Methods We used data from a household survey of 2500 households conducted in 2013 in Rangpur district. We employed multinomial logistic regression to assess factors associated with health seeking choices (no care or self-care, semi-qualified professional care, and qualified professional care). We used descriptive statistics (5% trimmed mean and range, median) to assess related patterns of out-of-pocket expenditure (including only direct costs). Results Eight hundred sixty-six (12.5%) out of 6958 individuals reported at least one chronic non-communicable disease. Of these 866 individuals, 139 (16%) sought no care or self-care, 364 (42%) sought semi-qualified care, and 363 (42%) sought qualified care. Multivariate analysis confirmed that the following factors increased the likelihood of seeking qualified care: a higher education, a major chronic non-communicable disease, a higher socio-economic status, a lower proportion of chronic household patients, and a shorter distance between a household and a sub-district public referral health facility. Seven hundred fifty-four (87 %) individuals reported out-of-pocket expenditure, with drugs absorbing the largest portion (85%) of total expenditure. On average, qualified care seekers encountered the highest out-of-pocket expenditure, followed by those who sought semi-qualified care and no care, or self-care. Conclusion Our study reveals insufficiencies in health provision for chronic conditions, with more than half of all affected people still not seeking qualified care, and the majority still encountering considerable out-of-pocket expenditure. This calls for urgent measures to secure better access to care and financial protection.

scholarly journals NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES AND PAKISTAN’S SEHAT SAHULAT PROGRAM: A SNAPSHOT ANALYSIS OF READMISSIONS IN ISLAMABAD CAPITAL TERRITORY

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1534-38
Author(s):  
Syed Fawad Mashhadi ◽  
Saira Maroof ◽  
Aliya Hisam ◽  
Sumaira Masood ◽  
Sonia Riaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
The Impact

Objective: To examine the impact of 30-day hospital readmission for non-communicable diseases on limited health-care resources of a low-income country like Pakistan in the light of available data from Pakistan’s Sehat Sahulat Program. Study Design: Retrospective analytical cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Health Services Academy, Islamabad Pakistan, from Jan 2016 to Jul 2020. Methodology: Secondary data of patients readmitted with non-communicable diseases in Sehat Sahulat Program, Islamabad, Pakistan. Universal sampling technique was utilized. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 27. Results: Islamabad (ICT) stands second highest for readmissions (n=1270) in which the 30-days readmission rate was 13.69%. Maximum number of readmissions were found in 50-59 years (344, 27.12%). Of 1270 ICT readmissions, 559 (44%) cases were readmitted with non-communicable diseases while rest of 711 (56%) cases were readmitted for acute infectious diseases or surgical procedures. Of 559 non-communicable diseases cases, 236 (42.21%) readmissions were having one non-communicable disease, 63 (11.27%) readmissions exhibited two or more non-communicable diseases and 260 (46.51%) were readmitted because of cancers (CA). Among males, the most common malignancy was CA lungs/ bronchus 24 (19.8%) while among females, CA Breast 80 (56.3%). Conclusion: Non-communicable diseases represent a significant burden on resource constrained, low-income countries. In view of the recurrent admissions that these chronic diseases inevitably incur, better resource allocation may help lessen this burden on fragile health systems creating better clinical outcomes for the penurious strata of Pakistan’s population.

scholarly journals Micronutrient malnutrition across the life course, sarcopenia and frailty

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-282
Author(s):  
Ailsa Welch
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Micronutrient Malnutrition ◽  
The Life Course

Micronutrient malnutrition, the deficiency of vitamins or minerals, impacts on physical and mental health, in clinical and general populations, across the life course. In older western populations the high prevalence and impact of micronutrient malnutrition is less well recognised. Low- and middle-income countries are experiencing the ‘double burden of disease’ where malnutrition coexists alongside the non-communicable diseases of aging, obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Held in December 2020, the Winter Conference of the Nutrition Society was designed to cover new areas of research and concern in micronutrient malnutrition across the life course. Common themes arising from the conference were: 1) The continuing high prevalence of micronutrient malnutrition across the life-course, in diverse populations, in high, middle and low-income countries. 2) That multiple deficiencies of micronutrients frequently exist. 3) The primary cause of deficiency is poor quality diets, of low diversity, low in micronutrient dense foods. 4) Clinical conditions, medications for common non-communicable diseases, and environmental conditions, interact with and exacerbate the effects of poor diet quality. 5) Understanding of the mechanistic effects of micronutrients is still emerging. 6) Micronutrients are necessary for maintaining immune function, which has importance for the COVID-19 epidemic. 7) Better biomarkers are needed detect and understand the effects of deficiency. 7) Dietary recommendations need to be updated regularly. Further research is needed in all these areas. Comprehensive public health and government approaches to ensure access and affordability of good quality foods to populations of all ages, particularly during the ongoing COVID-19 epidemic, are crucial.

scholarly journals Out of pocket payment, affordability and availability of essential medicines in Africa: systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-63
Author(s):  
Getahun Asmamaw ◽  
Dinksew Tewuhibo ◽  
Nardos Asffaw
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Essential Medicine ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Private And Public

Background: Availability and affordability of medicines are key determinants of universal health coverage, yet achieving them presents a major challenge especially in low-income countries. This study aims to overview the evidence on the accessibility of essential medicines in the African continent. Methods: A quantitative literature search published in English since 2014 was held from valid databases; such as, Scholar, Economic Literature, Global Health, PAIS International, and African Index Medicus. The search was erperformed from September 16 to 20, 2019. Two authors (G.A and D.T) screened the titles, reviewed the articles for inclusion, extracted the data, and conducted a quality assessment of the literature. The third author (N.A) commented on the review. We have used the universal definition of OOP, availability, and affordability. Results: Of 34, 06 articles initially identified, 19 were eligible for inclusion. These were cross-sectional and case-control household and health facility studies published in 2014 in Africa. They demonstrated that the availability of some essential medicine (antibiotics) >80% met WHO’s target. However, drugs for non-communicable diseases show unavailable that range within 20.1% to 60.8%. Households access health services mainly through OOP. An item patients’ expense more for, was fees for drugs (62.3%) (Congo) and was an expensive component of expenditure in private and public health facilities with a mean of 16.7USD and 25.5USD, respectively (Burkina-Faso). Drugs for non-communicable diseases were the most expensive than drugs for infectious diseases (median = 0.62 USD) (Ethiopia). The majority of core essential medicines in private and public outlets are unaffordable. There was a considerable variation in the affordability of basic treatment for infectious and non-communicable diseases. Interestingly, the potential source of inadequate availability of essential medicines and the presence of unaffordability was not investigated in Africa. Conclusion: Evidence suggests that even though, African countries show progress in coverage and affordability for some core essential medicines, it tills needs an effort to convey the WHO’s goal particularly for drugs of non-communicable disease. Future studies need to explore reasons for the persistent unavailability, unaffordability as well as high OOPs for medicines.

scholarly journals Availability of equipment and medications for non-communicable diseases and injuries at public first-referral level hospitals: a cross-sectional analysis of service provision assessments in eight low-income countries

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e038842
Author(s):  
Neil Gupta ◽  
Matthew M Coates ◽  
Abebe Bekele ◽  
Roodney Dupuy ◽  
Darius Leopold Fénelon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity

Context and objectivesNon-communicable diseases and injuries (NCDIs) comprise a large share of mortality and morbidity in low-income countries (LICs), many of which occur earlier in life and with greater severity than in higher income settings. Our objective was to assess availability of essential equipment and medications required for a broad range of acute and chronic NCDI conditions.DesignSecondary analysis of existing cross-sectional survey data.SettingWe used data from Service Provision Assessment surveys in Bangladesh, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Haiti, Malawi, Nepal, Senegal and Tanzania, focusing on public first-referral level hospitals in each country.Outcome measuresWe defined sets of equipment and medications required for diagnosis and management of four acute and nine chronic NCDI conditions and determined availability of these items at the health facilities.ResultsOverall, 797 hospitals were included. Medication and equipment availability was highest for acute epilepsy (country estimates ranging from 40% to 95%) and stage 1–2 hypertension (28%–83%). Availability was low for type 1 diabetes (1%–70%), type 2 diabetes (3%–57%), asthma (0%–7%) and acute presentations of diabetes (0%–26%) and asthma (0%–4%). Few hospitals had equipment or medications for heart failure (0%–32%), rheumatic heart disease (0%–23%), hypertensive emergencies (0%–64%) or acute minor surgical conditions (0%–5%). Data for chronic pain were limited to only two countries. Availability of essential medications and equipment was lower than previous facility-reported service availability.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate low availability of essential equipment and medications for diverse NCDIs at first-referral level hospitals in eight LICs. There is a need for decentralisation and integration of NCDI services in existing care platforms and improved assessment and monitoring to fully achieve universal health coverage.

Non-Communicable Diseases and Global Health Politics

2019 ◽  
pp. 626-659
Author(s):  
Roger Magnusson
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Response ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Health Politics ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Control

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes, are responsible for around 70 percent of global deaths each year. This chapter describes how NCDs have become prevalent and critically evaluates global efforts to address NCDs and their risk factors, with a particular focus on the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations (UN) system. It explores the factors that have prevented those addressing NCDs from achieving access to resources and a priority commensurate with their impact on people’s lives. The chapter evaluates the global response to NCDs both prior to and since the UN High-Level Meeting on Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases, held in 2011, and considers opportunities for strengthening that response in future.

scholarly journals Integrated management of non-communicable diseases in low-income settings: palliative care, primary care and community health synergies

2018 ◽  
pp. bmjspcare-2018-001579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Munday ◽  
Vandana Kanth ◽  
Shadrach Khristi ◽  
Liz Grant
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Palliative Care ◽  
Community Health ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Care Community

Palliative care is recognised as a fundamental component of Universal Health Coverage (UHC), which individual countries, led by the United Nations and the WHO, are committed to achieving worldwide by 2030—Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.8. As the incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCD) in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) increases, their prevention and control are the central aspects of UHC in these areas. While the main focus is on reducing premature mortality from NCDs (SDG 3.4), palliative care is becoming increasingly important in LMICs, in which 80% of the need is found. This paper discusses the challenges of providing comprehensive NCD management in LMICs, the role of palliative care in addressing the huge and growing burden of serious health-related suffering, and also its scope for leveraging various aspects of primary care NCD management. Drawing on experiences in India and Nepal, and particularly a project on the India–Nepal border in which palliative care, community health and primary care-led NCD management are being integrated, we explore the synergies arising and describe a model where palliative care is integral to the whole spectrum of NCD management, from promotion and prevention, through treatment, rehabilitation and palliation. We believe this model could provide a framework for integrated NCD management more generally in rural India and Nepal and also other LMICs as they work to make NCD management as part of UHC a reality.

scholarly journals The Macro Economic Management Challenges of Foreign Aid in Developing Countries

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-170
Author(s):  
U Arabi ◽  
Nagendra
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Aid ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Global Integration ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
International Consensus

Foreign aid is one of the most powerful weapons in the war against poverty.  Many people equate aid with charity as one way act of generosity directed from high income countries to their low income counterparts. Foreign aid is indispensable for the development of less developed countries. It flows in the form of loans, assistance outright grants from various governmental and international organizations. It spreads the benefits of global integration and shared prosperity by enabling poor people and countries to overcome the health, education and economic resources barriers that keep them in poverty. There is an international consensus that human development should be the primary objective. Hence aid budgets are raising despite the several fiscal and public debt problems facing some of the donor countries.

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