Positive functioning and emotional well-being among military personnel and the general population with and without a history of child abuse in Canada

BackgroundEarly life maltreatment (ELM), borderline personality disorder (BPD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) have been shown to increase the potential of abuse. Emotion regulation is an identified mediator for the association of ELM and BPD with abuse potential. Until now, there has been no study to account for the co-occurrence of these risk factors in one analysis, although BPD and MDD are known as common sequelae of ELM. This is paired with a lack of studies investigating the effects of abuse potential on child well-being.AimsOur study aims at (a) disentangling the effects of maternal ELM, MDD and BPD on abuse potential; (b) exploring the role of emotion regulation as a mediator; and (c) testing for intergenerational effects of abuse potential on child psychopathology.MethodThe research design included 114 mothers with/without ELM, BPD and MDD in remission and their children, all of which were between 5 and 12 years of age. A path analysis was conducted to investigate the multiple associations between our variables.ResultsELM, MDD and BPD were all associated with abuse potential, with emotion regulation acting as a mediator for BPD and MDD. Furthermore, an elevated abuse potential was related to higher psychopathology in the child.ConclusionsHistory of ELM as well as the common sequelae, BPD and MDD, pose risks for child abuse. Our findings suggest improvement of emotion regulation as a potential target for intervention programs. These programs should also aim at non-substantiated cases because even an elevated abuse potential affected child mental health.Declaration of interestNone.

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Speculation, Conceptualization, or Evidence?

The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 3rd Edition ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.013.57 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Christina A. Downey ◽

Reggie E. Henderson

Keyword(s):

Positive Psychology ◽

Paradigm Shift ◽

Scientific Research ◽

Well Being ◽

Scientific Discipline ◽

Institutional Characteristics ◽

Ongoing Debate ◽

Positive Functioning ◽

History Of ◽

And Behavior

This chapter traces the history of examinations of well-being since the founding of psychology in 1879. Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi (2000) asserted that positive psychology as a scientific discipline was to focus on empirical examinations of valued individual experiences and traits, as well as group and institutional characteristics that mark positive functioning. Positive psychology set parameters on the types of evidence that would be given credence in the field. Many scholars had described well-being prior to 2000, but much of this work could not counted as within the bounds of the new positive psychology because of how the different movements approached gathering evidence. Therefore, the founding of positive psychology represented another step in an ongoing debate in psychology regarding the conduct of scientific research on human characteristics and behavior, and its accomplishments can be viewed as a paradigm shift in the study of well-being.

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Eudaimonic and Hedonic Well-Being

Measuring Well-Being ◽

10.1093/oso/9780197512531.003.0005 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 92-135

Author(s):

Carol D. Ryff ◽

Jennifer Morozink Boylan ◽

Julie A. Kirsch

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

General Population ◽

Future Study ◽

Biological Systems ◽

Demographic Factors ◽

Well Being ◽

Assessment Tools ◽

Empirical Assessment ◽

Multiple Indicators ◽

History Of

This chapter provides an overview of hedonic and eudaimonic approaches to well-being, both with roots traceable to the ancient Greeks. The authors examine the history of each approach and describe scientific endeavors seeking to translate the ideas to empirical assessment tools. They review how these two varieties of well-being are distributed in the general population by attending to their associations with major demographic factors (age, socioeconomic status, gender, race) as well as the interplay (intersectionality) of such factors. Such information contextualizes what is known about who reports they are or are not experiencing various aspects of well-being. The authors then examine how hedonic and eudaimonic well-being are linked with multiple indicators of health (self-reported, morbidity, mortality, biological systems). There is a paucity of studies that have jointly examined both types of well-being. The authors then draw attention to changing historical conditions and what this means for the future study of well-being and health.

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Psychological Distress Among Lebanese Women During the COVID-19 Confinement: Any Mediating Effect of Violence?

10.21203/rs.3.rs-285748/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chadia Haddad ◽

Diana Malaeb ◽

Hala Sacre ◽

Sandrella Bou Malhab ◽

Dalia Khachman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Child Abuse ◽

Psychological Distress ◽

Family Member ◽

Marital Conflict ◽

Psychological Health ◽

Well Being ◽

Mediating Effect ◽

Financial Difficulties ◽

Pregnancy Status ◽

History Of

Abstract Background: Violence among women is associated with poor psychological health and increased internalizing symptoms, such as depression, stress, and anxiety. The primary objective was to evaluate the association of marital conflict, pregnancy status, socioeconomic status, and stressful life events with violence, depression, anxiety, and stress. The secondary objective was to evaluate the mediating effect of violence on psychological distress.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 369 women between June 8 and August 1, 2020. The questionnaire was developed on Google Forms and distributed online, using the snowball technique. Results: Higher marital conflict (Beta=0.159), financial difficulties (Beta=2.572), a history of child abuse (Beta=2.546), and higher violence scores (Beta=0.121) were significantly associated with higher depression scores. Higher marital conflict (Beta=0.358) and having financial difficulties (Beta=3.859) were significantly associated with higher anxiety scores. Higher marital conflict (Beta=0.070) and financial difficulties (Beta=1.483) were significantly associated with higher perceived stress scores. Composite abuse scale partially mediated the association between pregnancy status (25.28%), financial difficulties (7.71%), history of child abuse (21.92%), abuse by a family member (50.50%), and anxiety scale. Also, the composite abuse scale partially mediated the association between marital conflict (21.42%), financial difficulties (14.17%), history of child abuse (20.05%), abuse by a family member (33.57%), and depression scale. Conclusion: Our main findings suggest that violence mediated the association between pregnancy status, marital conflicts, financial difficulties, and depression and anxiety but did not mediate between these factors and stress. Further studies are needed to understand better the factors that mediate the relations between domestic violence and mental well-being among Lebanese women.

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Child Abuse and Deformational Plagiocephaly in a West Texas Hospital System

Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice ◽

10.1055/s-0039-3399619 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (01) ◽

pp. 106-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Preston D’Souza ◽

Keith A. Hanson ◽

Pranati Pillutla ◽

Peyton Presto ◽

Laszlo Nagy

Keyword(s):

Child Abuse ◽

General Population ◽

Magnetic Resonance Images ◽

Initial Presentation ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

P Value ◽

Deformational Plagiocephaly ◽

Hospital System ◽

P Values ◽

History Of

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to assess deformational plagiocephaly’s (DP) predictive value in neglect and physical abuse (nonaccidental trauma [NAT]) within the pediatric population. In addition, we sought to characterize the prevalence of DP and NAT for our hospital’s mostly rural catchment area. Methods Data on hospitalized patients diagnosed with NAT and/or neglect between 2012 and 2018 were collected via retrospective chart review. All enrolled children were younger than the age of 4 years at the time of diagnosis, and those without legible head computed tomographies or magnetic resonance images during their initial hospitalization were excluded. Utilizing neuroimaging, we calculated the cranial vault asymmetry index (CVAI) and cranial index for each patient to assess for DP. Differences between the two groups were assessed using Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. A p-value of 0.05 or less was considered statistically significant. All analyses were conducted using SAS 9.4 (Cary, North Carolina, United States). Results The prevalence of DP within the combined cohort of NAT and neglect patients is 21%, similar to that reported in the literature for the general population (20–50%). There was no significance between the prevalence of DP and a history of NAT (p > 0.1) or neglect (p > 0.1). Furthermore, there was no correlation between CVAI and characteristics of initial presentation or history of trauma for either NAT (p-values: 0.359 and 0.250, respectively) or neglect groups (p-values: 0.116 and 0.770, respectively). Conclusion While there are many limitations to this study, our results suggest that abused children are no more likely to have history of DP than the general population, and the degree of DP is not associated with severity of trauma history or initial presentation. We hope the results of this study promote future investigations for unique and subtle predictive factors of child abuse/neglect.

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Self-Reported Lifetime History of Eating Disorders and Mortality in the General Population: A Canadian Population Survey with Record Linkage

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13103333 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 3333

Author(s):

Pardis Pedram ◽

Scott B. Patten ◽

Andrew G. M. Bulloch ◽

Jeanne V. A. Williams ◽

Gina Dimitropoulos

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Eating Disorders ◽

General Population ◽

Well Being ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Post Traumatic Stress ◽

Lifetime History ◽

National Mortality ◽

Increased Risk ◽

History Of

Eating disorders (EDs) are often reported to have the highest mortality of any mental health disorder. However, this assertion is based on clinical samples, which may provide an inaccurate view of the actual risks in the population. Hence, in the current retrospective cohort study, mortality of self-reported lifetime history of EDs in the general population was explored. The data source was the Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Well-Being (CCHS 1.2), linked to a national mortality database. The survey sample was representative of the Canadian household population (mean age = 43.95 years, 50.9% female). The survey inquired about the history of professionally diagnosed chronic conditions, including EDs. Subsequently, the survey dataset was linked to the national mortality dataset (for the date of death) up to 2017. Cox proportional hazards models were used to explore the effect of EDs on mortality. The unadjusted-hazard ratio (HR) for the lifetime history of an ED was 1.35 (95% CI 0.70–2.58). However, the age/sex-adjusted HR increased to 4.5 (95% CI 2.33–8.84), which was over two times higher than age/sex-adjusted HRs for other mental disorders (schizophrenia/psychosis, mood-disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder). In conclusion, all-cause mortality of self-reported lifetime history of EDs in the household population was markedly elevated and considerably higher than that of other self-reported disorders. This finding replicates prior findings in a population-representative sample and provides a definitive quantification of increased risk of mortality in EDs, which was previously lacking. Furthermore, it highlights the seriousness of EDs and an urgent need for strategies that may help to improve long-term outcomes.

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Sexual abuse in childhood and postoperative depression in women with breast cancer who opt for immediate reconstruction after mastectomy

Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England ◽

10.1308/003588411x12851639107593 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 93 (2) ◽

pp. 106-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Louise Clark ◽

Christopher Holcombe ◽

Jonathan Hill ◽

Margorit Rita Krespi-Boothby ◽

Jean Fisher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Body Image ◽

Sexual Abuse ◽

Child Abuse ◽

Patient Reported Outcomes ◽

Well Being ◽

Self Report ◽

Immediate Reconstruction ◽

Patient Reported ◽

History Of

INTRODUCTION Breast reconstruction is routinely offered to women who undergo mastectomy for breast cancer. However, patient-reported outcomes are mixed. Child abuse has enduring effects on adults’ well-being and body image. As part of a study into damaging effects of abuse on adjustment to breast cancer, we examined: (i) whether women with history of abuse would be more likely than other women to opt for reconstruction; and (ii) whether mood problems in women opting for reconstruction can be explained by greater prevalence of abuse. PATIENTS AND METHODS We recruited 355 women within 2-4 days after surgery for primary breast cancer; 104 had mastectomy alone and 29 opted for reconstruction. Using standardised questionnaires, women self-reported emotional distress and recollections of childhood sexual abuse. Self-report of distress was repeated 12 months later. RESULTS Women who had reconstruction were younger than those who did not. Controlling for this, they reported greater prevalence of abuse and more distress than those having mastectomy alone. They were also more depressed postoperatively, and this effect remained significant after controlling for abuse. CONCLUSIONS One interpretation of these findings is that history of abuse influences women's decisions about responding to the threat of mastectomy, but it is premature to draw inferences for practice until the findings are replicated. If they are replicated, it will be important to recognise increased vulnerability of some patients who choose reconstruction. Studying the characteristics and needs of women who opt for immediate reconstruction and examining the implications for women's adjustment should be a priority for research.

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