Mekanisme Escape dan Respon Imun innate terhadap Candida albicans

Candidiasis is an infection caused by fungal Candida albicans. The incidence of candidiasis is pretty high in Indonesia. Candida albicans develop their pathogenicity by several ways so that it can invade and escape from the immune system. The host’s immune system must always be vigilant to recognized antigen through various receptors, activation of the transduction pathway and activation of various immune cells. But as organisms that struggle to survive, Candida also develops mechanisms to escape the immune response. There are so many articles have written the immune response against candidiasis, this review aims to understand more and updating information about the biological processes of pathogenicity of fungi and the mechanism of Candida albicans in escaping immune responses, the role of each innate molecule and immune cell, and clinical aspect to Candida albicans infections. We already facing the big challenges against therapy of fungal infection, so by understanding the escape mechanism of Candida albicans, it is possible to developed antifungal or Candida vaccine in the future, therefore the incidence of candidiasis can be suppressed.

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Dietary and Physiological Effects of Zinc on the Immune System

Annual Review of Nutrition ◽

10.1146/annurev-nutr-122019-120635 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Inga Wessels ◽

Henrike Josephine Fischer ◽

Lothar Rink

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Annual Review ◽

Publication Date ◽

Biological Processes ◽

And Function ◽

Broad Overview

Evidence for the importance of zinc for all immune cells and for mounting an efficient and balanced immune response to various environmental stressors has been accumulating in recent years. This article describes the role of zinc in fundamental biological processes and summarizes our current knowledge of zinc's effect on hematopoiesis, including differentiation into immune cell subtypes. In addition, the important role of zinc during activation and function of immune cells is detailed and associated with the specific immune responses to bacteria, parasites, and viruses. The association of zinc with autoimmune reactions and cancers as diseases with increased or decreased immune responses is also discussed. This article provides a broad overview of the manifold roles that zinc, or its deficiency, plays in physiology and during various diseases. Consequently, we discuss why zinc supplementation should be considered, especially for people at risk of deficiency. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 41 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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Exosome: The Regulator of the Immune System in Sepsis

Frontiers in Pharmacology ◽

10.3389/fphar.2021.671164 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Peng Qiu ◽

Jing Zhou ◽

Jin Zhang ◽

Youjing Dong ◽

Yang Liu

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Immune Disorders ◽

Life Threatening ◽

Novel Target ◽

Organ Dysfunctions ◽

Body Response

Sepsis is a syndrome comprised of a series of life-threatening organ dysfunctions caused by a maladjusted body response to infection with no effective treatment. There is growing evidence that the immune system plays a core role in sepsis. Pathogens cause abnormal host immune response and eventually lead to immunosuppression, which is an important cause of death in patients with sepsis. Exosomes are vesicles derived from double invagination of plasma membrane, associating with immune responses closely. The cargos delivered by exosomes into recipient cells, especially immune cells, effectively alter their response and functions in sepsis. In this review, we focus on the effects and mechanisms of exosomes on multiple immune cells, as well as the role of immune cell-derived exosomes in sepsis. This is helpful for us to have an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of immune disorders in sepsis. Exosomes is also expected to become a novel target and therapeutic approach for sepsis.

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The immune response of T cells and therapeutic targets related to regulating the levels of T helper cells after ischaemic stroke

Journal of Neuroinflammation ◽

10.1186/s12974-020-02057-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tian-Yu Lei ◽

Ying-Ze Ye ◽

Xi-Qun Zhu ◽

Daniel Smerin ◽

Li-Juan Gu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

T Cells ◽

Immune System ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Ischaemic Stroke ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Tissue Injury ◽

Recovery Period ◽

Vital Functions ◽

Anti Inflammatory

AbstractThrough considerable effort in research and clinical studies, the immune system has been identified as a participant in the onset and progression of brain injury after ischaemic stroke. Due to the involvement of all types of immune cells, the roles of the immune system in stroke pathology and associated effects are complicated. Past research concentrated on the functions of monocytes and neutrophils in the pathogenesis of ischaemic stroke and tried to demonstrate the mechanisms of tissue injury and protection involving these immune cells. Within the past several years, an increasing number of studies have elucidated the vital functions of T cells in the innate and adaptive immune responses in both the acute and chronic phases of ischaemic stroke. Recently, the phenotypes of T cells with proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory function have been demonstrated in detail. T cells with distinctive phenotypes can also influence cerebral inflammation through various pathways, such as regulating the immune response, interacting with brain-resident immune cells and modulating neurogenesis and angiogenesis during different phases following stroke. In view of the limited treatment options available following stroke other than tissue plasminogen activator therapy, understanding the function of immune responses, especially T cell responses, in the post-stroke recovery period can provide a new therapeutic direction. Here, we discuss the different functions and temporal evolution of T cells with different phenotypes during the acute and chronic phases of ischaemic stroke. We suggest that modulating the balance between the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions of T cells with distinct phenotypes may become a potential therapeutic approach that reduces the mortality and improves the functional outcomes and prognosis of patients suffering from ischaemic stroke.

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MicroRNAs: Biological Regulators in Pathogen–Host Interactions

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells9010113 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 113 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Stephanie Maia Acuña ◽

Lucile Maria Floeter-Winter ◽

Sandra Marcia Muxel

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Small Rnas ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Fine Tuning ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Host Interactions ◽

The Past ◽

Biological Aspects

An inflammatory response is essential for combating invading pathogens. Several effector components, as well as immune cell populations, are involved in mounting an immune response, thereby destroying pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. In the past decade, microRNAs (miRNAs), a group of noncoding small RNAs, have emerged as functionally significant regulatory molecules with the significant capability of fine-tuning biological processes. The important role of miRNAs in inflammation and immune responses is highlighted by studies in which the regulation of miRNAs in the host was shown to be related to infectious diseases and associated with the eradication or susceptibility of the infection. Here, we review the biological aspects of microRNAs, focusing on their roles as regulators of gene expression during pathogen–host interactions and their implications in the immune response against Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Toxoplasma, and Plasmodium infectious diseases.

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Regulatory Immune Cells in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Friends or Foes?

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2021.663203 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Chiel van Geffen ◽

Astrid Deißler ◽

Markus Quante ◽

Harald Renz ◽

Dominik Hartl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽

Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Suppressor Cells ◽

Interstitial Lung Diseases ◽

Stromal Stem Cells

The immune system is receiving increasing attention for interstitial lung diseases, as knowledge on its role in fibrosis development and response to therapies is expanding. Uncontrolled immune responses and unbalanced injury-inflammation-repair processes drive the initiation and progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The regulatory immune system plays important roles in controlling pathogenic immune responses, regulating inflammation and modulating the transition of inflammation to fibrosis. This review aims to summarize and critically discuss the current knowledge on the potential role of regulatory immune cells, including mesenchymal stromal/stem cells, regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, we review the emerging role of regulatory immune cells in anti-fibrotic therapy and lung transplantation. A comprehensive understanding of immune regulation could pave the way towards new therapeutic or preventive approaches in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

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Succinate Is an Inflammation-Induced Immunoregulatory Metabolite in Macrophages

Metabolites ◽

10.3390/metabo10090372 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 372 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Karl J. Harber ◽

Kyra E. de Goede ◽

Sanne G. S. Verberk ◽

Elisa Meinster ◽

Helga E. de Vries ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Cell Phenotype ◽

Independent Manner ◽

Inflammatory Macrophages ◽

Necrosis Factor

Immunometabolism revealed the crucial role of cellular metabolism in controlling immune cell phenotype and functions. Macrophages, key immune cells that support progression of numerous inflammatory diseases, have been well described as undergoing vast metabolic rewiring upon activation. The immunometabolite succinate particularly gained a lot of attention and emerged as a crucial regulator of macrophage responses and inflammation. Succinate was originally described as a metabolite that supports inflammation via distinct routes. Recently, studies have indicated that succinate and its receptor SUCNR1 can suppress immune responses as well. These apparent contradictory effects might be due to specific experimental settings and particularly the use of distinct succinate forms. We therefore compared the phenotypic and functional effects of distinct succinate forms and receptor mouse models that were previously used for studying succinate immunomodulation. Here, we show that succinate can suppress secretion of inflammatory mediators IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and nitric oxide (NO), as well as inhibit Il1b mRNA expression of inflammatory macrophages in a SUCNR1-independent manner. We also observed that macrophage SUCNR1 deficiency led to an enhanced inflammatory response without addition of exogenous succinate. While our study does not reveal new mechanistic insights into how succinate elicits different inflammatory responses, it does indicate that the inflammatory effects of succinate and its receptor SUCNR1 in macrophages are clearly context dependent.

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The role of cytokines in immunological tolerance: potential for therapy

Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine ◽

10.1017/s1462399400002143 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 2 (9) ◽

pp. 1-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Mark Harber ◽

Anette Sundstedt ◽

David Wraith

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

T Cells ◽

Immune System ◽

Animal Models ◽

Regulatory T Cells ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Immunological Tolerance ◽

Immunomodulatory Effects ◽

Clinical Potential

Current immunosuppression protocols, although often effective, are nonspecific and therefore hazardous. Consequently, immunological tolerance that is antigen specific and does not globally depress the patient's immune system has become one of the Holy Grails of immunology. Since the discovery that cytokines have immunomodulatory effects, extensive research has investigated the potential of these molecules to induce and maintain specific immunological tolerance in the context of transplantation, allergy and autoimmunity. In this article, we review the possible mechanisms by which cytokines can modulate the immune response and the animal models that frequently confound the theory that a single cytokine, or group of cytokines, can induce tolerance in a predictable manner. Finally, we discuss the role of cytokines at a paracrine level, particularly in the context of inducing and maintaining antigen-specific, regulatory T cells with the clinical potential to suppress specific immune responses.

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Moms, babies, and bugs in immune development

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.12182.1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 2141

Author(s):

Katie Alexander ◽

Charles O. Elson

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Mucosal Immunity ◽

The Other ◽

Primary Role ◽

Initial Development ◽

Immune Development ◽

The One

Bacteria and mammals have co-evolved with one another over millennia, and it has become impossible to interpret mucosal immunity without taking the microbiota into consideration. In fact, the primary role of the mucosal immune system is regulating homeostasis and the host relationship with the microbiota. Bacteria are no longer seen as simply invading pathogens, but rather a necessary component to one’s own immune response. On the one hand, the microbiota is a vital educator of immune cells and initiator of beneficial responses; but, on the other, dysbiosis of microbiota constituents are associated with inflammation and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we will consider recent advances in the understanding of how the microbiota influences host mucosal immunity, particularly the initial development of the immune response and its implications.

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TrackSOM: mapping immune response dynamics through sequential clustering of time- and disease-course single-cell cytometry data

10.1101/2021.06.08.447468 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Givanna Haryono Putri ◽

Jonathan Chung ◽

Davis N Edwards ◽

Felix Marsh-Wakefield ◽

Suat Dervish ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

West Nile Virus ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Immune Cell ◽

West Nile Virus Infection ◽

Cell Populations ◽

Disease Course ◽

Response Dynamics ◽

Over Time

Mapping the dynamics of immune cell populations over time or disease-course is key to understanding immunopathogenesis and devising putative interventions. We present TrackSOM, an algorithm which delineates cellular populations and tracks their development over a time- or disease-course of cytometry datasets. We demonstrate TrackSOM-enabled elucidation of the immune response to West Nile Virus infection in mice, uncovering heterogeneous sub-populations of immune cells and relating their functional evolution to disease severity. TrackSOM is easy to use, encompasses few parameters, is quick to execute, and enables an integrative and dynamic overview of the immune system kinetics that underlie disease progression and/or resolution.

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Role of Histamine in Modulating the Immune Response and Inflammation

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/2018/9524075 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Anna Cláudia Calvielli Castelo Branco ◽

Fábio Seiti Yamada Yoshikawa ◽

Anna Julia Pietrobon ◽

Maria Notomi Sato

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Inflammatory Mediators ◽

Pleiotropic Effect ◽

Adaptive Immune Responses ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Regulatory Functions ◽

Proinflammatory Factors

Inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes, impact the immune system, usually as proinflammatory factors. Other mediators act as regulatory components to establish homeostasis after injury or prevent the inflammatory process. Histamine, a biogenic vasoactive amine, causes symptoms such as allergies and has a pleiotropic effect that is dependent on its interaction with its four histamine receptors. In this review, we discuss the dualistic effects of histamine: how histamine affects inflammation of the immune system through the activation of intracellular pathways that induce the production of inflammatory mediators and cytokines in different immune cells and how histamine exerts regulatory functions in innate and adaptive immune responses. We also evaluate the interactions between these effects.

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