Impacts of Maintaining Traffic Signs Within Minimum Retroreflectivity Guidelines

1998 ◽  
Vol 1650 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Taori ◽  
Hugh W. Mcgee
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
Traffic Signs ◽  
Federal Highway ◽  
Yellow Orange ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Local Agencies ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The Federal Highway Administration has developed guidelines for minimum levels of retroreflectivity for four groups of signs: ( a) black-on-yellow/orange warning signs, ( b) black-on-white regulatory or guide signs, ( c) white-on-red regulatory signs, and ( d) white-on-green guide signs. The impact of implementing these guidelines was assessed by estimating the percentage of signs not meeting the proposed minimum levels and the cost of replacing such signs. Various state and local highway agencies assisted in the study by measuring the retroreflectivity of a sample of in-use signs, providing data on sign replacement costs, and commenting on the practicality of maintaining signs at minimum retroreflectivity levels. In general, the local agencies will have a higher percentage of signs needing replacement due to noncompliance with the minimum retroreflectivity guidelines than the state agencies, primarily due to a higher percentage of older and engineering-grade sheeting signs in service under their jurisdiction than the states. Overall, about 5.5 percent of the nation’s signs will not meet the minimum guidelines. About 8 percent of the local signs and about 4.5 percent of those under state jurisdictions will need replacement. Although warning signs will be the most critical signs for local agencies, the guide signs will be most critical for the states, each group requiring over 9.5 percent of the signs replaced. If all the signs not meeting the minimum guidelines are replaced, it would cost about $32 million to all the state agencies combined and about $144 million to the local agencies.

The impact of labor freedom on geographic cost of living differentials

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-395
Author(s):  
Richard Cebula ◽  
James E. Payne ◽  
Donnie Horner ◽  
Robert Boylan
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of labor market freedom on state-level cost of living differentials in the USA using cross-sectional data for 2016 after allowing for the impacts of economic and quality of life factors. Design/methodology/approach The study uses two-stage least squares estimation controlling for factors contributing to cost of living differences across states. Findings The results reveal that an increase in labor market freedom reduces the overall cost of living. Research limitations/implications The study can be extended using panel data and alternative measures of labor market freedom. Practical implications In general, the finding that less intrusive government and greater labor freedom are associated with a reduced cost of living should not be surprising. This is because less government intrusion and greater labor freedom both inherently allow markets to be more efficient in the rationalization of and interplay with forces of supply and demand. Social implications The findings of this and future related studies could prove very useful to policy makers and entrepreneurs, as well as small business owners and public corporations of all sizes – particularly those considering either location in, relocation to, or expansion into other markets within the USA. Furthermore, the potential benefits of the National Right-to-Work Law currently under consideration in Congress could add cost of living reductions to the debate. Originality/value The authors extend the literature on cost of living differentials by investigating whether higher amounts of state-level labor market freedom act to reduce the states’ cost of living using the most recent annual data available (2016). That labor freedom has a systemic efficiency impact on the state-level cost of living is a significant finding. In our opinion, it is likely that labor market freedom is increasing the efficiency of labor market transactions in the production and distribution of goods and services, and acts to reduce the cost of living in states. In addition, unlike previous related studies, the authors investigate the impact of not only overall labor market freedom on the state-level cost of living, but also how the three sub-indices of labor market freedom, as identified and measured by Stansel et al. (2014, 2015), impact the cost of living state by state.

The Reach of the State

Unruly People ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Antony
Keyword(s):  
Military Personnel ◽  
The State ◽  
Community Leaders ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
Local Society ◽  
Mutual Advantage ◽  
Grassroots Level ◽  
State Agents ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The Relationship

Contrary to conventional wisdom, which informs us that the reach of the state stopped at the county yamen, in chapter 4 the author argues that state agencies, particularly subcounty officials, yamen staff, and military personnel, actually penetrated deep into local society and played an indispensable role in law enforcement efforts at the grassroots level. Although there were tensions in the relationship, nonetheless it was to their mutual advantage that state agents and community leaders cooperate to rid the countryside of social disorders caused by bandits. Major conduits for this cooperation were the mutual surveillance (baojia) and local constable (dibao) systems, both of which operated in the nebulous space between state and local society. All of these efforts, I argue, had mixed results for local crime prevention.

Sodium menu labelling: priorities for research and policy

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Eleanore Alexander ◽  
Lainie Rutkow ◽  
Kimberly A Gudzune ◽  
Joanna E Cohen ◽  
Emma E McGinty
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Rigorous Research ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Legal Databases ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Research And Policy

Abstract Objective: To understand the different Na menu labelling approaches that have been considered by state and local policymakers in the USA and to summarise the evidence on the relationship between Na menu labelling and Na content of menu items offered by restaurants or purchased by consumers. Design: Proposed and enacted Na menu labelling laws at the state and local levels were reviewed using legal databases and an online search, and a narrative review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted on the relationship between Na menu labelling and Na content of menu items offered by restaurants or purchased by consumers. Setting: Local and state jurisdictions in the USA Participants: Not applicable. Results: Between 2000 and 2020, thirty-eight laws – eleven at the local level and twenty-seven at the state level – were proposed to require Na labelling of restaurant menu items. By 2020, eight laws were enacted requiring chain restaurants to label the Na content of menu items. Five studies were identified that evaluated the impact of Na menu labelling on Na content of menu items offered by restaurants or purchased by consumers in the USA. The studies had mixed results: two studies showed a statistically significant association between Na menu labelling and reduced Na content of menu items; three showed no effects. Conclusion: Data suggest that Na menu labelling may reduce Na in restaurant menu items, but further rigorous research evaluating Na menu labelling effects on Na content of menu items, as well as on the Na content in menu items purchased by consumers, is needed.

Environmental liability and asset retirement obligations

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 697
Author(s):  
Michael Clark ◽  
John Claypool
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Operating Life ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Oil And Gas Producers ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Well Abandonment ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Oil companies, partnerships and entities developed for the exploration and/or production of hydrocarbons typically invest for a reasonably certain period of time, with the assets projected to have little or no value at the end of their life cycle. Historically, production facilities were decommissioned as cost effectively as possible, with limited consideration of the cost of this practice being factored into the initial costs or operating budgets, and the salvage value of the scrap metal was applied to cover the cost of the demolition. Today, most oil and gas producers are required to account for the estimated future cost of dismantling and removing facilities and equipment, as well as restoring land to its previous condition. The estimated costs for future dismantling, removal, and restoration are different to other costs associated with the acquisition and use of productive assets. The impact of potential environmental expenses associated with these practices typically occurs after an asset has ceased production. Planning for environmental costs for asset retirement obligations (AROs) is ideally conducted during the asset's operating life. This is so that compliance costs and other operating expenses are recorded consistently in conformance with accounting policies and regulations. Tentatively identified AROs include: asbestos, batteries, PCB transformers, underground or above ground storage tanks, well abandonment, waste impoundments, mercury, and other components of an active producing facility. Operators need to identify specific performance requirements that may impose obligations on their organisation. Federal, state and local requirements need be considered, as they apply to specific operating conditions.

Administrative Perspectives on the No Child Left behind Act (NCLBA) for Students with Disabilities in Rural Settings

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luann L. Purcell ◽  
Bill East ◽  
Harvey A. Rude
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
No Child Left Behind ◽  
Students With Disabilities ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
The State ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Education Leaders ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The Impact

The impact of the federal No Child Left Behind Act (NCLBA) has provided a significant challenge and opportunity for administrators of special education services at the state and local levels. Leaders representing prominent professional organizations at both the state (National Association of State Directors of Special Education, Inc.) and local (Council of Administrators of Special Education, Inc.) education levels have identified advantages and barriers to successful implementation of the legal mandates. The most significant challenges for special education leaders and managers include: the requirements for adequate yearly progress for all learners, the provision of highly qualified special education service providers, and an adequate amount of attention devoted to all subgroups of learners. The unique difficulties for rural schools providing an appropriate education to all learners, including those with disabilities, are compounded by the effects of supplemental services, choice options, and the identification of adequate resources. The implications for the preparation of effective special education leaders and managers are identified within these parameters.

scholarly journals The Economic Impact of the Mercedes Benz Investment on the State of Alabama

1999 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellene Kebede ◽  
Mudiayi Sylvain Ngandu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Human Resource Development ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
The State ◽  
The North ◽  
Direct Benefits ◽  
State Economy ◽  
Multiplier Effects ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAs part of its strategy to attract new businesses, in 1994 the State of Alabama won the Mercedes Benz bid to establish an automobile assembly plant in Vance, Tuscaloosa County, Alabama at the cost of $222 to $253 million worth of incentives. The study assessed the economic impact of the Mercedes Benz investment using IMPLAN. The IMPLAN industry code 49, industrial construction, and industry code 384, motor vehicle, were used to project the impact of the investment for the construction and production phases respectively. The results from four scenarios indicated that the investment would generate sizable direct and indirect employment, income, output, and tax revenue for the state economy. From the estimated revenue, the pay-out period for the cost of the incentive would be from four to seven years. The scenarios also indicated that the increase in the volume of locally purchased automobile parts will increase the multiplier effects for the state economy. Currently, the direct benefits from suppliers accrue to other states with established suppliers networks. The finding also suggested a heavy concentration of the impact of Mercedes Benz plant in the north and northeast part of the state. These counties were also the beneficiaries of past agglomeration economies in terms of critical physical infrastructure and human resource development.

The impact of strategy on public sector set-aside programs: the case of the state of Ohio

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Y. Blount ◽  
Jay Seetharaman ◽  
Trevor L. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Program Implementation ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Implementation Strategy ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Program Strategy ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of program strategy on the implementation of the efficacy of a procurement set-aside program at the state level. Design/methodology/approach This study examines the impact of program implementation strategy across two administrations considering the most compelling alternative arguments for what drives agency purchasing through contracts with MBEs. Findings The results of mixed effects linear regression models on the procurement expenditures of 70 state agencies in Ohio from 2008-2015 show significantly higher rates of procurement expenditures with MBEs under the Kasich administration. Originality/value These results provide support for the argument that changes in program implementation strategy led to substantive increases in the use of MBEs by state agencies in Ohio.

scholarly journals The impact of firm characteristics on the voluntary disclosure – evidence on the top 50 listed firms of Forbes Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-222
Author(s):  
Tran Quoc Thinh
Keyword(s):  
Voluntary Disclosure ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
The State ◽  
Series Data ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
Firm Characteristics ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
Size Growth ◽  
The Impact

Disclosure plays an important role for information users. Voluntary disclosure is more meaningful for stakeholders in order to make appropriate decisions. The article researches the impact of firm characteristics on the voluntary disclosure of the top 50 listed firms in Forbes Vietnam (50 listed firms) from 2015 to 2019. It uses the ordinary least squares of time-series data to test the regression model. The signaling and agency theory is used to explain the relationship between firm characteristics on voluntary disclosure. The research results show three variables of firm characteristics that positively impact the voluntary disclosure of 50 listed firms, including firm size, growth rate of market share value to book value, and audit type, in which audit type has the strongest influence. Accordingly, the state agencies of Vietnam should encourage 50 listed firms to improve the Vietnamese listed firms’ voluntary disclosure and meet international economic integration. AcknowledgmentWe would like to thank Assoc. Prof. Ngoc Thach Nguyen (Phd), Assoc. Prof. Hoang Anh Ly (Phd) and Assoc. Prof. Thi Loan Nguyen (PhD), as well as some experts of the State Securities Commission of Vietnam and some leaders of 50 listed firms for their advice and support the project.

scholarly journals Budget expenses as a tool for economic development

2019 ◽  
pp. 167-173
Author(s):  
Yuliya Markuts
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
The State ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Quality Level ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Budget Expenditure

Relevance of the research topic. Budget expenditures are significant tool of influence on social and economic processes, and perform reproductive, regulatory, incentive, social function. The issues of improving the budget expenditure planning system is relevant and interrelated with the expansion of the tasks facing financial and budget institutions in the course of their activities. Formulation of the problem. The study essentially budget as a tool for economic development is quite an important issue at the present stage of transformational changes, because the more efficient use of financial resources, redistributed through the budget system depends on the understanding of the nature of this category, and the main factors that determine its development. Analysis of recent research and publications. The issue of budget expenditures in the current economic conditions of the country, their effective creation and distribution, and the impact on social development as well, are presented in the works of local and foreign scientists T. Bogolib, V. Heyets, I. Zapatrina, J. M. Keynes, N. Kornienko, A. Laffer, L. Lisyak, I. Lukyanenko, I. Lunina, I. Lyutyi, A. Mazaraki, R. Masgrayev, V. Makogon, V. Oparin, M. Pasichnyi, A. Smith, J. Stiglitz, V. Fedosov, I. Chugunov, S. Yurii and others. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. However, given the transformation in the fiscal policy of our country, it is appropriate to increase the quality level of the budget expenditure as a tool for economic development in the financial regulatory system. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. The purpise of the study is to determine the directions of planning budget expenditures as a tool for the economic development of the country. Objectives of the study: to analyze the share of state and local budgets in the structure of the consolidated budget and Ukraine’s GDP, determine the impact of the expenditures of the consolidated budget of Ukraine on the economic development of the country, consider the features of using the program-targeted method as a tool to achieve the established financial priorities of the state. Method or methodology for conducting research. The article uses a set of scientific methods: the system approach, statistical analysis, structuring, analysis and synthesis. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The article identifies the importance of effective planning of budget expenditures as a tool for economic development of the country, substantiates the impact of budget expenditures on socio-economic processes, identifies features of using the program-target method in achieving the established financial priorities of the state. The field of application of results. The results of this study can be applied in the budget expenditure planning process. Conclusions according to the article. Budget expenditures are an effective instrument of financial regulation, have a significant impact on structural transformations in sectors of the economy and the social sphere. It is important to ensure the optimal allocation of a limited amount of budgetary funds in the areas of socio-economic development, to ensure compliance of the budget expenditure structure with certain strategic goals of the country. In the formation of budget targets, it is important to consider the performance of the implementation of state targeted and budget programs for the previous period.

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