Nonwork Trips Associated with Transit-Oriented Development

2017 ◽  
Vol 2606 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Luz Laham ◽  
Robert B. Noland
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Transit Oriented Development ◽  
Vehicle Ownership ◽  
Food Stores ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Instrumental Variable Probit ◽  
Coffee Shops ◽  
Instrumental Variable Probit Model

An analysis of factors associated with nonwork trips was conducted. The key variable of interest was proximity to transit-oriented development areas around train stations in New Jersey. The data were derived from a questionnaire of households around eight train stations and stratified by distance from a station. The focus was on the mode used for trips to restaurants–coffee shops and grocery–food stores, two of the most common and frequent nonwork trips. The analysis focused on the choice of walking versus driving for these trips by using an instrumental variable probit model aimed at controlling for the endogeneity associated with self-selection bias (i.e., people who prefer not to drive choose more walkable neighborhoods). Results showed strong associations between proximity to transit-oriented development areas and walking trips, and these results hold when endogeneity is controlled for. Local street density and per capita vehicle ownership also had the expected effects on walking trips.

Do the Heterogeneous Determinants of Repayment Affect Differently across Borrowers of Diverse Credit Sources in Rural Assam? A Double Hurdle Approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 245513332110316
Author(s):  
Tiken Das ◽  
Pradyut Guha ◽  
Diganta Das
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Brahmaputra Valley ◽  
Double Hurdle ◽  
Instrumental Variable Probit ◽  
Instrumental Variable Probit Model

This study made an attempt to answer the question: Do the heterogeneous determinants of repayment affect the borrowers of diverse credit sources differently? The study is based on data collected from 240 households from three districts in the lower Brahmaputra valley of Assam through a carefully designed primary survey. Besides, the study uses the double hurdle approach and the instrumental variable probit model to reduce possible selection bias. It observes better repayment performance among formal borrowers, followed by semiformal borrowers, while occupation wise it is prominent among organised employees. It has been found that in general, the household characteristics, loan characteristics and location-specific characteristics significantly affect repayment performance of borrowers. However, the nature of impact of the factors influencing repayment performance is remarkably different across credit sources. It ignores the role of traditional community-based organisations in rural Assam while analysing the determinants of repayment performance. The study also recommends for ensuring productive opportunities and efficient market linkages in rural areas of Assam. The study is based on an original data set that has specially been collected to examine question that—do the heterogeneous determinants of repayment affect the borrowers of diverse credit sources differently in the lower Brahmaputra valley of Assam—which has not been studied before.

scholarly journals An Instrumental Variable Probit Modeling of COVID-19 Vaccination Compliance in Malawi

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 13129
Author(s):  
Abayomi Samuel Oyekale ◽  
Thonaeng Charity Maselwa
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Stress Indicators ◽  
The Government ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Instrumental Variable Probit ◽  
Preventive Methods

COVID-19 remains a pressing development concern in Malawi. The third wave of viral infection upsurge raised significant concerns on people’s compliance with preventive methods already introduced by the government, among which vaccination is notable. This study analysed the factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination compliance in Malawi. The data were the ninth round of the telephone-based survey that was conducted by Malawi National Statistical Office (NSO) in 2021. The data were analysed with Instrumental Variable Probit model. The results showed that awareness of COVID-19 vaccines arrival was very high (98.19%). Additionally, 11.59% and 60.71% were already vaccinated and planning to be vaccinated, respectively. The Probit regression results showed that age of household heads, need of medical services, being worried of contracting COVID-19 and wearing of masks increased the probability of vaccination compliance, while stress indicators, being employed and not worried at all of contracting COVID-19 reduced it. It was concluded that drastic behaviour change would be needed to address corona virus pandemic in Malawi. There is the need to ensure equity across different age groups in access to vaccines. Further, interventions to ensure proper assessment of an individual’s COVID-19 risk and address psychological and emotional stress that are associated with ongoing pandemic would enhance vaccination compliance.

Remittances and subjective well-being: A static versus dynamic panel approach to happiness

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mduduzi Biyase ◽  
Bianca Fisher ◽  
Marinda Pretorius
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
National Income ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Dynamic Panel ◽  
The Past ◽  
Static Versus Dynamic ◽  
Dynamic Panel Models

Using all five waves of the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) panel dataset, we examine the effect of domestic remittances on the static and dynamic subjective well-being (SWB) of recipient individuals in South Africa, by using a random effects ordered probit model that accounts for individual heterogeneity. Moreover, we check the robustness of our static model results by making use of an instrumental variable for migrants’ remittances. Two major empirical findings emerge from this paper: firstly, domestic remittances are consistently found to have a positive and statistically significant impact on the happiness of recipient individuals. Moreover, this finding persists in both the static and dynamic panel models. Secondly, the coefficient on lagged SWB (derived from the dynamic model) is found to be positive and statistically significant, confirming that SWB today is significantly influenced by SWB in the past.

Demand-side Factors for Financial Inclusion: A Cross-country Empirical Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 163-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rigzin Yangdol ◽  
Mandira Sarma
Keyword(s):  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Specific Factor ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Country Specific

The importance of an inclusive financial system in the overall growth and economic development of a nation is well recognized. While most studies on financial inclusion use supply-side data, this article presents a demand-side analysis of factors associated with financial inclusion. Making use of a large cross-country data on financial inclusion status and individual characteristics of adult individuals, we econometrically establish that individual characteristics and economic circumstances play very significant role in determining financial inclusion of adult individuals, after taking into account other factors of the country. The article uses three indicators of financial inclusion and several explanatory variables such as country-specific factor (gross domestic product [GDP] per capita), individual characteristics and individual economic circumstances of adult individuals from different countries. We find that in general, being woman, less educated, jobless and poor are negatively associated with financial inclusion of individuals. Enhanced level of education and income, in general, enhances likelihood of financial inclusion. These findings should be taken into account while formulating policies towards promotion of financial inclusion.

Retailer Behavior Near Fixed Transit Lines in Los Angeles: A Spatial Autoregressive Probit Model to Evaluate Retail Clustering

2020 ◽  
pp. 0739456X2090894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig T. Olwert ◽  
Chih-Hao Wang ◽  
Vicente Arellano ◽  
David Oulrey
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Los Angeles County ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Transit Oriented Development ◽  
Probit Models ◽  
Spatial Autoregressive ◽  
Transit Station ◽  
In Transit ◽  
Retailer Behavior

Aggregate studies of retail uses around fixed transit lines and in transit-oriented development are scarce. In total, 8,402 retail locations were identified within half mile of twenty-seven stations in Los Angeles County, USA. Sixteen spatial autoregressive (SAR) probit models help us identify five retail categories (everyday uses, opportunists, rivals, hotels, and large footprints) based on how the retail uses self-cluster, cluster with other uses, choose transit station type preferences, prefer building types and are influenced by gentrification. The results help planners understand that aesthetic improvements and zoning changes are likely to lead to increased restaurant presence and specialized retail clusters, while strip malls further from stations beneficially provide locations for everyday uses.

scholarly journals China’s Provincial Vehicle Ownership Forecast and Analysis of the Causes Influencing the Trend

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 3928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Ma ◽  
Manhua Wu ◽  
Xiujuan Tian ◽  
Guanheng Zheng ◽  
Qinchuan Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Gompertz Model ◽  
Sustainable Transportation ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
Vehicle Ownership ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Transport Problems ◽  
The Impact

The growth of vehicle ownership not only brings opportunity for the economy, but also brings environment and transport problems, which is not good for sustainable transportation. It is of great significance to build supporting infrastructure and other services based on accurate forecasts of vehicle ownership in various provinces because of the variance of economic development stages, the carrying capacity of resources, and different degrees of transport planning in each province. We used the Gompertz model in order to predict China’s provincial vehicle ownership from 2018 to 2050. Considering the impact of the population structure, we summed up the growth rate of GDP per labor, the growth rate of population and the growth rate of employment rate to get the growth rate of GDP and then the GDP per capita of each province. We found that the vehicle ownership in each province will grow rapidly in the next 30 years; however, the change in the ranking of vehicle ownership among provinces varies. The ranking of some provinces with high or middle ranking now will decline in the following years, especially Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Xinjiang. While the ranking of some provinces that locates in the middle and low ranking now will increase, such as Chongqing, Hubei, Anhui, Sichuan, Heilongjiang, Jiangxi, Hunan and Guangxi. We also investigate the reasons that affect the trend in each province and we find that the suitable vehicle growth pattern of each province, the stage of economic development and government policy, which are related to the growth rate of GDP per labor, employment rate, and GDP per capita, can affect vehicle ownership in the future.

scholarly journals The influence of health expenditures on household impoverishment in Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 797-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Crispim Boing ◽  
Andréa Dâmaso Bertoldi ◽  
Leila Garcia Posenato ◽  
Karen Glazer Peres
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Health Expenditures ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Financial Situation ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
The World ◽  
Bolsa Familia ◽  
Per Capita

OBJECTIVE To analyze the variation in the proportion of households living below the poverty line in Brazil and the factors associated with their impoverishment. METHODS Income and expenditure data from the Household Budget Survey, which was conducted in Brazil between 2002-2003 (n = 48,470 households) and 2008-2009 (n = 55,970 households) with a national sample, were analyzed. Two cutoff points were used to define poverty. The first cutoff is a per capita monthly income below R$100.00 in 2002-2003 and R$140.00 in 2008-2009, as recommended by the Bolsa Família Program. The second, which is proposed by the World Bank and is adjusted for purchasing power parity, defines poverty as per capita income below US$2.34 and US$3.54 per day in 2002-2003 and 2008-2009, respectively. Logistic regression was used to identify the sociodemographic factors associated with the impoverishment of households. RESULTS After subtracting health expenditures, there was an increase in households living below the poverty line in Brazil. Using the World Bank poverty line, the increase in 2002-2003 and 2008-2009 was 2.6 percentage points (6.8%) and 2.3 percentage points (11.6%), respectively. Using the Bolsa Família Program poverty line, the increase was 1.6 (11.9%) and 1.3 (17.3%) percentage points, respectively. Expenditure on prescription drugs primarily contributed to the increase in poor households. According to the World Bank poverty line, the factors associated with impoverishment include a worse-off financial situation, a household headed by an individual with low education, the presence of children, and the absence of older adults. Using the Bolsa Família Program poverty line, the factors associated with impoverishment include a worse-off financial situation and the presence of children. CONCLUSIONS Health expenditures play an important role in the impoverishment of segments of the Brazilian population, especially among the most disadvantaged.

scholarly journals Vehicle Ownership Analysis Based on GDP per Capita in China: 1963–2050

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 4877-4899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian Wu ◽  
Hongmei Zhao ◽  
Xunmin Ou
Keyword(s):  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Vehicle Ownership ◽  
Per Capita

Was it worth it? An empirical analysis of over-education among PhD recipients in Italy

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Lucio Gaeta
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Doctoral Graduates ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Bivariate Probit Model ◽  
Subjective Evaluations ◽  
Econometric Analyses

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an empirical examination of factors associated with over-education among PhD graduates in Italy. Design/methodology/approach – The investigation is based on recently released data collected by the Italian National Institute of Statistics by means of interviews with a large sample of PhD recipients, carried out a few years after they obtained their PhD degree. The author measured the mismatch between the current job and previous PhD studies using two direct subjective evaluations of over-education, which distinguish between the usefulness of the PhD title to get the current job position and to perform the current work activities. Even if the incidence of over-education varies according to the measurement applied, the author found that it is highly widespread among PhD recipients. The econometric analyses are aimed at identifying factors associated with over-education and are based on the standard probit model and the bivariate probit model with sample selection which allows to control for self selection into employment. Findings – The results show that over-education is significantly correlated with: first, a number of PhD-related variables, such as the scientific field of study, having attended courses or visiting periods abroad; second, some job-related characteristics, such as working in the academia or being mainly involved in research-related activities; third, the channel of access to the job; and fourth, residential location. Originality/value – This paper contributes to the literature focusing on job-education mismatch by providing, to the best of the author’s knowledge, the first empirical analysis of over-education among PhD recipients in Italy; moreover, it provides some useful insights to evaluate the professional doctoral graduates in Italy.

scholarly journals HIV prevalence, sociodemographic characteristics, and sexual behaviors among transwomen in Mexico City

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arantxa Colchero ◽  
María Alejandra Cortés-Ortiz ◽  
Martín Romero-Martínez ◽  
Hamid Vega ◽  
Andrea González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Result ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Detention Centers ◽  
Prevention Interventions ◽  
Number Of Sexual Partners

Objective. To present results from HIV testing, knowledge of HIV status and socioeconomic factors associated with the probability of having a HIV positive result among transwomen (TW) in Mexico. Materials and methods. In 2012, we conducted an HIV seroprevalence survey to 585 TW in Mexico City in three strata: gathering places, the Condesa HIV Clinic and in four detention centers. We estimated the prevalence of HIV in each strata and applied a probit model to the overall sample to analyze factors associated with the probability of a HIV positive result. Results. The prevalence of HIV was 19.8% in meeting places; 31.9% in detention centers and 64% among the participants of the clinic. Age, low education and number of sexual partners was positively associated with HIV. Conclusions. Results from the study provide relevant information to design HIV prevention interventions tailored to the needs of the TW population.

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