scholarly journals The effect of day and night temperatures on apple skin colour formation

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2.) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Lakatos ◽  
T. Szabó ◽  
Z. Szabó ◽  
M. Soltész ◽  
S. Zhongfu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
The Future ◽  
Important Quality ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
High Or Low Temperature ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Relationship

The colour of fruits is considered to be an important quality indicator. Saleability greatly depends on how well covered the colour is of the specific type of fruits. It is a well-known phenomenon by growers that apples get nicer colours in one year while in other years the basically red and green colour cultivars can be differentiated only by morphological characteristic features. Cover colour is one of the phenometric variables and it is a well-known fact that significant differences can be experienced year by year. The experienced oscillation can be the cause of inappropriate water- and nutriment supply, however it can be the result of some kind of plant disease, extremely high or low temperature, setting rate above the average and outstanding fruit density. In the present examination it is postulated that the degree of cover colour is mostly influenced by day and night temperature. Therefore, our study aims to find out whether it is true or not. Cover colour belongs to those phenometric characteristic features, only the final value of which is taken into consideration; due to their nature of establishment or forming time it seems useless to follow closely the change in the time of vegetation. However, determining the start of colouring and knowing the dynamics of full colouring could carry very important information for growers. If it is possible to determine the curve describing the time change of colouring, we have a possibility to estimate it by means of enviroment variables. So it is also possible to model pigmentation in the future. Knowing this, colouring irrigation could be made more efficient in the future. For this, as a first step, it is inevitable to find out what the relationship is between the main meteorogical variables, namely day and night temperature and the difference between day and night temperature, and colour cover. In this study we summarize and show these interrelations.

scholarly journals Effect of night and day temperature on the cover colour and quality parameters of apple

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laszlo Lakatos ◽  
Małgorzata Biniak-Pieróg ◽  
Andrzej Żyromski
Keyword(s):  
Cooling System ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Evaporative Cooling System ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Night And Day ◽  
Set Up ◽  
High Or Low Temperature

Abstract The colour of fruits is considered to be an important quality indicator. Sale ability greatly depends on how well covered the colour is of the specific type of fruits. We used a visual colour scale (0-100 percent) for evaluation of colorization. We distinguished the yellow, green and red cultivars. In the following studies we show those results which consider the red type apples only. Cover colour is one of the phenometric variables and it is a well-known fact that significant differences can be experienced year by year. The experienced oscillation can be the cause of inappropriate water- and nutriment supply; however it can be the result of some kind of plant disease, extremely high or low temperature, setting rate above the average and outstanding fruit density. In the present examination it is postulated that the degree of cover colour is mostly influenced by day and night temperature. Therefore, our study aims to find out whether it is true or not. Cover colour belongs to those phenometric characteristic features, only the final value of which is taken into consideration; due to their nature of establishment or forming time it seems useless to follow closely the change in the time of vegetation. We analysed the ripening groups of apple varieties separately. We have found that at winter ripening cultivars has bigger importance of genetic properties whilst at summer and autumnal ripening ones the weather effects have bigger importance. The research results shows that the day and night temperature has an important role on fruit quality parameters as sugar content, vitamin C content and on acidity also. Because we can modify the canopy temperature by using evaporative cooling system we have a chance to set up an optimal value of day and night temperature difference in the orchards.

scholarly journals The effect of daytime and nighttime temperature on the cover colour of fruits in an apple gene bank

2005 ◽  
pp. 45-53
Author(s):  
László Lakatos ◽  
Tibor Szabó ◽  
József Racskó ◽  
Zoltán Szabó ◽  
Miklós Soltész ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Quality Parameter ◽  
Gene Bank ◽  
Skin Colour ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Fruit Skin ◽  
The Difference ◽  
One Year

Skin colour of fruits is an important fruit quality parameter. Fruit growers know the phenomenon that the apple colouration is very good in one year while in other years the green and red apples can be differentiated only on the basis of the morphological characteristics of the fruits. There are great differences in values of cover colour between years.In the first step, the relationships between day and night temperature, the difference between day and night temperature and fruit skin colour should be determined. In this study, the authors investigate and quantify this relationship.

scholarly journals Long-term motor and sensory outcomes after surgery for infantile esotropia

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 463-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halil Altınsoy ◽  
Gokcen Gokce ◽  
Osman Ceylan ◽  
Fatih Mutlu
Keyword(s):  
Group Iii ◽  
Infantile Esotropia ◽  
Initial Surgery ◽  
Group I ◽  
Additional Surgery ◽  
Angle Of Deviation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Relationship

Background/Aim. Infantile esotropia (ET), entitled as congenital ET, is defined as an alternating, cross-fixational ET that occurs within the first 6 months of life. The aim of this study was to determine the long-term motor and sensory outcomes after surgical correction of patients with infantile ET. Methods. Medical records of 108 consecutive children who had bimedial rectus recession (BMR) initially for ET were reviewed retrospectively. The patients were divided into 3 groups: the group I, surgery before one-year old; the group II, surgery between one and two-year old; the group III, surgery after two-year old. Results. No significant differences were determined among the groups for preoperative mean angle of deviation and refractive error (p > 0.05, for both). Development rate of dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) was greater (40%) in the group I, and the relationship between the rate of DVD and the timing of the initial surgery was statistically significant (p = 0.03). Risk for additional surgery was significantly greater in patients with a younger mean age at initial surgery (p = 0.01). Although measurable stereopsis rate was higher in the group I (35%, 32.4%, 27.8%, respectively) the difference among the groups was insignificant (p = 0.80). Conclusion. Patients with ET have limited potential of high grade stereoacuity despite the early alignment of eyes. Early surgery also has potential effects for the development of both inferior oblique overaction and DVD earlier.

scholarly journals Effects of Land Cover and Atmospheric Input on Nutrient Budget in Subtropical Mountainous Rivers, Northeastern Taiwan

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2800
Author(s):  
Chung-Te Chang ◽  
Yu-Ting Shih ◽  
Li-Chin Lee ◽  
Jun-Yi Lee ◽  
Tsung-Yu Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Nutrient Budget ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Atmospheric Input ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Reservoir Watershed ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Relationship

The nutrient budget, the difference between the nutrient output via stream and input via precipitation, can provide insights into how environmental processes affect forested ecosystem biogeochemistry. In this study, field measurements of the nutrient budgets—including Na+, Cl−, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NO3−, and SO42−—of 19 sites were conducted in Feitsui Reservoir Watershed (FRW) of northeastern Taiwan. A series of power-law regressions were developed to establish the relationship of the nutrient budget to the discharge, nutrient input, agricultural land cover, and slope. The result show that the weekly nutrient budget is significantly affected by agricultural land and input via precipitation (R2 of regression models ≥ 0.90), yet the relationship varies among different nutrient elements. The agricultural land cover is the major factor, while the input via precipitation plays a relatively minor role in the budget of Cl−, Mg2+, Ca2+, and SO42−. These nutrients could be provisioned abundantly from the system, and thus the input via precipitation is not the predominant controlling factor. By contrast, the Na+ and K+ inputs via precipitation are indispensable for accurately estimating the riverine exports. Because weathering is a limited source of K+, the roles of agricultural activities and input via precipitation are likely decisive for transport. Besides, the NO3− budget reveals a strong interplay between the atmospheric input and agricultural land, as expected. Because the nutrient budget model of NO3− is strongly improved, the R2 changes from 0.34 to 0.99 when a larger coefficient in exponent term (10.2) for agricultural land cover (showing that NO3− export is strongly hydrologically controlled) and precipitation input are included. Our analysis is based on one year of data, so extrapolating the result to a long-term period should be done with caution, as there could be substantial inter-annual variation. The nutrient budget approach provides a preliminary assessment to evaluate the impacts of agriculture and atmospheric deposition on nutrient export, which can provide a precursory reference for watershed management for improving water quality and mitigating eutrophication.

scholarly journals Low-temperature Exotherms and Freeze Tolerance in Three Taxa of Deciduous Trees

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 849A-849
Author(s):  
Orville M. Lindstrom ◽  
Tomasz Anisko ◽  
Michael A. Dirr
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Freeze Tolerance ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Fraxinus Americana ◽  
Deep Supercooling ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Zelkova Serrata

Although differential thermal analysis has been routinely used to evaluate cold hardiness, the relationship between deep supercooling ability and plant survival is not clear. We compared seasonal profiles of changes in low-temperature exotherm (LTE) occurrence and visually determined lowest survival temperature (LST) of Acer rubrum `Armstrong', Fraxinus americana `Autumn Purple' and Zelkova serrata `Green Village' growing in three locations representing plant cold hardiness zones 8, 7 and 5. Between December and February, LTE in Acer rubrum and Fraxinus americana occurred at temperatures 10 to 25C lower than the LST. The difference between LTE and LST was not significant for Zelkova serrata from January to April, and for Acer rubrum and Fraxinus americana in March. Data indicate that LTE could be used as an estimate of LST in Zelkova serrata but not in Acer rubrum and Fraxinus americana. This study demonstrated that LTE does not provide a reliable estimate of cold hardiness in all species that deep supercool.

Characteristic Features and Archaeological Significance of the Armor Excavated at the Ancient Tombs of Namseong-ri in Pohang

2019 ◽  
pp. 195-221
Author(s):  
Hyuk-Joong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
Sources Of Knowledge ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
New Development ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The Relationship

The area around Heunghae -- where the ancient tombs of Namseong-ri are located -- had been a strategic point for Silla (57 BCE ~ 935) in advancing into the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula. This armor, together with other related objects unearthed at the site, serves as important sources of knowledge on the armor-related tradition developed in the area during the 4th and 5th centuries. Some characteristic elements of the armor, particularly the unique manufacturing technique and rareness, suggest that the relic was produced for use as an object of prestige. The armor is considered archaeologically significant since it contains a wealth of clues to increase knowledge of the Silla armors made in the 4th century, which was characterized by the lack of source materials. For a more comprehensive understanding of the Silla armors, it is essential to examine the system of supply and demand of the armors linking the capital and regional areas. Unfortunately, however, comparatively less attention has been paid to the difference between Silla and Gaya armors and their characteristics by region. In this study, the main discussion deals with the mechanism of supply and demand of Silla armors by focusing on the armor discovered at the ancient tomb site in Namseong-ri. The study found a significant difference in the supply and demand of armors between Gyeongju, the capital of Silla, and the regions outside it in the 5th century. The study also concludes -- based on the evidence given by the Namseong-ri armor, that there was little difference between the armors supplied to Gyeongju and to regional areas in the 4th-century Silla. It was in the following century, with the arrival of scale armor, that a difference began to emerge -- not in style but in structure. The difference between the armors found in Gyeongju and those in the regions outside is clearly shown by, among others, the accessories buried at the grave together with the main parts of the armor. It was surely a new development compared with the 4th century when there was little difference between the capital and regional areas in terms of the supply and demand of armors. The development provides evidence of the significant change in the relationship between the ruling class in the capital of Silla and regional clan leaders. Evidences of such change are given by the discoveries made at the Namseong-ri tomb site in Pohang, Jungsan-ri tomb site in Ulsan, and Hwanam-ri tomb site in Yeongcheon. There have been two different views proposed on the control of the regional areas by the central government of Silla in the 4th century: one is that the rulers in Gyeongju controlled the regions indirectly, and the other is that the regions were under the direct control of the central government. As suggested by the characteristic features of the Namseong-ri armor as discussed in this paper, the relationship between the capital and regions of Silla in the 4th century can hardly be said to be that of the rulers and the ruled.

scholarly journals An Exploratory Study of Hong Kong Mathematics Education of International Schools and Public Schools

CONVERTER ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 170-180
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Xu, Chi-Wai Yu
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Middle School Teachers ◽  
Mixed Method ◽  
International Schools ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Learning Mathematics ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The Relationship

This study explored the difference in the belief on mathematics teaching between teachers of International and public schools; In particular, it considered the beliefs of middle school teachers with regard to mathematics. This study also soldiered the relationship between teachers ‘conceptions and students’ attitude of learning mathematics. It employed the mixed method and design to identify the three different types of questionnaires were designed for 19 teachers, and 107students from five different schools. All statistical analysis were implemented by an open-source package, R. Some characteristic features affecting on teachers’ belief, conceptions, and students’ attitude were observed. Hence, there is a sightly effective relationship between the students’ personality relate with the teachers’ belief.

Multisensory Digital Experiences

2021 ◽  
pp. 371-386
Author(s):  
Sharafat Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Mixed Reality ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Interactive Technologies ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Relationship

Whether we go to a restaurant or jogging, almost all the experiences in our daily lives consist of what we see, hear, smell, taste, and feel. Lately, especially in the COVID-19-affected world, many of these multisensory experiences have been transformed and capitalized through invents in technology. This chapter looks at the technological advancements in the area of new interactive technologies and multisensory experiences. This chapter describes the basics of multisensory experiences, the relationship between the human senses and technologies. It discusses the concepts that help analyze and explain how the senses interact with each other. Further, this chapter highlights the difference between virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality using the reality-virtuality continuum. In the end, this chapter underscores some ethical concerns, our responsibility towards it, and what the future of those multisensory experiences may hold for us.

scholarly journals The Ground on Which We All Stand: A Conversation About Menstrual Equity Law and Activism

2020 ◽  
pp. 341
Author(s):  
Bridget Crawford ◽  
Margaret Johnson ◽  
Marcy Karin ◽  
Laura Strausfeld ◽  
Emily Gold
Keyword(s):  
Panel Discussion ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Gender Justice ◽  
Legal Action ◽  
Intersectional Analysis ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

This essay grows out of a panel discussion among five lawyers on the subject of menstrual equity activism. Each of the authors is a scholar, activist, or organizer involved in some form of menstrual equity work. The overall project is both enriched and complicated by an intersectional analysis. This essay increases awareness of existing menstrual equity and menstrual justice work; it also identifies avenues for further inquiry, next steps for legal action, and opportunities that lie ahead. After describing prior and current work at the junction of law and menstruation, the contributors evaluate the successes and limitations of recent legal changes. The authors then turn to conceptual issues about the relationship between menstrual equity and gender justice, as well as the difference between equity and equality. The essay concludes with consideration of the future of menstrual equity and menstrual justice work. The authors envision an expanded, inclusive group of individuals working for greater gender justice.

Comparison of In-the-Ear and Over-the-Ear Hearing Aid Fittings

1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna M. Risberg ◽  
Robyn M. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Aids ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Hearing Aid Fitting ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Functional Gain ◽  
The Relationship

A custom in-the-ear (ITE) hearing aid fitting was compared to two over-the-ear (OTE) hearing aid fittings for each of 9 subjects with mild to moderately severe hearing losses. Speech intelligibility via the three instruments was compared using the Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR) test. The relationship between functional gain and coupler gain was compared for the ITE and the higher rated OTE instruments. The difference in input received at the microphone locations of the two types of hearing aids was measured for 10 different subjects and compared to the functional gain data. It was concluded that (a) for persons with mild to moderately severe hearing losses, appropriately adjusted custom ITE fittings typically yield speech intelligibility that is equal to the better OTE fitting identified in a comparative evaluation; and (b) gain prescriptions for ITE hearing aids should be adjusted to account for the high-frequency emphasis associated with in-the-concha microphone placement.

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