scholarly journals Morphometric characteristics of skull and face parameters in fetuses and newborns

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
О.М. Slobodian ◽  
V.O. Kostyuk ◽  
S.I. Dundiuk-Berezyna
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Morphometric Parameters ◽  
Morphometric Characteristics ◽  
Skull Length ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Face Height ◽  
Face Width

Modern science has a significant number of diagnostic methods: craniological, anatomical, ultrasound, radiological. The development of new research methods, such as ultrasound and X-ray methods (magnetic resonance imaging), forms the concept of ultrasound and X-ray norms at different stages of human development. Now it is important to study the anatomical variability of people, morphometric characteristics, relationships of organs, anatomical structures, their parts at all stages of human development. The purpose of the work is to establish normative morphometric parameters of the skull and face in fetuses and newborns, followed by construction of mathematical models. The study was performed on 57 preparations of human fetuses 4-10 months and 7 newborns using adequate anatomical methods: macropreparation, topographic anatomical sections, computed tomography, craniometry. The main parameters of the facial and cerebral skull were measured with the help of a centimeter tape, a thick, sliding compass and a caliper. Statistical analysis of the obtained data was performed using a licensed program RStudio. It is established that according to the graphs of the average values of the parameters of the skull and face, there are two periods of accelerated and two periods of slow development. For transverse skull length, face width and skull height, two periods of accelerated development from the 6th to the 8th month of fetal development and from the 9th month of fetal development to the neonatal period and two periods of delayed development from the 5th to the 6th months and from the 8th to the 9th month of fetal development were revealed. For the total height of the face – periods of accelerated development – from the 4th to the 6th month of fetal development and from the 7th to the 9th month of fetal development, periods of delayed development – from the 6th to the 7th month of fetal development and from the 9th month of fetal development to the neonatal period. On the basis of arithmetic mean data of transverse skull length, face width, skull height, total face height, models for predicting normative morphometric parameters in fetuses and newborns are constructed. The constructed models will serve as a norm for the subsequent determination of certain morphometric deviations to establish variants of the structure and malformations of the skull and face. Thus, our systematized data on the features of spatio-temporal transformations of morphometric parameters of transverse skull length, face width, skull height, total face height with subsequent construction of mathematical models will contribute to the individualization of the norm, improvement of early diagnosis methods and development of new methods for surgical correction of congenital defects of the skull and face.

A new look on the morphometric characteristics of Congridae leptocephali from the southern Adriatic Sea

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
M. Mandić ◽  
I. Leonori ◽  
A. De Felice ◽  
S. Gvozdenović ◽  
A. Pešić
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
Pelagic Fish ◽  
Morphometric Parameters ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Morphometric Characteristics ◽  
Small Pelagic Fish ◽  
Acoustic Surveys ◽  
Western Side ◽  
Conger Conger

Abstract Anguillid leptocephali of three Congridae species (Conger conger, Ariosoma balearicum and Gnathophis mistax) were caught as bycatch of pelagic trawls during acoustic surveys targeting small pelagic fish species in the southern Adriatic Sea, carried out under the framework of the Italian MEDIAS project (western side) and its extension in the ambit of the FAO AdriaMed project (eastern side). Results refer to the findings of Congridae leptocephali during surveys conducted in 2011, 2014, 2015 and 2016. A total of 25 specimens were caught and analysed (morphological features and pigmentation patterns). Leptocephali of Conger conger were found in the range of 8.4–13.1 cm total length (TL) (between 50 and 132 m depth), Ariosoma balearicum from 9.7–12.2 cm TL (between 50 and 128 m depth) and for Gnathophis mystax in the range from 6.4–11.7 cm TL (between 40 and 79 m depth). The results indicate that the southern Adriatic Pit could be the spawning area of these species in the Adriatic Sea. Present data represent a contribution to existing knowledge about the ecology of leptocephali from the Congridae family in the southern Adriatic Sea, and also indicate the existence of differences in morphometric parameters between different areas, that is, the possibility of the existence of new geographic lines within the genus Ariosoma in the Adriatic Sea.

Emergence of matched airway and vascular trees from fractal rules

2011 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 1119-1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robb W. Glenny
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Fractal Geometry ◽  
Branching Morphogenesis ◽  
Emergent Behavior ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Airway Trees ◽  
Vascular Trees

The bronchial, arterial, and venous trees of the lung are complex interwoven structures. Their geometries are created during fetal development through common processes of branching morphogenesis. Insights from fractal geometry suggest that these extensively arborizing trees may be created through simple recursive rules. Mathematical models of Turing have demonstrated how only a few proteins could interact to direct this branching morphogenesis. Development of the airway and vascular trees could, therefore, be considered an example of emergent behavior as complex structures are created from the interaction of only a few processes. However, unlike inanimate emergent structures, the geometries of the airway and vascular trees are highly stereotyped. This review will integrate the concepts of emergence, fractals, and evolution to demonstrate how the complex branching geometries of the airway and vascular trees are ideally suited for gas exchange in the lung. The review will also speculate on how the heterogeneity of blood flow and ventilation created by the vascular and airway trees is overcome through their coordinated construction during fetal development.

scholarly journals Certain Investigations on the Application of Machine learning Algorithms and Deep Learning Architectures for Covid -19 Diagnosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soundariya R.S. ◽  
◽  
Tharsanee R.M. ◽  
Vishnupriya B ◽  
Ashwathi R ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Laboratory Test Results ◽  
Learning Architectures

Corona virus disease (Covid - 19) has started to promptly spread worldwide from April 2020 till date, leading to massive death and loss of lives of people across various countries. In accordance to the advices of WHO, presently the diagnosis is implemented by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT- PCR) testing, that incurs four to eight hours’ time to process test samples and adds 48 hours to categorize whether the samples are positive or negative. It is obvious that laboratory tests are time consuming and hence a speedy and prompt diagnosis of the disease is extremely needed. This can be attained through several Artificial Intelligence methodologies for prior diagnosis and tracing of corona diagnosis. Those methodologies are summarized into three categories: (i) Predicting the pandemic spread using mathematical models (ii) Empirical analysis using machine learning models to forecast the global corona transition by considering susceptible, infected and recovered rate. (iii) Utilizing deep learning architectures for corona diagnosis using the input data in the form of X-ray images and CT scan images. When X-ray and CT scan images are taken into account, supplementary data like medical signs, patient history and laboratory test results can also be considered while training the learning model and to advance the testing efficacy. Thus the proposed investigation summaries the several mathematical models, machine learning algorithms and deep learning frameworks that can be executed on the datasets to forecast the traces of COVID-19 and detect the risk factors of coronavirus.

Elements of Tissue Development

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Mark Saltzman
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Cyclic Process ◽  
Initial Structure ◽  
Ancient Science ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
First Occurrence

This book began with a reflection on the miracle of development, wherein a single cell transforms into a human. The transformation from fertilized egg to adult results from a complex tapestry of events, which scientists are only beginning to dissect and unravel. Certain processes occur frequently during development; that is, the tapestry is woven from threads of elemental colors and textures. A central assumption of subsequent chapters is that key concepts underlying tissue regeneration first appear during fetal development. The elements of developmental biology are presented in this chapter; more complete descriptions are available in any of several excellent textbooks. The relevance of developmental processes in the study of tissue engineering is detailed in subsequent chapters. One of the most intimidating aspects of developmental biology is the vocabulary; therefore, important words are indicated in small capitals on first occurrence and collected in a glossary at the end of the chapter. Developmental biology is an ancient science. One of the central concepts in developmental biology, EPIGENESIS, came from Aristotle in the fourth century B.C. Epigenesis is a continuous, stepwise process in which a simple initial structure becomes complex. Through much of history between Aristotle and the present, epigenesis was not widely accepted as operating in development; many scientists, particularly during the 17th and 18th centuries, were preformationists who believed that the structure of animals was preformed at conception. To the preformationist, the embryo begins as a small replica of an individual which changes only in size during the course of development. Preformationists differed as to whether the preformed individual resided in the ovum or the sperm, but they agreed that all of the attributes of an adult were present from the outset of development. Epigenesis is now well established and many of the steps underlying epigenesis are understood. Human development is part of a larger cyclic process; fertilized eggs develop into newborns who grow to adults and produce new eggs and sperm. This chapter will introduce some of the mechanisms underlying human development from egg to newborn.

Reliability of Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence of Low-Alloy Steels

1977 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
B. H. Strauss ◽  
F. P. Valente
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
Reference Samples

The reliability of energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence data for the analysis of low-alloy steels is reported for chromium, manganese, nickel, and molybdenum. The accuracy and precision of the analysis were evaluated for two mathematical models, linear and multiple regression, using twelve NBS standard reference samples. Data on results are furnished.

Low-energy x-ray response of photographic films I Mathematical models

1984 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 818 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Henke ◽  
S. L. Kwok ◽  
J. Y. Uejio ◽  
H. T. Yamada ◽  
G. C. Young
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
X Ray

scholarly journals Morphometric characteristics of inflorescences and phenology of introduced plants of the genus Crataegus L. in the Kola subarctic conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
Olesya Evgenievna Zotova ◽  
Oksana Aleksandrovna Goncharova
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Morphometric Parameters ◽  
Morphometric Characteristics ◽  
Introduced Plants ◽  
Timely Completion ◽  
Northern Cities

This paper presents phenological development of seven introduced species of the genus Crataegus L. in the Kola North. The studied hawthorn species are characterized by early onset of vegetation, short duration of linear growth of shoots and a short vegetation period. Timely completion of growth processes and lignification of shoots contribute to successful adaptation of Crataegus plants under the conditions of introduction. The authors study morphometric parameters of flowers and inflorescences, decorative qualities, size and density of the inflorescence, the number of flowers in the inflorescence, the diameter of the flowers. The most decorative species of Crataegus during flowering are selected. The plants of the studied hawthorns are characterized by the average duration of the prefloral period, annual / irregular flowering. The most decorative species during flowering are the ones with larger flowers and inflorescences: C . maximoviczii and C . dahurica . Species with a large number of flowers are characterized by a denser inflorescence. Species with smaller flowers form smaller inflorescences and vice versa. In the conditions of the Kola Subarctic, the number of flowers in the inflorescence depends mainly on the specific features. C . maximoviczii is recommended for gardening in northern cities.

scholarly journals Right pulmonary artery agenesis with transient hypothyroidism in a newborn

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1104
Author(s):  
Preeti Gupta ◽  
Amitabha Chattopadhyay ◽  
Geetanjali Gupta ◽  
Jayita Das
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Rare Occurrence ◽  
Severe Respiratory Distress ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Right Pulmonary Artery ◽  
High Index Of Suspicion ◽  
Pulmonary Artery Agenesis ◽  
Made In

Unilateral absence of pulmonary artery (UAPA) is a rare congenital anomaly that can present as an isolated lesion or may be associated with other Congenital heart diseases. It is usually detected in infancy or incidentally found on X ray chest in adulthood. The diagnosis of UAPA has rarely been made in a newborn. Only one case has been reported in newborn period from Belgium by F. Marchau who reported the rare occurrence of this anomaly in a 2-day old male baby. We report the rare occurrence of UAPA in a newborn female from India who presented with severe respiratory distress at birth with high cord blood TSH levels. Our case also reflects the importance of a high index of suspicion along with the value of X-ray chest and echocardiogram in the neonatal period in detection of this rare anomaly.

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