scholarly journals FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF BLOOD NEUTROPHILS AND PERITONEAL EXUDATE IN PATIENTS WITH PERITONITIS

2019 ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
A. Stasenko
Keyword(s):  
Functional Properties ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Peritoneal Exudate ◽  
Innate Defense ◽  
Local Protection ◽  
Cellular Factors ◽  
Nbt Test ◽  
Blood Neutrophils

The aim of the study is to investigate the functional properties of neutrophils in the blood and peritoneal exudate in patients with peritonitis. Materials and methods. The metabolic activity of neutrophils determined in patients with peritonitis and in patients of the control groups in the blood, peritoneal exudate and effusion of the abdominal wall on the 1–2 day of the postoperative period in the Sp and St test with nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT), as well as reserve indicator (RI) of metabolic activity. We studied the percentage of active neutrophils in the phagocytosis –PhI ( index) and the number of absorbed Candida albicans particles on average by one neutrophil –PhN(number). Results and their discussion.The peculiarities of the cellular factors of local protection decreased metabolic activity of neutrophils in the abdominal cavity in the Sp NBT test compared to blood neutrophils and an increased reserve during stimulation. For the comparisons which included the activity of neutrophils abdominal contents in patients with peritonitis versus in control established that neutrophils in the abdominal cavity with peritonitis have a reduced intensity of phagocytosis. Patients with pancreatic peritonitis have inverse correlations between the amount of NBT-positive blood NG in the SP NBT test and IR of blood NG and between the amount of NBT-positive blood NG in the Sp NST test and PhI of blood NG, while patients with abdominal peritonitis do not have correlations between indicators of innate defense of the body. Conclusions. Peritonitis was associated with functional disorders of NG. The leading areas of disorders are significant activation of metabolic processes of NG and inhibition of the phagocytic function of NG blood and peritoneal exudate. Patients with pancreatic peritonitis had inverse correlations between the indicators of the innate defense of the body, while patients with abdominal peritonitis did not have correlations.

scholarly journals Phagocytic and metabolic activity of neutrophils of rats in the early stages of post-embryonic development under the influence of biologically active substances of the salt extract of Hirudo verbana

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Aminov ◽  
A. K. Frolov
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Ether Anesthesia ◽  
Saline Extract ◽  
Nbt Test ◽  
Salt Extract

The nitroblue tetrazolium test reflects the degree of activation of oxygen-dependent mechanisms of bactericidal activity of phagocytotic cells, so the increase in nbt-test and phagocytic indices shows increased activation in the bacterial process and enhanced protection with the help of the absorption ability of the cells in the body. We examined females of nonlinear rats after feeding of their offspring, which 2 weeks before and 2 weeks after mating were injected intraperitoneally with antigens of saline extract of medical leeches (4 injections) and the offspring at days 1, 15, 30, 45, 60. The dosage of salt extract antigens was carried out by determining the protein concentrations using the Lowry protein assay. The animals were immobilized using an immobilizing device. The animals were distributed into three groups: the first research and experimental group of animals was subject to the influence of medical leech salt extract antigens to the amount of 0.5 ml (at the rate of 3 µg/g of animal weight); the second group of intact animals was not subject to intervention, the third control group of animals was administered intraperitoneally saline 0.5 ml of 9% saline solution. We studied females after feeding offspring and offspring at 1, 15, 30, 60 days. The animals were kept in vivarium conditions in individual cages on a standard diet. In the experiment we used 60 females of non-linear rats and 300 of their offspring. All animals were decapitated under ether anesthesia. After that, we took blood, made a solution with crystal heparin and examined the laboratory parameters: total number of leukocytes and leukocyte formula. Evaluation of nonspecific resistance of the organism was investigated using tests which characterize the activity of neutrophils (nbt-test, phagocytosis indices). The results of our studies revealed a positive effect of antigens of saline extract of medical leeches on the absorptive and metabolic activity of neutrophils in the females and their offspring in all study periods compared with the control, an increased number of leukocytes, due to the change of the process of differentiation and deposition of cells in immunogenic organs on proliferation. Changes in immunological parameters indicate the immunostimulatory effect of AG ML on leukopoiesis and on the functional activity of neutrophils – the first line of defense against entry into the body of a variety of bacteria, fungi and protozoa. 

scholarly journals Titanium dioxide stimulates phagocytic activity of blood neutrophils

2017 ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
N Aliakhnovich
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bronchial Asthma ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Physiological Solution ◽  
Healthy People ◽  
Atopic Bronchial Asthma ◽  
Neutrophil Activity ◽  
Nbt Test ◽  
Blood Neutrophils

The aim. Evaluation of the TiO2 effect on the phagocytic activity of peripheral blood neutrophils. Materials and methods. 17 people were examined - 10 people with atopic bronchial asthma (m/f - 5/5, mean age - 38 [28, 48]), verified according to the international criteria, the second group (control) - 7 people - healthy controls (m/f - 3/4, mean age - 23 [21; 26] years). The phagocytic index and neutrophil activity in the NBT-test were calculated for all the examined patients. 0.008% solution of TiO2 (based on 1 mg / kg of body weight) was added to the test-samples, control samples were added with the physiological solution, standard samples - with a suspension of killed Staphylococcus aureus. All the samples were incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C, the ready smears were microscopied with counting the amount of formazan-positive granulocytes in the NST-test and cells that absorbed 1 or more Stf particles per 100 granulocytes. Results. TiO2 stimulated phagocytosis of staphylococcus with blood neutrophils in 53% of the examined patients by 8-30% (p = 0.02). Under the influence of TiO2 activity of phagocytes significantly increased, in comparison with that in spontaneous NST-test (p = 0.0001), but was lower than induction by staphylococcus (p = 0.049). In patients with allergopathology, TiO2 stimulated phagocytosis of staphylococcus and neutrophil activity in the NBT-test was also effective, as was the culture of staphylococcus aureus (31.2% compared to 34.3%). In the healthy group, the TiO2 solution increased the activity of neutrophils in the NST-test, compared with the physiological solution (on average and in 71% of cases by 10-18%), but not so than the culture of staphylococcus (24%, compared to 39, 7%). Among healthy people, there was a correlation between the hereditary of allergy and the neutrophil activity in the NBT-test with TiO2 (0.78). Conclusions. It was found that 0.008% solution of TiO2 stimulated the activity of neutrophils in the NBT-test, both in patients with atopic bronchial asthma and healthy people after 30 minutes of incubation in a thermostat. In patients with allergies, TiO2 increased phagocytosis of staphylococcus, as well as metabolic activity of neutrophils so much as staphylococcus. A strong correlation was found between the hereditary allergies and the increased metabolic activity of blood phagocytes in the NBT-test with TiO2 in healthy individuals.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Delivery Strategies to Treat Skin Infections When Innate Antimicrobial Defense Fails

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Smith ◽  
J. Russo ◽  
J. Fiegel ◽  
N. Brogden
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
The Body ◽  
Skin Infections ◽  
Wound Infections ◽  
Innate Defense ◽  
Delivery Strategies ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatments ◽  
Antibiotic Delivery

The epidermal skin barrier protects the body from a host of daily challenges, providing protection against mechanical insults and the absorption of chemicals and xenobiotics. In addition to the physical barrier, the epidermis also presents an innate defense against microbial overgrowth. This is achieved through the presence of a diverse collection of microorganisms on the skin (the “microbiota”) that maintain a delicate balance with the host and play a significant role in overall human health. When the skin is wounded, the local tissue with a compromised barrier can become colonized and ultimately infected if bacterial growth overcomes the host response. Wound infections present an immense burden in healthcare costs and decreased quality of life for patients, and treatment becomes increasingly important because of the negative impact that infection has on slowing the rate of wound healing. In this review, we discuss specific challenges of treating wound infections and the advances in drug delivery platforms and formulations that are under development to improve topical delivery of antimicrobial treatments.

scholarly journals On the question of the treatment of uterine blood tumors

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-417
Author(s):  
Gr. N. Egorov
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessel ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Lymphatic System ◽  
Blood Clot ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Life Threatening

The abdominal cavity is, in essence, an appendage of the lymphatic system, therefore, it cannot represent a completely foreign container for the blood poured out here. Indeed, the observations of Virchow, Wintrich and others show that whole blood can remain in this cavity for a long time (several days) without undergoing clotting (Pashutin). In view of this fact, it is natural to expect, as is confirmed by experiments, that most of the blood that has entered the abdominal cavity has time to be absorbed before it begins to coagulate. If a part of it, which failed to be absorbed in time, undergoes clotting, then this does not represent any particular disturbances in the overall economy of blood, the blood clot is completely absorbed after preliminary disintegration (fat). In this sense, hemorrhage into the abdominal cavity is not life-threatening, since the blood does not disappear for the body, but soon again, almost entirely, enters the total mass of the blood vessel.

scholarly journals Motions models of a two-wheeled experimental sample

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-49
Author(s):  
Anatoliy Kulik ◽  
Konstantin Dergachov ◽  
Sergey Pasichnik ◽  
Sergey Yashyn
Keyword(s):  
Automatic Control ◽  
State Space ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Angular Position ◽  
The Body ◽  
Angular Motion ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Experimental Sample ◽  
Electric Drives

The subject of study is the physical processes of translational and angular motion of a two-wheeled experimental sample. The goal is to develop physical, mathematical, and graphic models of the translational and angular motions of a two-wheeled experimental sample as an object of automatic control. The objectives: to form physical models of a two-wheeled experimental sample; to develop a nonlinear mathematical description of the processes of translational and angular sample`s motions using the Lagrange approach; to obtain a linearized mathematical sample`s description as an object of automatic control in the state space and frequency domain; to generate graphic models in the form of structural diagrams in the time and frequency domains; to analyze the functional properties of an object of automatic control: stability, controllability, observability, structural and signal diagnosability concerning violations of the functional properties of electric drives and sensors of the angular position of the body and wheels. The methods of the study: the Lagrange method, Taylor series, state-space method, Laplace transformations, Lyapunov, Kalman criteria, and diagnosability criterion. The results: physical models of a two-wheeled experimental sample have been obtained in the form of a kinematic diagram of the mechanical part and the electric circuit of an electric drive; mathematical descriptions of translational and angular motions have been developed in nonlinear and linearized forms; structural diagrams have been developed; functional characteristics of a two-wheeled experimental model as an object of automatic control have been analyzed to solve problems of control algorithms synthesis. Conclusions. The scientific novelty lies in obtaining new models that describe the translational and angular motion of a two-wheeled experimental model as an object of automatic control. The obtained models differ from the known ones by considering the dynamic properties of sensors and electric drives, as well as the relationship of movements.

scholarly journals EFFICIENCY OF THE USE THE CROSSBREEDING OF UKRAINIAN BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY AND SWISS CATTLE IN THE STATE STUD FARM "PASICHNA"

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 35-48
Author(s):  
I. V. Verbych ◽  
O. V. Medvid
Keyword(s):  
Functional Properties ◽  
The Body ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Adaptation Capacity ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Dairy Fat ◽  
Service Period ◽  
Effective Selection ◽  
High Level ◽  
Dairy Breed

Goal. To study the influence of intermediate crossing on the level of dairy productivity, qualitative milk indicators, exterior features and resistance of the body of pureorgain and local animals. Methods. Selection and genetic analysis, comparative, statistical. The results. Scientific and production studies were conducted on the basis of a tribal factory of the State Enterprise "Pasichnya" IKSGP NAAN "of the StarosinyaVsky district of the Khmelnytsky region in the chains of distinct animals of the Podilsky factory type of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy (UCHRMP) and local animals derived from the crossing of the BPRMP cows with Bojabs of the Shvitsky breed. According to the results of experimental studies, it has been found that local cows-first-bristles are somewhat inferior to the purest animals of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed by the magnitude of the NADA (93.8 kg), but it is compensated by milk quality (fat +0.26%, protein +0.19%), where in the general yield of dairy fat (+9.5 kg) and protein (+6.4 kg), they are favorably different from its purgatory rior. The analysis of the results of the reproductive capacity of cows shows that local animals were first fruitfully inseminated at the age of 545 days and the duration of fertility was 283 days, at that time, purely meters were inserted at the age of 567 days, and the duration of the sharing was 281.5 days. Service-period in the cows-first-born of genotypes, respectively, amounted to 97 and 112 days. The obtained data for the morphological and functional properties of the cow-first-prints show that the assessed number of both groups meets the needs of target standards on technological features and have high indicators of the studied functional properties. Comparative analysis of exterior valuation indicators between the studied groups shows that local cows have higher rates over latitudinal gates, in particular, by breast width and width in the ice, at that time inferior to the children's rior in the rectors of height in the racing, in the area of the torso. and hammer. In the study of natural resistance in the studied cows it has been established that the estimated animal groups are characterized by a sufficiently high level of protective functions of the body and adaptation capacity to technological conditions, which creates good opportunities for further effective selection. The general assessment of the natural resistance of cows-firstbody by morphological and biochemical parameters of blood, phagocytic, bactericidal and lysozymic activity showed that local cows according to Method VE Chumachenko and others. (1990) have a natural resistance to 3 points (61) higher than in their pure-breeding rior (58 points). Conclusions. Results of analysis of dairy performance of local cows-first-birthsters derived from the crossing of Ukrainian Black-and-White breeds with bulls of the Shvitskaya breed showed that the data of the animal though inferior to the christening rior of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed by the magnitude of the NADA but this difference is compensated by the quality of milk, where The total output of dairy fat and protein, they are favorably different from pureoral analogues. By indicators of reproducible ability, it has been found that local animals were first crazy at the age of 823 days that on 21 days earlier than puredom and 15 days they have a smaller service period. An analysis of the results of the estimation of morphological and physiological properties of the elder showed that there are no significant differences in the investigated groups of primary differences. All animals correspond to technological requirements. The exterior evaluation of the investigated groups of the firstborn showed that purely cows, having higher rates in the elevation in the roll, in the height in the ice and a contrary length of the trunk and the intensity, but inferior to the latitude gauge: the width of the breast, width in the machaches and width in the machaches and width in the machach. Animal estimation according to natural resistance indicators found that animals of both groups have a sufficiently high level of protective functions of the body and adaptation capacity to technological conditions that creates good opportunities for further effective selection.

scholarly journals Results Of Treatment Of Acute Diffuse Purulent Peritonitis Using Laparostomy

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (11) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
S. A. Ruziboev ◽  
◽  
A. A. Avazov ◽  
Sh. Kh. Sattarov ◽  
A. N. Elmuradov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Translocation ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
The Body ◽  
Abdominal Pressure ◽  
Results Of Treatment ◽  
Abdominal Hypertension ◽  
Purulent Peritonitis ◽  
Intractable Problems ◽  
Cause Of Deaths

Currently, despite significant achievements in the field of surgery, anesthesiology and resuscitation, the results of treatment of patients with advanced purulent peritonitis remain one of the most intractable problems, almost every sixth patient with acute surgical diseases and injuries of the abdominal cavity is admitted to medical institutions with peritonitis [1,3] Common peritonitis in 17-29% complicates the course of most acute surgical diseases and is the main cause of deaths in surgical hospitals [3,7]. Lethality in advanced peritonitis remains extremely high and reaches 20-39% [1,2,4,5]. In recent decades, great importance has been attached to recording intra-abdominal pressure in purulent pathology of the abdominal cavity. It was found that intra-abdominal hypertension occurs in every third patient with acute surgical pathology and negatively affects the functioning of all organs and systems of the body [1,6,8]. Pathological changes that occur with acute and excessive increase in intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) are manifestations of abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) with disorders of the cardiovascular system; urinary disorders, disorders of perfusion of internal organs and the development of intestinal ischemia, which contributes to bacterial translocation and endogenous infection [2,7,8]. Ischemic blood flow disorders of the splanchnic zone are fraught with the development of bacterial translocation and the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure (PON). Unsatisfactoriness with such results gave rise to a fundamentally different approach to the surgical treatment of common forms of peritonitis-the introduction of an open abdominal management method based on the ideas of I. Mikulich (1881), Jean-Louis Faure (1928), N. S. Makoch (1984) and D. Steinberg (1979).

scholarly journals PECULIARITIES OF THE WOUND PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN PATIENTS WITH THERMAL INJURY WHEN USED SILVER PREPARATIONS IN BURN WOUNDS SURGICAL TREATMENT

2021 ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
N. V. Tuzyuk
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Thermal Injury ◽  
Thermal Damage ◽  
Main Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Reaction ◽  
Neutrophilic Granulocytes ◽  
Burn Wound ◽  
Significant Activation

Fundamental research in the field of burn wound development process highlights new pathogenetic mechanisms that underlie the improvement of medical practice, the main purpose of which is to create optimal conditions for early regeneration of the affected skin, as well as to eliminate the development of local and general complications. Irrational general and local treatment of wounds contribute to the slowing down of regenerative processes, thereby worsening the prognosis and consequences of thermal injury. It was found out that in patients of both study groups in the first period of the study the characteristics of the cellular composition of the wound impressions of the wound bottom of the area of thermal damage correspond to the degenerative type. In patients of the main group in the second term of the study in the area of thermal damage cells with high levels of functional and metabolic activity begin to appear, which increase antimicrobial resistance and reduce the risk of generalization of the infectious process which is the main source of burns. In patients of the main group, an increase in the activity of neutrophilic granulocytes in the induced test was found in the second term of the study, which, in our opinion, indicates the involvement of neutrophilic granulocytes with high functional and metabolic activity. Under conditions of significant activation of resident monocytes in response to injury in patients of the main group in the second and third term, the area of thermal damage migrates functionally effective monocytes. In patients of the main group the preservation of the activity of myeloperoxidase - the main enzyme of the oxygen-dependent phase of phagocytosis at the minimum subcompensated level, which leads to the preservation of the oxygen-dependent metabolic reaction of neutrophilic granulocytes in the subsequent study, Increases in the content of PAS-positive substances in neutrophilic granulocytes indicate the preservation of the functional reserve for activation and completion of the oxygen-independent phase of phagocytosis. The use of the developed treatment promotes the involvement of functionally active phagocytic cells in the burn wound, reduces the toxic load on monocytes and neutrophils, which helps to maintain their functional activity at the subcompensated level. These trends in patients of the main group reduce the risk of both local and general infectious complications of burn disease. It was found that the level of spontaneous functional activity in the HCT test is associated with the activity of resident monocytes. They form the primary barrier that protects the body from infection or harmful macromolecular complexes. Monocytes - "inflammatory", which constantly come from the free pool and their functional activity against microbial antigens is much higher than resident monocytes. An indicator of the activity of monocytes - "inflammatory" is an indicator of functional activity in the induced HCT test. The results of the study indicate that under conditions of significant activation of resident monocytes in response to injury in patients of the main group in the second and third terms of the area of thermal damage migrate functionally effective monocytes.

scholarly journals Gastric duplication cyst with localization in the pancreas in children

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Yurii Yu. Sokolov ◽  
Artem M. Efremenkov ◽  
Aleksandr P. Zykin ◽  
Elena L. Tumanova ◽  
Zhanna R. Omarova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Clinical Observation ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Duplication Cyst ◽  
The Body ◽  
Recurrent Bleeding ◽  
Gastric Duplication ◽  
Gastric Duplication Cyst ◽  
Gastric Type

Introduction. Gastric duplication cyst is a rare clinical observation. More often, these cysts are localized in the fundus or body of the stomach and have a common muscle layers and blood supply. Even more rarely, duplication cysts are not anatomically connected to the stomach and are located in other parts of the abdominal cavity or in the retroperitoneal space. Cystic duplication of the gastrointestinal tract, which are localized in the pancreas, is extremely rare. The aim of the study is to demonstrate the possibility of using laparoscopy for this disease. Materials and methods. The paper describes three rare clinical observations of gastric duplication cyst topographically associated with the pancreas. In the first clinical observation, gastric duplication cyst was combined with mediastinal duplication cysts, an esophageal bronchial fistula, and extralobar pulmonary sequestrations. In the second observation, a duplication cyst had communication with the pancreatic duct system and was clinically manifested by recurrent bleeding. In the third case, a duplication cyst is diagnosed behind the body and tail of the pancreas. Results. In all cases, surgical treatment was carried out by the laparoscopic method, leading to complete recovery. Histological examination in all the described observations confirmed the gastric type of epithelium of the mucous membrane of the cysts. The article provides a review of the literature. Conclusion. Thus, the efficiency of laparoscopic interventions in children with gastric duplications topographically associated with the pancreas was demonstrated. The described rare clinical manifestations, a combination of defects, as well as the possible presence of heterotopy of the mucous membrane of the duplication cyst confirm the need for surgical correction of the disease.

scholarly journals The effect of Ricinus communis seeds extract on reproductive activity and blood values of male rabbits

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106
Author(s):  
AL-Khafaji Nazar
Keyword(s):  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tropical Regions

Ricinus communis L. of Euphorbiaceae family is a widespread plant in tropical regions. It is used in traditional medicines as an anti- fertility agent in India and different parts of the world. The ether soluble portion of the methanol extract of R. communis var minor possesses anti-implantation, anti - conceptive and estrogenic activity in rats and mice when administered subcutaneously.The study was conducted on 10 local breed male rabbits, 1-2 years old, of 1-2 kg body weight. The animals were divided into two groups, control non – treated group and treated group in which animals were treated with single daily dose of 50 mg /kg b. wt. P.O. of decorticated and defatted castor seeds (DDCS) for 14 days. 28th day post treatment, animals were anesthetized by diethyl ether, sacrificed, abdominal cavity was open. The sexual organ (testes, epididymis, prostate and seminal vesical) weighed. In addition to take a biopsy from each one for histopathological changes. The study also included clinical and hematological parameters, in addition to sperm counts and the changes in sperm morphology.Body weight, body temperature increased significantly in treated males. While in non- treated group there were no significant changes. Respiratory rates and heart rate were none significantly changed in treated and non- treated males.Bleeding time none significantly increased in treated males, but increased significantly in none treated males. Clotting times decreased none significantly in treated and non- treated males. The blood parameters including, total erythrocytes count, hemoglobin concentration, PCV% , MCV, MCH, MCHC, total leucocyte and differential leucocyte counts were either increased or decreased none significantly in both groups. The results revealed that the effects of exposure to extract of ricin for 14 days on reproductive efficiency of rabbits, exhibited Significant decrease in weights of testes, epididymis, tails, heads of epididymis, seminal vesicles and prostate in treated males in comparison with those of non- treated males. While the body of epididymis did not show a significant changes.Significant decrease in live sperm numbers, number of sperms in epididymal head, in addition to deformities in high numbers of sperm, including enlarged or small sperms. breaks head, and its detachment, presence of two heads in one sperm, bifurcation of tail and its breaking, sperm coiling in samples from treated males in comparison with those from non-treated males.Histological changes were hyperplasia of lining epithelial cells and vacuolar degenerative changes, loss of spermatogenesis, and spermatocytes necrosis in those from treated males.

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