Physiological and biochemical evolution of peach leaf buds during dormancy course under two contrasted temperature patterns

Budbreak anomalies in temperate fruit trees grown under mild conditions have often been described. However, only few authors approached the physiological evolution of leaf buds all along the dormancy period according to the temperature pattern. The aim of this study was to characterize the evolution of peach leaf bud dormancy through some physiological and biochemical parameters under temperate winter conditions and under total cold deprivation after the endodormancy onset. Two treatments were applied in peach trees cv. Redhaven: (i) Regular Chilling Amounts — RCA and (ii) Total Chilling Deprivation — TCD. Buds were sampled periodically from different parts of the stem (terminal, medium and basal ones). We recorded the evolution of: carbohydrate concentrations (glucose, fructose, sucrose, sorbitol and starch), respiration rate, water contents and energy metabolism (ATP and ADP ratio). The dynamics of these parameters were compared and correlated with dormancy evolution ("one node cuttings" test) and budbreak patterns in plank:. The endodormancy intensity of terminal buds was significantly lower than those of median and basal buds in early October. Under RCA treatment, this gradient faded and the bud endodormancy release was completed at the same time in all positions along the stem. Thereafter, the "cuttings" test indicated that terminal buds grew slightly faster than median and basal buds, and, consistently, budbreak in planta started with the terminals buds, followed by the medians and then by the basal ones. The carbohydrate contents showed a transitory change only when the buds began to grow after the endodormancy was released under RCA. Respiration, water content and ATP/ADP changed dynamics only under RCA and only after the end of the endodormancy (their respective changes were very parallel). The dynamics of none of the tested parameters could be related with the endodormancy dynamics, but respiration, water content and ATP/ADP could be consistent markers of the actual bud growth before bud break (in this respect, ATP/ADP could not show differences between the terminal and axillary buds while respiration and water content could).

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Differential Exothermal Characteristics and the Model of Deep Supercooling Dynamics in Relations to Bud Water Contents and Dormant Periods within the Buds of Some Deciduous Fruit Trees

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.39.4.854b ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 854B-854

Author(s):

Pinghai Ding* ◽

Leslie H. Fuchigami

Keyword(s):

Thermal Analysis ◽

Water Content ◽

Cold Hardiness ◽

Fruit Trees ◽

Early Spring ◽

Black Walnut ◽

Winter Period ◽

Deep Supercooling ◽

Deciduous Fruit ◽

Water Contents

Differential exothermal characteristics in relations to bud water content and dormant periods were dynamically investigated within the buds of apple, pear, peach, plum, Grape, persimmon, and black walnut from late autumn to early spring. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) indicated that bud cold hardiness and two exotherms, the high temperature exotherm (HTE) and low temperature exotherm (LTE), were different among species and dormant periods. According to whether buds have deep supercooling during the dormant winter period the species tested can be divided into two groups. The first group, without supercooling, includes the buds of apple and pear, in which LTE was undetectable. The second group, with supercooling, includes the buds of peach, plum, grape, persimmon, and black walnut, in which LTE was detectable. The second group can be further divided into peach and plum subgroup, and grape, persimmon, and black walnut subgroup. Both HTE and LTE can be detected in the buds of peach and plum subgroup, in which bud cold hardiness can be further divided into three different stages; whereas in the buds of grape, persimmon and black walnut subgroup only LTE can be detected, in which bud cold hardiness can be further divided into five stages according to the detection dynamics of HTE and LTE. Bud differential exothermal characteristics and deep supercooling dynamics are closely related to bud water content and cold hardiness stages. No detection of LTE in the buds of apple and pear and no detection of HTE in the buds of grape, persimmon and black walnut were both closely associated with bud water content.

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MITIGATION YIELD SCALED METHANE EMISSION FROM RICE GROWN IN WATER STRESS CONDITIONS WITH BIOCHAR AND SILICATE AMENDMENTS

International Journal of Big Data Mining for Global Warming ◽

10.1142/s2630534821500078 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

MUHAMMAD ASLAM ALI ◽

SANJIT CHANDRA BARMAN ◽

MD. ASHRAFUL ISLAM KHAN ◽

MD. BADIUZZAMAN KHAN ◽

HAFSA JAHAN HIYA

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Field Capacity ◽

Saturated Soil ◽

Rice Grain ◽

Standing Water ◽

Water Contents ◽

Soil Water Contents

Climate change and water scarcity may badly affect existing rice production system in Bangladesh. With a view to sustain rice productivity and mitigate yield scaled CH4 emission in the changing climatic conditions, a pot experiment was conducted under different soil water contents, biochar and silicate amendments with inorganic fertilization (NPKS). In this regard, 12 treatments combinations of biochar, silicate and NPKS fertilizer along with continuous standing water (CSW), soil saturation water content and field capacity (100% and 50%) moisture levels were arranged into rice planted potted soils. Gas samples were collected from rice planted pots through Closed Chamber technique and analyzed by Gas Chromatograph. This study revealed that seasonal CH4 emissions were suppressed through integrated biochar and silicate amendments with NPKS fertilizer (50–75% of the recommended doze), while increased rice yield significantly at different soil water contents. Biochar and silicate amendments with NPKS fertilizer (50% of the recommended doze) increased rice grain yield by 10.9%, 18.1%, 13.0% and 14.2%, while decreased seasonal CH4 emissions by 22.8%, 20.9%, 23.3% and 24.3% at continuous standing water level (CSW) (T9), at saturated soil water content (T10), at 100% field capacity soil water content (T11) and at 50% field capacity soil water content (T12), respectively. Soil porosity, soil redox status, SOC and free iron oxide contents were improved with biochar and silicate amendments. Furthermore, rice root oxidation activity (ROA) was found more dominant in water stress condition compared to flooded and saturated soil water contents, which ultimately reduced seasonal CH4 emissions as well as yield scaled CH4 emission. Conclusively, soil amendments with biochar and silicate fertilizer may be a rational practice to reduce the demand for inorganic fertilization and mitigate CH4 emissions during rice cultivation under water stress drought conditions.

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Effect of Nano-Carbon on Water Holding Capacity in a Sandy Soil of the Loess Plateau

Earth Sciences Research Journal ◽

10.15446/esrj.v21n4.66104 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 189-195 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Beibei Zhou ◽

Xiaopeng Chen

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Loess Plateau ◽

Sandy Soil ◽

Water Retention ◽

Soil Mixture ◽

Cumulative Infiltration ◽

Nano Carbon ◽

Water Contents ◽

Soil Water Contents

The poor water retention capacity of sandy soils commonly aggregate soil erosion and ecological environment on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Due to its strong capacity for absorption and large specific surface area, the use of nanocarbon made of coconut shell as a soil amendment that could improve water retention was investigated. Soil column experiments were conducted in which a layer of nanocarbon mixed well with the soil was formed at a depth of 20 cm below the soil surface. Four different nanocarbon contents by weight (0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%) and five thicknesses of the nanocarbon- soil mixture layer ranging from 1 to 5 cm were considered. Cumulative infiltration and soil water content distributions were determined when water was added to soil columns. Soil Water Characteristic Curves (SWCC) were obtained using the centrifuge method. The principal results showed that the infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration increased with the increases of nanocarbon contents, to the thicknesses of the nano carbon-soil mixture layer. Soil water contents that below the soil-nano carbon layer decreased sharply. Both the Brooks-Corey and van Genuchten models could describe well the SWCC of the disturbed sandy soil with various nano carbon contents. Both the saturated water content (θs), residual water content (θr) and empirical parameter (α) increased with increasing nano carbon content, while the pore-size distribution parameter (n) decreased. The available soil water contents were efficiently increased with the increase in nanocarbon contents.

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Free amino acids in the xylem sap of pear trees during dormancy

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20131515 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 46 (7) ◽

pp. 1136-1141 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Anderson Carlos Marafon ◽

Flavio Gilberto Herter ◽

Fernando José Hawerroth ◽

Adriana Neutzling Bierhals

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Water Content ◽

Free Amino Acids ◽

Free Amino ◽

Storage Proteins ◽

Xylem Sap ◽

Fruit Trees ◽

Temperate Climate ◽

Pear Trees ◽

Effective Use

ABSTRACT: Storage and remobilization are considered key processes for the effective use of nitrogen in temperate fruit trees. As dormancy begins, storage proteins are synthesized, coinciding with a reduction in the levels of free amino acids. Consequently, as dormancy breaks, these storage proteins are degraded, and an increase in the concentrations of amino acids occurs, in order to support new growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate water content of different vegetative tissues (buds, bark, and bole wood), volume of xylem sap, and free amino acid concentrations of xylem sap, during winter dormancy of Hosui Japanese pear trees (VL). Plant material was obtained from the Embrapa Temperate Climate experimental orchard at Pelotas, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Xylem sap was extracted from the branches with the aid of a vacuum pump, and the free amino acids were determined by gas chromatography, using the EZ kit: Faast GC/FID (Phenomenex). Water content of buds, as well as the volume of sap and concentrations of both aspartic acid and asparagine, substantially increased over time, reaching maximum values in the phase preceding sprouting.

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Synchrotron FTIR imaging of OH in quartz mylonites

Solid Earth ◽

10.5194/se-8-1025-2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 1025-1045 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Andreas K. Kronenberg ◽

Hasnor F. B. Hasnan ◽

Caleb W. Holyoke III ◽

Richard D. Law ◽

Zhenxian Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Point Defects ◽

Fluid Inclusions ◽

Hanging Wall ◽

Molecular Water ◽

Main Central Thrust ◽

Absorption Bands ◽

Uniform Equilibrium ◽

Quartz Grains ◽

Water Contents

Abstract. Previous measurements of water in deformed quartzites using conventional Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) instruments have shown that water contents of larger grains vary from one grain to another. However, the non-equilibrium variations in water content between neighboring grains and within quartz grains cannot be interrogated further without greater measurement resolution, nor can water contents be measured in finely recrystallized grains without including absorption bands due to fluid inclusions, films, and secondary minerals at grain boundaries.Synchrotron infrared (IR) radiation coupled to a FTIR spectrometer has allowed us to distinguish and measure OH bands due to fluid inclusions, hydrogen point defects, and secondary hydrous mineral inclusions through an aperture of 10 µm for specimens > 40 µm thick. Doubly polished infrared (IR) plates can be prepared with thicknesses down to 4–8 µm, but measurement of small OH bands is currently limited by strong interference fringes for samples < 25 µm thick, precluding measurements of water within individual, finely recrystallized grains. By translating specimens under the 10 µm IR beam by steps of 10 to 50 µm, using a software-controlled x − y stage, spectra have been collected over specimen areas of nearly 4.5 mm2. This technique allowed us to separate and quantify broad OH bands due to fluid inclusions in quartz and OH bands due to micas and map their distributions in quartzites from the Moine Thrust (Scotland) and Main Central Thrust (Himalayas).Mylonitic quartzites deformed under greenschist facies conditions in the footwall to the Moine Thrust (MT) exhibit a large and variable 3400 cm−1 OH absorption band due to molecular water, and maps of water content corresponding to fluid inclusions show that inclusion densities correlate with deformation and recrystallization microstructures. Quartz grains of mylonitic orthogneisses and paragneisses deformed under amphibolite conditions in the hanging wall to the Main Central Thrust (MCT) exhibit smaller broad OH bands, and spectra are dominated by sharp bands at 3595 to 3379 cm−1 due to hydrogen point defects that appear to have uniform, equilibrium concentrations in the driest samples. The broad OH band at 3400 cm−1 in these rocks is much less common. The variable water concentrations of MT quartzites and lack of detectable water in highly sheared MCT mylonites challenge our understanding of quartz rheology. However, where water absorption bands can be detected and compared with deformation microstructures, OH concentration maps provide information on the histories of deformation and recovery, evidence for the introduction and loss of fluid inclusions, and water weakening processes.

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Effects of differential drying rates on viability retention of recalcitrant seeds of Ekebergia capensis

Seed Science Research ◽

10.1017/s0960258500004438 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 463-471 ◽

Cited By ~ 64

Author(s):

N. W. Pammenter ◽

Valerie Greggains ◽

J. I. Kioko ◽

J. Wesley-Smith ◽

Patricia Berjak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Exponential Function ◽

Time Course ◽

Drying Rate ◽

Recalcitrant Seeds ◽

Tissue Water ◽

Initial Water ◽

Viability Loss ◽

Drying Rates ◽

Water Contents

AbstractThe drying rate of whole seeds of Ekebergia capensis (Meliaceae) was shown to influence the response to desiccation, with rapidly dried seeds surviving to lower water contents. Short-term rapid drying (to water contents higher than those leading to viability loss) actually increased the rate of germination. The form of the time course of decline of axis water content varied with drying rate; slow drying could be described by an exponential function, whereas with rapid drying initial water loss was faster than predicted by an exponential function. These observations suggest that slow drying brought about homogeneous dehydration and that the rapid drying was uneven across the tissue. This raised the possibility that the different responses to dehydration were a function of different distributions of water in the axis tissue under the two drying regimes. However, ultrastructural observations indicated that different deleterious processes may be occurring under the different drying treatments. It was tentatively concluded that a major cause of viability loss in slowly dried material was likely to be a consequence of aqueous-based processes leading to considerable membrane degradation. Uneven distribution of tissue water could not be rejected as a contributory cause of the survival of rapidly dried seeds to low bulk water contents. The differential response to dehydration at different drying rates implies that it is not possible to determine a ‘critical water content’ for viability loss by recalcitrant seeds.

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An empirical model for describing the influence of water content and concentration of sulfamethoxazole (antibiotic) in soil on the total net CO2 efflux

Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics ◽

10.2478/johh-2020-0031 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 68 (4) ◽

pp. 351-358

Author(s):

Miroslav Fér ◽

Radka Kodešová ◽

Barbora Kalkušová ◽

Aleš Klement ◽

Antonín Nikodem

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Solution Treatment ◽

Soil Microbial Activity ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Co2 Efflux ◽

The Impact ◽

Water Contents ◽

Soil Water Contents

AbstractThe aim of the study was to describe the impact of the soil water content and sulfamethoxazole, SUL, (antibiotic) concentration in soil on the net CO2 efflux. Soil samples were taken from topsoils of a Haplic Fluvisol and Haplic Chernozem. Soil samples were packed into the steel cylinders. The net CO2 efflux was measured from these soil columns after application of fresh water or SUL solution at different soil water contents. The experiments were carried out in dark at 20°C. The trends in the net CO2 efflux varied for different treatments. While initially high values for water treatment exponentially decreased in time, values for solution treatment increased during the first 250–650 minutes and then decreased. The total net CO2 effluxes measured for 20 hours related to the soil water content followed the second order polynomial functions. The maximal values were measured for the soil water content of 0.15 cm3 cm−3 (Haplic Fluvisol with water or solution, Haplic Chernozem with solution) and 0.11 cm3 cm−3 (Haplic Chernozem with water). The ratios between values measured for solution and water at the same soil water contents exponentially increased with increasing SUL concentration in soils. This proved the increasing stimulative influence of SUL on soil microbial activity.

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Mango Leaf Monitoring with Inductive and Capacitive Sensors and Its Comparison with Trunk Dendrometer Measurements

Engineering Proceedings ◽

10.3390/engproc2021009028 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 28

Author(s):

Federico Hahn ◽

Juan Espinoza ◽

Ulises Zacarías

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Hall Effect ◽

Water Content ◽

Water Use ◽

Fruit Trees ◽

Irrigation Scheduling ◽

Leaf Water Content ◽

Water Usage ◽

Warm Weather ◽

Hall Sensors

Mango is one of the main fruits grown in Mexico that are exported worldwide, but the trees consume a lot of water, and irrigation scheduling should be implemented to optimize water use. Dendrometers were installed in fruit trees to optimize water usage during 2019 and 2020. A capacitor with Teflon clamps pressurized the leaf, and its dielectric changed with leaf water content. Additionally, Hall sensors were installed in leaves to study the effect of water during mango production. It was found that capacitance tend to be more sensitive than magnetic field monitoring. Higher changes were noted during midday with warm weather. Thresholds from the capacitance and Hall effect sensors can provide signals for irrigation scheduling.

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REGRESSÃO QUADRÁTICA PARA TEORES DE ÁGUA EM FUNÇÃO DA COMPACTAÇÃO DO SOLO

Irriga ◽

10.15809/irriga.2021v26n1p186-194 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 186-194

Author(s):

Barbara Barreto Fernandes ◽

Indiamara Marasca ◽

Murilo Battistuzzi Martins ◽

Jefferson Sandi ◽

Kleber Pereira Lanças

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Clayey Soil ◽

Superficial Layer ◽

Mechanical Resistance ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Influence Of Water ◽

E Mail ◽

Mato Grosso Do Sul ◽

Water Contents

REGRESSÃO QUADRÁTICA PARA TEORES DE ÁGUA EM FUNÇÃO DA COMPACTAÇÃO DO SOLO Barbara Barreto Fernandes¹; Indiamara Marasca²; Murilo³ Battistuzzi Martins; Jefferson Sandi4 e Kleber Pereira Lanças5 1 Engenheira agrônoma, Rua Luis Carlos Da Silveira, 345, Tenis Clube, 19806-370, Assis – SP, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Engenheira agrônoma, Fazenda Cachoeira do Montividiu – 75915-000, Montividiu – GO, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] 3 Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul – Unidade de Cassilândia. Rodovia MS 306 - km 6,4; 79540-000, Cassilândia, MS, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] 4 Universidade La Salle de Lucas do Rio Verde. Av. Universitária, 1000, Parque das Emas - 78455-000, Lucas do Rio Verde, MT, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] 5 Departamento de Engenharia Rural na FCA/UNESP, Av. Universitária, 3780 - Altos do Paraíso, 18610-034, Botucatu, SP, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] 1 RESUMO O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência do teor de água na avaliação de resistência mecânica a penetração do solo, medida através do índice de cone. O experimento foi realizado na UNESP/FCA, Botucatu-SP, sendo selecionadas duas classes de solo: o Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico e o Latossolo Vermelho. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com os seguintes tratamentos de compactação: T0 = 0; T1 = 1; T2 = 2; T3 = 3; T4=5 e T5 = 10 passadas consecutivas de um trator agrícola. Utilizou-se um penetrômetro hidráulico-eletrônico para a amostragem da resistência mecânica do solo à penetração nas camadas de: 0,00 - 0,10; 0,10 - 0,20; 0,20 - 0,30; 0,30 - 0,40 m em quatro condições de teor de água. Com o aumento do tráfego, maior foi a compactação. Porém para o solo argiloso, a partir de uma passada do trator, os valores de resistência à penetração tiveram pouco aumento, não diferindo estatisticamente para a camada mais superficial (0-0,20 m) e para a camada de 0,20-0,40 m a partir de duas passadas. Para o solo de textura média, este comportamento foi observado a partir de uma passada para a camada mais superficial (0-0,20 m) e de cinco passadas para a camada de 0,20-0,40m. Palavras-chave: resistência do solo, umidade, agregação. FERNANDES, B. B.; MARASCA, I.; MARTINS, M. B.; SANDI, J.; LANÇAS, K. P. QUADRACTIC REGRESSION FOR WATER CONTENTS IN THE FUNCTION OF SOIL COMPACTION 2 ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of water content in the evaluation of mechanical resistance to soil penetration, measured through the cone index. The experiment was conducted at UNESP/FCA, Botucatu - SP, being selected two classes of soil: a Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico and a Latosolo Vermelho. A completely randomized design was used, with the following compaction treatments: T0 = 0; T1 = 1; T2 = 2; T3 = 3; T4 = 5 and T5 = 10 consecutive passes of an agricultural tractor. A hydraulic-electronic penetrometer was used to sample the mechanical resistance of the soil to penetrate the layers; 0.00 – 0.10; 0.10 - 0.20; 0.20 - 0.30; 0.30 - 0.40 m in four water content conditions. With the increase in traffic, greater was the compression. However, for the clayey soil, from a tractor pass, the penetration resistance values had a small increase, not differing statistically for the most superficial layer (0 - 0.20m) and for the 0.20 - 0.40 m layer from two passes. For medium textured soil, this behavior was observed from one pass to the most superficial layer (0 - 0.20 m) and five passes to the 0.20 - 0.40 m layer. Keywords: soil resistance; moisture; aggregation.