scholarly journals The content of ATP Synthase in Cerebral Ischemia of Varying Severity Comparative Analysis

2022 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-07
Author(s):  
Bon Elizaveta I. ◽  
Maksimovich Natalia E. ◽  
Karnyushko Olga A. ◽  
Zimatkin Sergey M ◽  
Lychkovskaya Maria A
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Atp Synthase ◽  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Common Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Immunohistochemical Method ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries ◽  
The Brain

Objective. Evaluation of changes in the content of ATP synthase in the parietal cortex and hippocampus of the brain of rats with ischemia of varying severity in a comparative aspect. Methods. The experiments were performed on 88 male outbred white rats weighing 260 ± 20 g. Brain ischemia was modeled under conditions of intravenous thiopental anesthesia (40-50 mg / kg). Total cerebral ischemia was modeled by decapitation of animals. The brain sampling was carried out 1 hour and 24 hours after decapitation - to study tissue respiration of mitochondria, as well as 1 hour later to determine the content of ATP synthase. Subtotal cerebral ischemia was modeled by simultaneous ligation of both common carotid arteries. The material was taken after 1 hour to determine the content of ATP synthase. Stepwise subtotal cerebral ischemia was performed by sequential ligation of both common carotid arteries with an interval of 7 days. The sampling was carried out 1 hour after ligation of the second common carotid artery in each of the subgroups. Partial cerebral ischemia was modeled by ligation of one common carotid artery on the right. The sampling was carried out 1 hour after the operation. Determination of the content of ATP synthase was carried out by immunohistochemical method using monoclonal antibodies. For this purpose, after decapitation, the brain was quickly removed from the rats, pieces of the cerebral cortex were fixed in zinc-ethanol-formaldehyde at + 4 ° C (overnight), then embeddedвinвparaffin. Results. In the group of stepwise subtotal cerebral ischemia, the smallest decrease in the content of ATP synthase was observed in the 1st subgroup with an interval between dressings of 7 days, while the greatest decrease in the content of the enzyme was noted in the 3rd subgroup with the minimum interval between the dressings of the common carotid artery (1 day). Modeling of more severe types of ischemic damage led to pronounced morphological changes in neurons in the parietal cortex and hippocampus of the rat brain - a decrease in their size, deformation of the perikarya, an increase in the degree of neuronal chromatophilia with their simultaneous wrinkling and subsequent death. These disorders were most pronounced in the 3rd subgroup of stepwise subtotal cerebral ischemia with the shortest interval between dressings, which was 1 day, and in the group of total cerebral ischemia. Conclusion. Thus, the most pronounced decrease in the content of ATP synthase was observed in the groups of total cerebral ischemia, subtotal cerebral ischemia and in the 3rd subgroup of stepwise subtotal cerebral ischemia, with a minimal time interval between the ligation of the common carotid artery. In stepwise subtotal cerebral ischemia with an interval between ligation of the common carotid artery of 7 days, the suppression of the ATP synthase content was not so significant.

scholarly journals Histological disorders of neurons of phylogenetically different parts of the cerebral cortex in partial, subtotal, stepwise subtotal, and total cerebral ischemia

2021 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. e493
Author(s):  
Lizaveta I. Bon ◽  
Nataliya Y. Maksimovich
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Common Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Oxygen Deficiency ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

Aim. Measure of the histological changes in neurons in the parietal cortex and hippocampus of rats with partial, subtotal, stepwise subtotal, and total cerebral ischemia. Material and Methods. Studies were performed on 84 rats. Partial cerebral ischemia was modelled by ligation of one common carotid artery. Subtotal cerebral ischemia was modelled by ligation of both common carotid arteries. Stepwise subtotal cerebral ischemia was performed by sequential ligation of both common carotid artery with 7-day, 3-day or 1-day intervals. Total cerebral ischemia (CI) was modelled by decapitation. Results. When comparing the morphological changes of neurons in the parietal cortex and hippocampus, we observed that, with the aggravation of the severity of cerebral ischemia, there was a progressive increase in the number of hyperchromic shrivelled neurons and neurons with pericellular oedema. Modelling of more severe types of ischemic damage lead to pronounced morphological changes in neurons – a decrease in size, deformation of the perikaryon, and increase in the degree of neuronal chromatophilia with their wrinkling. Conclusions. The smallest morphological changes in neurons were noted in the partial cerebral ischemia groups and subgroup 1 of stepwise subtotal cerebral ischemia, with an interval between common carotid artery dressings of 7 days. The most obvious morphological changes were observed in the conditions of total cerebral ischemia after 1 day. Changes in the parietal cortex and hippocampus were unidirectional, but in the parietal cortex, which is most sensitive to oxygen deficiency, they were more pronounced.

scholarly journals Acute Effects of Whole-Body Vibration on Dopplerfluxometry of the Common Carotid Artery Parameters among Adult and Elderly Non-Athletes Healthy Dogs

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lais Rosa Nagai ◽  
Sheila Canevese Rahal ◽  
Carmel Dadalto ◽  
Bruna Martins Da Silva ◽  
Miriam Tsunemi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Common Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Single Session ◽  
Healthy Dogs ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries ◽  
Systolic Peak Velocity

Background: Whole-Body Vibration (WBV) is an oscillatory mechanical stimulus spreading throughout the body and considered a type of physical exercise because of the activation of the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and neuroendocrine systems. It is a physical exercise modality since it promotes cardiovascular resistance, increase in muscular strength and neurosensitivity, and motor coordination improvement. For use of WBV as an exercise modality for dogs, it is necessary to evaluate the Dopplerfluxometry parameters of the common carotid artery in healthy dogs in order to perform a safe protocol without inducing any cerebral alteration. This study aimed to evaluate the acute effects of WBV on systolic peak velocity (SPV), resistivity (RI), and pulsatility index (PI) of the both common carotid artery among adults and elderly non-athletes healthy dog.Materials, Methods & Results: Fourteen clinically healthy, neutered crossbreed male dogs, non-athlete were divided into two groups of seven dogs, according to the age group: Group 1 (G1)- Adult dogs: age between 12 and 84 months; Group 2 (G2)- Elderly dogs: aged over 84 months. All dogs were submitted to sessions of WBV using the protocol of 30 Hz for 5 min, followed by an increase to 50 Hz for 5 more min and ending with 5 min at 30 Hz, without rest between the variation of the vibration frequency. The systolic peak velocity (SPV), resistivity (RI), and pulsatility index (PI) of the common carotid artery were assessed in two time-points: 5 min before the WBV sessions (5PRE) and 1 min after the WBV (1POS). No significant variations in the SPS, RI, and PI of both common carotid artery of the G1 and G2 were identified. The anatomic reference for the left and right common carotid artery was the right and left extern jugulars veins, which were identified by the venous blood vessel characteristics as endothelium type, and single-phase without systolic peaks wave. Discussion: In humans, WBV is indicated to muscle size and tone increase, therefore it is believed that this modality can present a beneficial result in dogs with muscular atrophy associated with orthopedic surgeries and in cases of osteoarthritis. Irreversible brain damage can be caused by a possible hemodynamic alteration in the common carotid arteries resulted from mechanical vibrations. Parkinson’s disease patients and individuals affected by strokes that went under acute sessions of WBV showed handshake reduction and better proprioception, respectively. The beneficial effect was observed in cervix opening in dogs with metritis. The behavior of sitting of the dogs over 30 kg during WBVsessions was associated with paraparesis. This result was present in medium-size non-athletic dogs weighing from 10.1 to 17.9 kg that went through WBV for 5 consecutive days, using the same vibrating platform. No signs of discomfort during a single session of 10 min of WBV (15 and 21 Hz) were observed in healthy adult horses.  Studies using mechanical vibrations on adult healthy dogs did not show significant variation RI of the renal artery. On the other hand, daily use of WBV for 5 days on dogs showed significant enhancement on RI of the femoral artery immediately after it. A single session of WBV (30 and 50 Hz did, for 15 min) do not produce undesirable effects on SPV, RI, and PI of both common carotid arteries in adult and elderly non-athletic healthy dogs.

scholarly journals Intimomedial thickness of the vertebral arteries complex: A new useful parameter for the assessment of atheroclerotic process?

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 733-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivera Jovanikic ◽  
Toplica Lepic ◽  
Ranko Raicevic ◽  
Dragana Veljancic ◽  
Andjelka Ristic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Vertebral Artery ◽  
Common Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Vertebral Arteries ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Common ◽  
Carotid Circulation ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

Bacground/Aim. An integral part of Doppler ultrasound examination of cervical blood vessels is determination of intimomedial thicknes (IMT) of the common carotid. The aim of the study was to estimate the relations between IMT of the common carotid and vertebral arteries in order to determine if the value of IMT obtained on the vertebral artery could be applied in clinical practice. Methods. We measured IMT in a randomized, prospective and crosssectional study, performed on 50 persons both sexes (29 men and 21 women), at the age from 18 to 79 years (mean age 52.4 ? 17.63 years). All the persons were healthy, what was confirmed with clinical examination and laboratory analyses. Measurements were perfomed from January 2006 until September 2008. Intimomedial thickness was recorded by twodimensional ultrasonography in B-mode on both common carotid arteries: one value was obtained as average of three successeful measurements (measurements were perform on different places). We measured IMT on the first segment of both vertebral arteries, 1.5 cm proximal from the connection of the first and second segments (we got results of the measurement of IMT on the vertebral arteries in the same way: mean value from the three records). Results. (IMT = 0.782 ? 0.248 mm), obtained from 50 healthy persons, was higher than that measured on the vertabral artery on the first segment (IMT = 0.585 ? 0.134 mm). The values of IMT after measurement on two different places were statistically highly different (t = 7.03, SD = 0.028, p < 0.01). Coefficient of variability of IMT values in carotid circulation (CV = 34.4%) was higher than that in vertebral circulation (22.9%). Values of IMT on vertebral arteries were in statistically significant correlation with those in carotid circulation (r = 0.24 and t- = 2.48; p < 0.02). There were no statistically significant difference between IMT measurement on the right and the left side so they were analysed as the same set Conclusion. Values of IMT on the vertebral arteries are one more undependent parameter of doplersonographic examination of cervical vessels, which significantly correlates with IMT values on common carotid artery. Variability of this parameter is lower, and absolute values lower than the same in the common carotid artery. Therefore, this parameter is probably not so sensitive. On the other hand, lower variability of IMT values on the vertebral artery might be of higher specificity for prediction of atherosclerotic progress by the increased values of this parameter than based on IMT values obtained on the common carotid arteries.

scholarly journals A New Technique to Induce Experimental Myointimal Hyperplasia

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 415-419
Author(s):  
Sami Asfar ◽  
Ali Shuaib ◽  
Fatemah Al-Otaibi ◽  
Sora S. Asfar ◽  
Narayana Kilarkaje
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Common Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
The Common ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Histopathological Studies ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

Background: Arterial myointimal hyperplasia (MIH) has a significant impact on the long-term outcomes of vascular procedures such as bypass surgery and angioplasty. In this study, we describe a new and innovative technique to induce MIH using a dental flossing cachet in Wistar rats. Methods: The intimal damage in the common carotid artery was induced by inserting the tip of the dental flossing cachet through the external carotid artery into the common carotid artery and turning it on for 3 rounds of 20 s each (n = 10). After 2 weeks, the rats were anesthetized and the common carotid arteries of the experimental side and the contralateral side (control) were harvested and preserved for histopathological studies. Results: The experimental carotid arteries showed significant intimal proliferation and thickening compared to the controls. The intima/media ratio of the experimental and normal (control) common carotid arteries were 1.274 ± 0.162 and 0.089 ± 0.023 (mean ± SEM), respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This technique is simple, inexpensive, and highly reproducible and it induces sufficient MIH to study this phenomenon in animal models.

scholarly journals Synchronous Carotid Bifurcation Endarterectomy and Retrograde Kissing Stenting of the Innominate and Left Common Carotid Artery in a Patient with a Bovine Aortic Arch

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Robaldo ◽  
Guido Carignano ◽  
Alberto Balderi ◽  
Claudio Novali
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Aortic Arch ◽  
Common Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
High Risk Patient ◽  
Carotid Bifurcation ◽  
Left Common Carotid Artery ◽  
The Right ◽  
Bovine Aortic Arch ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

Management of the symptomatic multiple stenosis of supra-aortic vessels (MSSVs) in a “bovine” aortic arch (BAA) configuration is infrequently reported. The optimal treatment choice remains debatable. A successful hybrid treatment for a proximal critical stenosis of the innominate and left common carotid artery was performed in a high-risk patient with a tandem symptomatic lesion in the right carotid bifurcation and a concentric vulnerable plaque in the bovine trunk. This case supports the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of a combined carotid bifurcation endarterectomy and retrograde kissing stenting of common carotid arteries with cerebral protection after evaluation of radiological, anatomical, and clinical parameters.

ANALYSIS OF PREDICTORS OF EPILEPTIC SEIZURES

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 112-121
Author(s):  
A.V. ZHIDKOV ◽  
A.A. MAKAROV ◽  
K.V. PODMASTERYEV ◽  
M.P. ZHILTSOV ◽  
D.E. CHEKMAREVA
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Common Carotid Artery ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Flow Dynamics ◽  
Velocity Change ◽  
Blood Flow Dynamics ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Brain

The statistical data on epilepsy, etiology and pathogenesis of the disease are given in the article. The main causes that affect the occurrence of epileptic seizures, and possible predictors that are sensitive to these causes (metabolic rate, blood flow velocity, change in electrical activity of the brain) are highlighted. The blood flow dynamics in the common carotid artery, which supplies the brain with oxygen and nutrients is proposed to be considered as one of the possible internal physiological parameters that are believed to be predictors of epileptic seizures.

scholarly journals Congenital Aplasia of the Common Carotid Artery: A Comprehensive Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Vasović ◽  
M. Trandafilović ◽  
S. Vlajković
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Common Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
The Past ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
Congenital Aplasia ◽  
General Data ◽  
The Common

In an attempt to describe the morphofunctional consequences of uni- and bilateral aplasia of the common carotid artery (CCA), which is usually a vascular source of the external carotid (ECA) and internal carotid (ICA) arteries, we investigated online databases of anatomical and clinical papers published from the 18th century to the present day. We found 87 recorded cases of uni- and bilateral CCA aplasia in subjects from the first hours to the eighth decade of life, which had been discovered in 14 (known) countries. Four crucial parameters were described: the embryology of the carotid arteries, morphophysiology of the carotid arteries, CCA aplasia, and unilateral versus bilateral CCA aplasia, including history, general data, diagnosing, vascular sources, caliber, course of the separated ECA and ICA, associated vascular variants, and pathological disorders. To complete the knowledge of the morphofunctional consequences of the absence of some artery of the carotid system, and risking the possibility of repeating some words, as “carotid artery”, or “carotid aplasia” and the headings from our previous article about bilateral ICA absence, this review is the first in the literature that recorded all cases of the CCA aplasia published and/or cited for the past 233 years. Main characteristic of the CCA absence is its association with 21 different diseases, among which the aneurysms were in 13.69% of cases, and 17.80% of cases were without pathology.

Fabrications of small diameter compliance bypass conduit using electrospinning of clinical grade polyurethane

Vascular ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 636-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahim Faturechi ◽  
Ata Hashemi ◽  
Nabiollah Abolfathi ◽  
Atefeh Solouk ◽  
Alexander Seifalian
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Common Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Fiber Diameter ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Electrospinning Technique ◽  
Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

Objective Compliance and viscoelastic mismatches of small diameter vascular conduits and host arteries have been the cause of conduit’s failure. Methods To reduce these mismatches, the aim of this study was to develop and characterize a polyurethane conduit, which mimics the viscoelastic behaviors of human arteries. Electrospinning technique was used to fabricate tubular polyurethane conduits with similar properties of the human common carotid artery. This was achieved by manipulating the fiber diameter by altering the syringe flow rate of the solution. The mechanical and viscoelastic properties of the fabricated electrospun polyurethane conduits were, then, compared with commercially available vascular conduits, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene terephthalate (Dacron®) and the healthy human common carotid arteries. In addition, a comprehensive constitutive model was proposed to capture the visco-hyperelastic behavior of the synthetic electrospun polyurethanes, commercial conduits and human common carotid arteries. Results Results showed that increasing the fiber diameter of electrospun polyurethanes from 114 to 190 nm reduced Young’s modulus from 8 to 2 MPa. Also, thicker fiber diameter yielded in higher conduits’ viscosity. Furthermore, the results revealed that proposed visco-hyperelastic model is strongly able to fit the experimental data with great precision which proofs the reliability of the proposed model to address both nonlinear elasticity and viscoelasticity of the electrospun polyurethanes, commercial conduits and human common carotid arteries. Conclusions In conclusion, statistical analysis revealed that the elastic and viscous properties of 190 nm fiber diameter conduit are very similar to that of human common carotid artery in comparison to the commercial expanded polytetrafluoroethylene and Dacron® that are up to nine and seven times stiffer than natural vessels. Therefore, based on our findings, from the mechanical point of view, by considering the amount of Young’s modulus, compliance, distensibility and viscoelastic behavior, the fabricated electrospun polyurethane with fiber diameter of 189.6 ± 52.89 nm is an optimum conduit with promising potential for substituting natural human vessels.

scholarly journals Endothelial shear rate, local and regional vascular stiffness in patients in different stages of atherogenesis

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 50-56
Author(s):  
V. V. Genkel ◽  
A. O. Salachenko ◽  
O. A. Alekseeva ◽  
I. I. Shaposhnik
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Shear Rate ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Common Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Vascular Stiffness ◽  
Stiffness Index ◽  
The Common ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction and purpose. Endothelial cells are subjected to biomechanical stress produced by the bloodstream and tunica media of the vessel. Vascular stiffness and endothelial shear stress have cooperative effects on the endothelial structure and function. However, the relationship of shear stress and arterial stiffness is still poorly understood. The purpose of the study was to assess the relationship of endothelial shear rate and both local and regional vascular stiffness in patients at different stages of the development of atherosclerosis. Methods. The study included 60 patients, 33 men and 27 women. The average age of patients was 54.8±11.7 years. Regional arterial stiffness was assessed by measurement of the pulse wave velocity in the arteries of elastic and muscular types. Local stiffness of the carotid arteries was characterized by Peterson elastic modulus, Young's modulus, stiffness index β, the deformation of the common carotid artery. Endothelial shear rate was measured at the site of the common carotid artery. Results. Average values of carotid endothelial shear rate were equal to 433±127 s-1. Reduced endothelial shear rate in the carotid arteries was associated with an increased Peterson modulus (r = -0.289; p = 0.025) and the stiffness index β (r = -0.280; p = 0.037), and moreover - with decreasing vascular distensibility (r = 0.288; p = 0.026) and deformation (r = 0.296; p = 0.024). Assessment of the relationship between endothelial shear rate and regional vascular stiffness showed weak statistically significant negative correlation of shear rate and PWVcf (r = -0.367; p = 0.014). Conclusion. In study subjects endothelial shear rate reduction in the area of the common carotid artery was associated with an increased Peterson modulus, stiffness index β, decreasing deformation of carotid arteries and increase in aortic stiffness.

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