scholarly journals Effect of Flaxseed Extract on the Liver Histological Structure in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Imad M. Al-Ani ◽  
Ahmed N. Abired ◽  
Basma E. Mustafa ◽  
Emad N. Abdel Wahab ◽  
Marwan S. Azzubaidi
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Diabetic Control ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Flaxseed Extract

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus has become a serious warning to mankind health all over the world. The management goal of diabetes is to keep blood glucose levels as close as possible to healthy individuals. Medications used to treat diabetes are usually associated with complications and may cause different side effects. Many traditional anti-diabetic plants have become popular in the management of diabetes mellitus. Flaxseed has been used as traditional medicine for centuries. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of flaxseed extract in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Diabetes mellitus was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats using a single injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg i.p.). The rats were divided into five groups of 8 rats each. Group NC, normal control rats; Group NF, normal rats treated with flaxseed extract (400 mg/kg); Group DC, diabetic control rats; Group DG, diabetic rats treated with glibenclamide (0.6 mg/kg); Group DF, diabetic rats treated with flaxseed extract (400 mg/kg); for 4 weeks. Results: There were significant increase in relative liver weight, blood glucose levels in DC group comparing to NC group (p<0.05). The disturbance of these parameters was ameliorated in DF and DG groups. Histological observation revealed congestion of central veins, degeneration of hepatocytes, and reduced glycogen granules in DC group. These pathological changes were ameliorated in the flaxseed extract and glibenclamide treated rats. Conclusion: Flaxseed extract may represent a candidate alternative treatment to control diabetes mellitus and its related hepatopathy.

scholarly journals BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS AND THE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF KIDNEY WISTAR RAT DIABETES MELLITUS UNDER THE EFFECT OF LAWSONIA INERMIS (LINN.) LEAVES ETHANOLIC EXTRACT

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
Mutiara Indah Sari ◽  
Maya Anjelir Antika ◽  
Dwi Rita Anggraini
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
Diabetic Control ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lawsonia Inermis ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Glucose Levels

 Objective: Lawsonia inermis (Linn.) leaves are one of the alternative medicines to treat diabetes mellitus in Indonesia. We investigated the blood glucose level (BGL) of the L. inermis (Linn.) leaves ethanolic extract (LLEE) leaves and evaluated the histopathological alterations in diabetic rats.Methods: This study was an experimental study with posttest - only control group design. Alloxan (120 mg/kg, intraperitoneally)-induced diabetic rats. 35 of Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided randomly into five groups, i.e. K: Normal control, P1: Diabetic control, and P2, P3, and P4 (200 mg/kg body weight [BW], 400 mg/kg BW, and 600 mg/kg BW of LLEE, orally) for 28 days. At the end of the treatment, the rats were sacrificed to obtain the kidney for histopathological evaluation using hematoxylin and eosin technique. BGLs were conducted using a glucose meter (GlucoDR).Results: One-way ANOVA test showed that dose 400 mg/kg BW of the LLEE was related to BGL of alloxan-induced diabetic rats (p=0.000). The histopathological of kidney showed glomerular inflammation (GI), epithelial membrane lining degeneration, vascular congestion, and interstitial tubule hemorrhage at diabetic control (P1). Meanwhile, treated with 600 mg/kg BW of LLEE (P4) showed increase cellular regeneration as normal architecture of the kidney.Conclusion: The LLEE at dose 400 mg/kg BW effective decreased BGL and was able to restore the kidney destruction of alloxan-induced diabetic rats at dose 600 mg/kg BW.

scholarly journals Anti-diabetic effects of aqueous extract of Dendropanax morbifera Lev. leaves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. e38
Author(s):  
Min-Jae Kim ◽  
Ye-Jin Kang ◽  
Dong-Eon Lee ◽  
Suk Kim ◽  
Se-Hun Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Control ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Biochemical ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Sd Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Dendropanax Morbifera ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes

This study examined the anti-diabetic effects of aqueous extracts of Dendropanax morbifera leaves (DMWEs) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Thirty male SD rats (body weight [BW], 250.4 ± 19.7 g) were divided into the following six groups: normal control rats (NC), diabetic control rats (DC), diabetic rats treated with metformin HCl 100 mg/kg BW (DT), diabetic rats treated with DMWEs 50 mg/kg BW (DM-50), diabetic rats treated with DMWEs 100 mg/kg BW (DM-100), and diabetic rats treated with DMWEs 200 mg/kg BW (DM-200). From two weeks of administration of DMWEs, the BW of all groups treated with DMWEs increased significantly compared to DC (p < 0.05). At four weeks after treatment, the blood glucose levels in DT, DM-100, and DM-200 decreased below 200 mg/dL, while the glycated hemoglobin concentrations in all groups administered DMWEs were similar to those of NC and DT. Regarding the blood biochemical parameters, the levels of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine in DM-100 and DM-200 were similar to those in NC and DT. Overall, these results highlight the effectiveness of DM-100 in the treatment of diabetes.

scholarly journals Antidiabetic activity of curry leaves Murraya koenigii on glucose level, kidney and islets of langerhans in streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Imad M. Al-Ani ◽  
Rahajoe I. Santosa ◽  
Muhammad H. Yankuzo
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Diabetic Control ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Murraya Koenigii ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Curry Leaves ◽  
Aqueous Leaf Extract

Introduction: This study examined the antihyperglycemic effect of curry leaves, Murraya koenigii “MK” aqueous extract, and to examine its possible protective effects on the Islets of Langerhans and kidneys in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats.  Methods: Thirty healthy adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized into five groups (n=6); normal control, normal treated with “MK” control, diabetic control (non-treated with “MK”), diabetic treated with 200mg/kg MK aqueous leaf extract and diabetic treated with 400mg/kg MK aqueous leaf extract. Blood glucose levels and body weight were monitored. The animals were sacrificed on the 30th day; the kidney and pancreatic tissues were processed for histological studies. Results: The diabetic control group significantly (p<0.001) showed considerable loss of body weight and increase in blood glucose levels and degeneration of the glomeruli and renal convoluted tubules and atrophied islets with disintegration of β-cells. Treatment of diabetic rats with aqueous extract showed significant (p<0.001) improvement in blood glucose levels and body weight gain.  The MK extract also caused an improvement in tissue injury induced by STZ injection in the kidney and endocrine pancreas.  Conclusions: These findings highlighted the beneficial effects of MK aqueous extract against cellular oxidative damage in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Dioscorea dumetorum-Fed Rats Exhibited Decreased Body Weight, Blood Glucose, and Insulin in STZ-induced Diabetes

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrietta Aritetsoma Ogbunugafor ◽  
Emmanuel Emeka Ilodigwe ◽  
Daniel Lotanna Ajaghaku ◽  
Chinwe Nonyelum Ezekwesili ◽  
Chike Samuel Okafor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Insulin Level ◽  
Diabetic Control ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Background: Preventive measures that could slow down the rising incidences of diabetes mellitus are essential. The use of neglected local foods, which have effects on this chronic disease beyond basic nutrition as dietary controls, is desirable.Objective: The effect of Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax (Dioscoreaceae) feed on satiety, weight, blood glucose, and insulin levels were investigated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.Methods: Twenty adult male rats in four groups of five were used for the experiment. Three groups – D. dumetorum, glibenclamide, and standard pellet-fed rats were induced with diabetes by i.p. administration of 50mg kg-1 streptozotocin, while the fouth group (?) served as a non-diabetic control. D. dumetorum was fed at 15g daily for ten days before induction, and after induction, feeding continued. Glibenclamide was orally administered 5mg kg-1 daily. Both the untreated and non-diabetic rats were kept on standard rat pellets. Feed intake, weight, and blood glucose concentration were monitored daily, while insulin level was measured on day two and day six after inductions. Results: Average feed intake for non-diabetic rats was 15g for D. dumetorum per day, which dropped to 10.3g after induction of diabetes. Weight of normal non-diabetic rats consistently increased (142.61 ± 4.37g – 169.43 ± 8.61g) for the duration (17 days) of the experiment. The D. dumetorum-fed rats showed weight reduction of 5.4%, glibenclamide 4.0%, and untreated diabetic 6.15%. Non-diabetic rats blood glucose levels ranged between 70 to 100mg dL-1. Streptozotocin (STZ) (i.p.) administration increased blood glucose levels from 370% to 626% in the rats. D. dumetorum-fed rats showed reduced (p<0.05) blood glucose levels of 22.6%. Glibenclamide had 5.5% reduction (p<0.05). Insulin was absent in D. dumetorum-fed rats, whereas 0.95ng ml-1 of insulin was detected in glibenclamide-administered rats. These quantities were lower (p<0.001) than 1.40ng ml-1 in the non-diabetic rats. Conclusion: This study revealed that D. dumetorum tuber caused decreased hunger, weight reduction, and displayed hypoglycemic property in diabetic rats, even after heat treatment. Its probable mechanism of anti-hyperglycemic activity might not be through increased insulin secretion.Key words: D. dumetorum, streptozotocin-induced diabetes, weight, blood glucose, insulin.

scholarly journals PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF PORTULACA GRANDIFLORA HOOK PLANT EXTRACT ON STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETES IN RATS

2019 ◽  
pp. 87-90
Author(s):  
DEVI M ◽  
KOMAL S ◽  
LOGESHWARI B
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Diabetic Control ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Antidiabetic Activity ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Portulaca Grandiflora ◽  
Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes

Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of the whole aerial plant of Portulaca grandiflora Hook on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Experimental diabetes was induced by a single dose of intraperitoneal injection of STZ (150 mg/kg). Adult male Wister albino rats were divided into five groups; normal control, diabetic control, diabetic glibenclamide (5 mg/kg), diabetic P. grandiflora H. extract (200 mg/kg), and diabetic P. grandiflora H. extract (400 mg/kg) for 21 days and analyzed for body weight (BW) and blood glucose. Results: The STZ-treated diabetic control rats showed a significant increase in blood glucose with a concomitant decrease in BW. Oral administration of P. grandiflora H. extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) for 21 days showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels and elevation in the bodyweight studies as compared to control and glibenclamide-treated rats. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that a potent antidiabetic activity was present in the aerial part of plant P. grandiflora H. extract.

The effect of Syzygium cumini (L.) skeels on post-prandial blood glucose levels in non-diabetic rats and rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus

1997 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Coimbra Teixeira ◽  
Luciano Pilla Pinto ◽  
Felix Henrique Paim Kessler ◽  
Lia Knijnik ◽  
Cristiano Pilla Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Syzygium Cumini ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes

scholarly journals Studies on the Antidiabetic Activities ofCordyceps militarisExtract in Diet-Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Sprague-Dawley Rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Dong ◽  
Tianjiao Jing ◽  
Qingfan Meng ◽  
Chungang Liu ◽  
Shuang Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Cordyceps Militaris ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Alcohol Extract ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Antioxidative Effects

Due to substantial morbidity and high complications, diabetes mellitus is considered as the third “killer” in the world. A search for alternative antidiabetic drugs from herbs or fungi is highly demanded. Our present study aims to investigate the antidiabetic activities ofCordyceps militarison diet-streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats. Diabetic rats were orally administered with water extract or alcohol extract at 0.05 g/kg and 2 g/kg for 3 weeks, and then, the factors levels related to blood glucose, lipid, free radicals, and even nephropathy were determined. Pathological alterations on liver and kidney were examined. Data showed that, similar to metformin,Cordyceps militarisextracts displayed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels by promoting glucose metabolism and strongly suppressed total cholesterol and triglycerides concentration in serum.Cordyceps militarisextracts exhibit antioxidative effects indicated by normalized superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels. The inhibitory effects on blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, and protein revealed the protection ofCordyceps militarisextracts against diabetic nephropathy, which was confirmed by pathological morphology reversion. Collectively,Cordyceps militarisextract, a safe pharmaceutical agent, presents excellent antidiabetic and antinephropathic activities and thus has great potential as a new source for diabetes treatment.

Preclinical study of the antidiabetic effect of Traganum nudatum in diabetic rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
EL Ouady Fadwa ◽  
Mohamed Eddouks
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Antidiabetic Effect ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Aims: The aim of the study was to study the antidiabetic effect of Traganum nudatum in an animal model of diabetes. Background: Traganum nudatum (T. nudatum) is a medicinal plant widely used in folk medicine by the Moroccan population to treat various diseases including diabetes. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the antihyperglycemic and hypoglycemic of the aqueous Traganum nudatum exrtcat in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated orally by the extract of Traganum nudatum (T. nudatum) at a dose of 50 mg/kg. The blood glucose levels were determined during 6 hours and 15 days during this treatment. Besides the oral glucose tolerance and phytochemical tests as well as the analysis of histopathological changes of liver was performed. The antioxidant activity of aqueous T. nudatum extract was also assessed using the method of trapping of free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Results: T. nudatum aerial part aqueous extract (TNAPAE) reduced the blood glucose levels in both normal and diabetic rats. The results demonstrated that TNAPAE treatment exhibited a significant hypoglycemic effect without altering the body weight. In addition, a noticeable influence on glucose tolerance was also remarked after TNAPAE treatment. Moreover, TNAPAE was able to exhibit a beneficial effect on histological structure of liver. Finally a potential antioxidant effect has been shown in vitro. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study demonstrates the antihyperglycemic and hypoglycemic effects of T. nudatum in rats supporting then its traditional use for the management of diabetes.

scholarly journals Paradoxical refractoriness developing with the allogeneic transfer of splenic lymphocyte total RNA from animals with treated alloxan diabetes to animals with untreated diabetes

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Н.М. Геворкян ◽  
Н.В. Тишевская ◽  
А.Г. Бабаева
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Alloxan Diabetes ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Diabetes Group ◽  
Total Rna ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Ранее нами было показано, что препараты аллогенной суммарной РНК, выделенной из лимфоидных и стволовых клеток здоровых животных, вызывают нормализацию уровня глюкозы крови у крыс со стойким аллоксановым сахарным диабетом. Цель исследования -- выяснение влияния суммарной РНК лимфоцитов селезенки крыс, ранее перенесших стойкий аллоксановый диабет, на особенности течения эксперименального аллоксанового диабета у животных. Методика. Эксперимент выполнен на 35 белых беспородных крысах-самках массой 250-280 г: 5 интактных животных, 20 - с экспериментальным аллоксановым сахарным диабетом и 10 животных, ранее перенесших стойкий аллоксановый диабет, у которых уровень глюкозы крови был полностью нормализован введением суммарных РНК клеток костного мозга, селезенки и поджелудочной железы. Диабет у этих животных моделировали однократным подкожным введением полного адъюванта Фрейнда (0,5 мл на крысу) и последующим подкожным введением аллоксана тригидрата в дозе 200 мг/кг. Достигнутая нормогликемия у животных подтверждалась в течение последующих 60 сут. Из селезенок и костного мозга этих животных методом фенол-хлороформной экстракции была выделена суммарная РНК. На 20 крысах с экспериментальным аллоксановым сахарным диабетом изучали эффекты однократного внутрибрюшинного введения полученной суммарной РНК (15 мкг/100 г массы тела животного). Результаты. Обнаружено, что при введении суммарной РНК селезенки крыс, ранее перенесших аллоксановый диабет, животным с аллоксановым диабетом у последних развивалась стойкая и длительная рефрактерность к лечению терапевтическими препаратами РНК. Заключение. 1. Выявлен феномен повышенной чувствительности крыс с аллоксановым диабетом к действию суммарной РНК селезенки животных, ранее перенесших аллоксановый диабет. 2. Предполагаемой причиной рефрактерности является клональный компонент суммарной РНК CD8+ Т-лимфоцитов памяти из селезенки животных, ранее перенесших аллоксановый диабет. 3. Предполагается наличие механизма адресного взаимодействия отдельных компонентов суммарной РНК селезенки крыс, ранее перенесших аллоксановый диабет, с их лимфоцитами-мишенями в организме реципиентов с аллоксановым диабетом. Introduction. Earlier we have shown that preparations of allogenic total RNA from lymphoid and stem cells of healthy animals contribute to normalization of blood glucose levels in white outbred rats with persistent alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to find out whether allogenic total RNA isolated from the spleen of rats treated for alloxan diabetes affects its course, as determined by changes in blood glucose, in animals with persistent alloxan diabetes. Methods. Experiments were performed on 35 white outbred female rats weighing 250-280 g. Rats were divided into intact animals (n=5), rats with experimental alloxan diabetes mellitus (n=20), and rats after persistent alloxan diabetes (n=10) whose blood glucose level had been completely normalized by administrating total RNA of bone marrow, splenic, and pancreatic cells (post-diabetes group). Diabetes mellitus was modeled with a single subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (0.5 ml) followed by a s.c. injection of alloxan trihydrate (200 mg/kg). Achievement of normoglycemia in animals of the post-diabetes group was confirmed over the next 60 days. Then total RNA was isolated from their spleen and bone marrow by phenol-chloroform extraction, and the effect of a single intraperitoneal injection of total RNA (15 μg/100 g body weight) was studied. Results. Administration of splenic total RNA from rats previously treated for alloxan diabetes to animals with alloxan diabetes resulted in development of stable and prolonged refractoriness of diabetic rats to the treatment with therapeutic RNA preparations [11]. Conclusions. This study discovered a phenomenon of hypersensitivity of rats with alloxan diabetes to the diabetogenic effect of total RNA from animals that had previously had alloxan diabetes. Apparently, this refractoriness was caused by the clonal component of the total RNA of CD8 + T memory lymphocytes from the spleen of post-diabetes animals. A mechanism is proposed for the interaction between individual components of splenic total RNA from post-diabetes rats and their target lymphocytes in recipients with alloxan diabetes.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Composition and Effect of Nauclea Latifolia Aqueous Extracts on Blood Glucose Levels of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar Albino Rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-163
Author(s):  
D O Ochalefu ◽  
G I Adoga ◽  
C D Luka ◽  
H A Abu ◽  
E O O Amali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Diabetic Control ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Glucose Lowering ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Nauclea Latifolia

Researches targeted at understanding and controlling abnormally high level of blood glucose in Diabetes mellitus are ongoing. In spite of many available anti-diabetic drugs in the market, safer and cheaper remedies from plant material are being sought for due to the unwanted side effects of these drugs. In this research work, we looked at the beneficial blood glucose lowering effect of the plant Nauclea latifolia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic albino Wistar rats. The extracts were first screened for the presence of phytochemicals using standard methods and the result showed the presence of saponins, tannins, reducing sugar, phlobatannins, anthraquinone, flavonoids, steroids and alkaloids. The study design involved 30 male albino Wistar rats which were divided into 6 groups. Groups 1 and 2 represent the Normal Control and Diabetic Control respectively. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were Diabetic rats treated orally with 500mg/kg body weight of aqueous extracts of Stem-bark, Leaves and Root-bark respectively while Group 6 were Diabetic rats treated with 5mg/kg body weight of Glibenclamide. The extracts and Glibenclamide were administered for 28 days. Blood glucose levels were determined on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 by tail tipping method using Glucometer (Accu-Chek, Manheim, Germany). The extracts and Glibenclamide reduced significantly (p<0.05) the Fasting Blood Glucose levels in the diabetic treated rats compared with the Diabetic Control. Amongst the extracts the root-bark is more efficacious, decreasing the glucose level by 49.80% while the stem-bark and leaves brought about reduction by 28.76% and 12.15% respectively. The findings imply that the extracts of this plant have blood glucose lowering ability and should be further evaluated for its beneficial effect in Diabetes mellitus management.

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