scholarly journals Potential role of mushroom beta-glucans in immunity and inflammation in viral infections and COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Konusova ◽  
Eugene Vorbeychikov ◽  
Mark Shamtsyan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Responses ◽  
Beta Glucans ◽  
Secondary Stimulus

According to the concept of trained immunity (TRIM), by stimulating the immune response with one pathogen, one can strengthen it against infection by another. With this understanding, one can take advantage of such immune responses with a stimulant such as β-glucan, which does not actually cause disease in humans, but has the advantage of generating primed immune cells that will respond to a variety of deadly infections. Mushroom β-glucans are known to act as training agents that leads to an increase in immune responses when these trained cells are subjected to a secondary stimulus. Understanding whether the TRIM processes are responsible for antiviral responses will undoubtedly provide a deeper understanding of other potential antiviral strategies, as the new SARS-CoV-2 is not the first- or last-time humanity has to deal with viral pandemics. More studies and clinical evidence are necessary for better understanding of the role of β-glucans in viral infections and COVID-19.

scholarly journals The immune response and aging in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen M. Hagen ◽  
Shalina S. Ousman
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
Progressive Course

AbstractChronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) consists of various autoimmune subtypes in which the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is attacked. CIDP can follow a relapsing-remitting or progressive course where the resultant demyelination caused by immune cells (e.g., T cells, macrophages) and antibodies can lead to disability in patients. Importantly, the age of CIDP patients has a role in their symptomology and specific variants have been associated with differing ages of onset. Furthermore, older patients have a decreased frequency of functional recovery after CIDP insult. This may be related to perturbations in immune cell populations that could exacerbate the disease with increasing age. In the present review, the immune profile of typical CIDP will be discussed followed by inferences into the potential role of relevant aging immune cell populations. Atypical variants will also be briefly reviewed followed by an examination of the available studies on the immunology underlying them.

Potential Role of NK Cells in the Induction of Immune Responses: Implications for NK Cell–Based Immunotherapy for Cancers and Viral Infections

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Terunuma ◽  
Xuewen Deng ◽  
Zahidunnabi Dewan ◽  
Shigeyoshi Fujimoto ◽  
Naoki Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Nk Cell

scholarly journals Histocompatibility antigens and genetic control of the immune response in guinea pigs. III. Specific inhibition of antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation by strain-specific anti-idiotypic antibodies.

1976 ◽  
Vol 144 (1) ◽  
pp. 226-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
A F Geczy ◽  
C L Geczy ◽  
A L de Weck
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
T Cell Proliferation ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex

The in vitro T-cell proliferation induced by penicilloylated bovine IgG (BPO-BGG) in sensitized strain 2 and strain 13 guinea pigs could be specifically blocked by strain-specific antisera presumably directed against cell membrane-associated immunoglobulin idiotypes. The anti-idiotypic antisera were prepared in strain 2 and strain 13 guinea pigs against immunoadsorbent purified anti-BPO-BGG antibodies which had been raised in strain 2 and strain 13 animals. Strain 13 antistrain 13 anti-BPO-BGG (a strain 13 BPO-BGG) suppressed the in vitro BPO-BGG response of cells from immunized strain 13 animals but did not inhibit the response of cells from immune strain 2 animals. Conversely, the corresponding antiserum raised in a strain 2 combination (a strain 2 BPO-BGG) only inhibited the in vitro BPO-BGG response of strain 2 cells. Furthermore, the inhibitory activity of the antisera could only be absorbed by immune cells from the syngeneic strain. The activity of the a strain 13 BPO-BGG serum was highly specific; the inhibitory activity could only be absorbed by BPO-BGG-sensitive strain 13 cells. The inhibitory activity of the anti-idiotypic sera was predominantly associated with the 19S fraction. The data suggest that immune cells and in particular T lymphocytes from strain 2 and strain 13 guinea pigs possess strain-specific recognition structures from BPO-BGG with the same idiotypes as the corresponding strain-specific immunoglobulins. Furthermore, the production of such inhibitory anti-idiotypic sera was restricted to syngeneic combinations, which suggests a potential role of autoanti-idiotypic antibodies in the regulation of the immune response. The anti-idiotypic antisera used here are apparently directed against gene products not associated with the strain 2 or strain 13 major histocompatibility complex.

scholarly journals miRNA as a Modulator of Immunotherapy and Immune Response in Melanoma

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1648
Author(s):  
Mai-Huong Thi Nguyen ◽  
Yueh-Hsia Luo ◽  
An-Lun Li ◽  
Jen-Chieh Tsai ◽  
Kun-Lin Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Clinical Applicability ◽  
Melanoma Patients

Immune checkpoint inhibitors are a promising therapy for the treatment of cancers, including melanoma, that improved benefit clinical outcomes. However, a subset of melanoma patients do not respond or acquire resistance to immunotherapy, which limits their clinical applicability. Recent studies have explored the reasons related to the resistance of melanoma to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Of note, miRNAs are the regulators of not only cancer progression but also of the response between cancer cells and immune cells. Investigation of miRNA functions within the tumor microenvironment have suggested that miRNAs could be considered as key partners in immunotherapy. Here, we reviewed the known mechanism by which melanoma induces resistance to immunotherapy and the role of miRNAs in immune responses and the microenvironment.

scholarly journals Mekanisme Escape dan Respon Imun innate terhadap Candida albicans

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Putu Oky ari Tania
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Clinical Aspect ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Transduction Pathway

Candidiasis is an infection caused by fungal Candida albicans. The incidence of candidiasis is pretty high in Indonesia. Candida albicans develop their pathogenicity by several ways so that it can invade and escape from the immune system. The host’s immune system must always be vigilant to recognized antigen through various receptors, activation of the transduction pathway and activation of various immune cells. But as organisms that struggle to survive, Candida also develops mechanisms to escape the immune response. There are so many articles have written the immune response against candidiasis, this review aims to understand more and updating information about the biological processes of pathogenicity of fungi and the mechanism of Candida albicans in escaping immune responses, the role of each innate molecule and immune cell, and clinical aspect to Candida albicans infections. We already facing the big challenges against therapy of fungal infection, so by understanding the escape mechanism of Candida albicans, it is possible to developed antifungal or Candida vaccine in the future, therefore the incidence of candidiasis can be suppressed.

scholarly journals Combining Oncolytic Viruses and Small Molecule Therapeutics: Mutual Benefits

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3386
Author(s):  
Bart Spiesschaert ◽  
Katharina Angerer ◽  
John Park ◽  
Guido Wollmann
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Antiviral Immunity ◽  
Oncolytic Viruses ◽  
Antitumor Immune Response ◽  
Antiviral Responses ◽  
Small Molecule Therapeutics ◽  
Immunosuppressive Factors

The focus of treating cancer with oncolytic viruses (OVs) has increasingly shifted towards achieving efficacy through the induction and augmentation of an antitumor immune response. However, innate antiviral responses can limit the activity of many OVs within the tumor and several immunosuppressive factors can hamper any subsequent antitumor immune responses. In recent decades, numerous small molecule compounds that either inhibit the immunosuppressive features of tumor cells or antagonize antiviral immunity have been developed and tested for. Here we comprehensively review small molecule compounds that can achieve therapeutic synergy with OVs. We also elaborate on the mechanisms by which these treatments elicit anti-tumor effects as monotherapies and how these complement OV treatment.

scholarly journals The immune response of T cells and therapeutic targets related to regulating the levels of T helper cells after ischaemic stroke

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian-Yu Lei ◽  
Ying-Ze Ye ◽  
Xi-Qun Zhu ◽  
Daniel Smerin ◽  
Li-Juan Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Ischaemic Stroke ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

AbstractThrough considerable effort in research and clinical studies, the immune system has been identified as a participant in the onset and progression of brain injury after ischaemic stroke. Due to the involvement of all types of immune cells, the roles of the immune system in stroke pathology and associated effects are complicated. Past research concentrated on the functions of monocytes and neutrophils in the pathogenesis of ischaemic stroke and tried to demonstrate the mechanisms of tissue injury and protection involving these immune cells. Within the past several years, an increasing number of studies have elucidated the vital functions of T cells in the innate and adaptive immune responses in both the acute and chronic phases of ischaemic stroke. Recently, the phenotypes of T cells with proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory function have been demonstrated in detail. T cells with distinctive phenotypes can also influence cerebral inflammation through various pathways, such as regulating the immune response, interacting with brain-resident immune cells and modulating neurogenesis and angiogenesis during different phases following stroke. In view of the limited treatment options available following stroke other than tissue plasminogen activator therapy, understanding the function of immune responses, especially T cell responses, in the post-stroke recovery period can provide a new therapeutic direction. Here, we discuss the different functions and temporal evolution of T cells with different phenotypes during the acute and chronic phases of ischaemic stroke. We suggest that modulating the balance between the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions of T cells with distinct phenotypes may become a potential therapeutic approach that reduces the mortality and improves the functional outcomes and prognosis of patients suffering from ischaemic stroke.

scholarly journals RhoA- and Actin-Dependent Functions of Macrophages from the Rodent Cardiac Transplantation Model Perspective -Timing Is the Essence

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Kloc ◽  
Ahmed Uosef ◽  
Martha Villagran ◽  
Robert Zdanowski ◽  
Jacek Z. Kubiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Chronic Rejection ◽  
Cardiac Transplantation ◽  
Small Gtpase ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Transplantation Model

The small GTPase RhoA, and its down-stream effector ROCK kinase, and the interacting Rac1 and mTORC2 pathways, are the principal regulators of the actin cytoskeleton and actin-related functions in all eukaryotic cells, including the immune cells. As such, they also regulate the phenotypes and functions of macrophages in the immune response and beyond. Here, we review the results of our and other’s studies on the role of the actin and RhoA pathway in shaping the macrophage functions in general and macrophage immune response during the development of chronic (long term) rejection of allografts in the rodent cardiac transplantation model. We focus on the importance of timing of the macrophage functions in chronic rejection and how the circadian rhythm may affect the anti-chronic rejection therapies.

scholarly journals Trace Elements as Immunoregulators in SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viral Infections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karthick Dharmalingam ◽  
Amandeep Birdi ◽  
Sojit Tomo ◽  
Karli Sreenivasulu ◽  
Jaykaran Charan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Antioxidants Activity ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Downstream Processes

AbstractNutritional deficiency is associated with impaired immunity and increased susceptibility to infections. The complex interactions of trace elements with the macromolecules trigger the effective immune response against the viral diseases. The outcome of various viral infections along with susceptibility is affected by trace elements such as zinc, selenium, iron, copper, etc. due to their immuno-modulatory effects. Available electronic databases have been comprehensively searched for articles published with full text available and with the key words “Trace elements”, “COVID-19”, “Viral Infections” and “Immune Response” (i.e. separately Zn, Se, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, Cr, Li, Ni, Co) appearing in the title and abstract. On the basis of available articles we have explored the role of trace elements in viral infections with special reference to COVID-19 and their interactions with the immune system. Zinc, selenium and other trace elements are vital to triggerTH1 cells and cytokine-mediated immune response for substantial production of proinflammatory cytokines. The antiviral activity of some trace elements is attributed to their inhibitory effect on viral entry, replication and other downstream processes. Trace elements having antioxidants activity not only regulate host immune responses, but also modify the viral genome. Adequate dietary intake of trace elements is essential for activation, development, differentiation and numerous functions.

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