EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN INCOME INEQUALITY

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iva Raycheva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Regional Disparities ◽  
Living Standards

In this paper are presented selected results from an empirical analysis of the income inequality in Bulgarian regions. As we know from the economic theory the income that people receive is a basic measure of living standards. Which from your end is related with the risk of poverty or social exclusion? Disparities of the regions is an actual question which is investigated by many researchers. The current research is investigating inequality and related indicators.

Polarization

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 77-89
Author(s):  
Muhammad Faraz Riaz ◽  
Sofia Anwar ◽  
Samia Nasreen
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Social Indicator ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Social Unrest ◽  
Income Polarization ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Over Time

Polarization is an interesting additional social indicator for analyzing income inequality and poverty across countries, as it captures the phenomenon of ‘clustering around extreme poles'. Rising income polarization can be harmful since it is closely linked to poverty, social exclusion, social tension and social unrest. Present study emphasizes on the measurement of income polarization in Pakistan to determine the degree of this social conflict. Polarization is measured by the index provided in Bossert and Schwor (2006). Results are further decomposed over time to identify the major factors contributing to polarization in Pakistan. Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (PIHS) and Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM) surveys for the years 2001-02, 2004-05 and 2007-08 are utilized for the sake of empirical analysis. The results reveal that the polarization increased from 2001-02 to 2004-05 and then it decreased from 2004-05 to 2007-08.

Understanding Rising Income Inequality and Stagnating Ordinary Living Standards in Germany

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Bosch ◽  
Thorsten Kalina
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Wage Bargaining ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

This chapter describes how inequality and real incomes have evolved in Germany through the period from the 1980s, through reunification, up to the economic Crisis and its aftermath. It brings out how reunification was associated with a prolonged stagnation in real wages. It emphasizes how the distinctive German structures for wage bargaining were eroded over time, and the labour market and tax/transfer reforms of the late 1990s-early/mid-2000s led to increasing dualization in the labour market. The consequence was a marked increase in household income inequality, which went together with wage stagnation for much of the 1990s and subsequently. Coordination between government, employers, and unions still sufficed to avoid the impact the economic Crisis had on unemployment elsewhere, but the German social model has been altered fundamentally over the period

The Shaping of Popular Satisfaction with Government and Regime Performance in Germany

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS R. CUSACK
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Political System ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Government Performance ◽  
The West ◽  
The Government ◽  
Economic Developments ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

The article focuses on citizens’ satisfaction with the German democratic political system. The empirical analysis reported supports the argument that the performance of the economy and the government affect popular satisfaction with the regime. In the East, satisfaction with the regime remains very low and dissatisfaction has spread into West Germany. In the West, the sources of this dissatisfaction are both economic developments and government performance; citizens modify their views on the system as a consequence of the government’s and the economy’s successes and failures. The dynamic is similar in the East. Economic strains, and the perception that the federal government is not making sufficient efforts to equalize living standards, have kept the Eastern population from committing themselves to the new unified political system.

Fighting Income Inequality in Nigeria and Social Exclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 170-181
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Methodical Approach ◽  
Sub Saharan

The chapter examines the income inequality and social exclusion in Nigeria. The gap between the haves and have-nots has become an issue of concern in Nigeria. This chapter, therefore, seeks to examine a methodical approach for measuring inequality in Nigeria; Nigeria's ranking in human development index (between 1990 and 2017); trends in inequality, poverty, unemployment, and life expectancy from 1980 to 2017; and the income inequality in Nigeria relative to other Sub-Saharan African countries along with sex disaggregated HDI relative to other Sub-Saharan African countries and the implications to social policy reforms.

The Problem of Income Inequality

2019 ◽  
pp. 42-44
Author(s):  
Andrew Smithers
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Distribution Of Income

Living standards change in line with GDP per head only if the distribution of incomes is unchanged. If incomes become less equally distributed the living standards of most people will fall even if GDP per head is stable. The Gini Coefficient is the most widely used indicator designed to measure the distribution of income. UK inequality, on this measure, has risen since 1977, stabilized since 1987, and fallen in recent years. In the US there has been a long-term increase in income inequality. Unless this US trend for increased income inequality halts, it is quite likely that even if GDP per head rises in the US, the living standard of the average voter will fall. The recent data suggest that changes in income inequality pose less of a threat to living standards in the UK then they do to those in the US.

Inequality and crime in Latin America

2020 ◽  
pp. 713-745
Author(s):  
Catalina Droppelmann Roepke ◽  
Nicolás Trajtenberg
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Socio Economic Status

In the field of criminology social inequality has long been theorized to be associated with crime. This issue has been extensively studied and empirical research has shown that income inequality and low socio-economic status are positively associated with crime perpetration and victimization. Latin America constitutes a particularly interesting case study to analyse the association between crime and inequality. Simultaneously, it is considered to be one of the most unequal and violent regions on the planet. Therefore, it might be tempting to conclude that inequality must play a major role in the explanation of this region’s high levels of crime and violence. While this possibility cannot be rejected, the overall goals of this chapter are to analyse and discuss this complex relationship, focusing not only on how inequality might explain crime and violence, but also on how criminal justice institutions stigmatize, label, and reproduce social inequalities and social exclusion.

scholarly journals Psychological Mechanisms Linking County-Level Income Inequality to Happiness in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 2667
Author(s):  
Jiaoli Cai ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Yulin Zhao ◽  
Peter Coyte
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
County Level ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
The Impact

Background In China, income levels and living standards have improved significantly, but many Chinese citizens still do not feel any happier. This phenomenon may be attributed to increased income inequality. Methods Using data from the 2013 Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS), we employed multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM) to investigate the impact of county-level income inequality on individual-level happiness in China and multilevel mediation analysis with structural equation modeling (MMSEM) to explore the mechanisms through which income inequality impacted happiness. Results A negative relationship between income inequality and happiness was found. The negative association between them was explained by two psychological mechanisms, i.e., fairness and trust. The findings explained a “Chinese puzzle,” i.e., why people do not feel happier despite improved income and living standards. Conclusions Our findings may provide a reference for policy makers to implement policies designed to improve individual happiness. What is important now is to reduce income inequality, and to potentially improve perceptions of fairness and trust in China.

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