scholarly journals Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow: pathologist, physician, anthropologist, and politician

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Safavi-Abbasi ◽  
Cassius Reis ◽  
Melanie C. Talley ◽  
Nicholas Theodore ◽  
Peter Nakaji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Venous Thrombosis ◽  
Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
Venous Malformations ◽  
Embolism And Thrombosis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Common ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Almost All

✓ The history of apoplexy and descriptions of stroke symptoms date back to ancient times. It was not until the mid-nineteenth century, however, that the contributions of Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow, including his descriptions of the phenomena he called “embolism” and “thrombosis” as well as the origins of ischemia, changed the understanding of stroke. He suggested three main factors that conduce to venous thrombosis, which are now known as the Virchow triad. He also showed that portions of what he called a “thrombus” could detach and form an “embolus.” Thus, Virchow coined these terms to describe the pathogenesis of the disorder. It was also not until 1863 that Virchow recognized and differentiated almost all of the common types of intracranial malformations: telangiectatic venous malformations, arterial malformations, arteriovenous malformations, cystic angiomas (possibly what are now called hemangioblastomas), and transitional types of these lesions. This article is a review of the contributions of Rudolf Virchow to the current understanding of cerebrovascular pathology, and a summary of the life of this extraordinary personality in his many roles as physician, pathologist, anthropologist, ethnologist, and politician.

scholarly journals The sportification of judo: global convergence and evolution

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shohei Sato
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Global Convergence ◽  
Martial Arts ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The West ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Olympic Sport

AbstractThis article re-examines our understanding of modern sport. Today, various physical cultures across the world are practised under the name of sport. Almost all of these sports originated in the West and expanded to the rest of the world. However, the history of judo confounds the diffusionist model. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, a Japanese educationalist amalgamated different martial arts and established judo not as a sport but as ‘a way of life’. Today it is practised globally as an Olympic sport. Focusing on the changes in its rules during this period, this article demonstrates that the globalization of judo was accompanied by a constant evolution of its character. The overall ‘sportification’ of judo took place not as a diffusion but as a convergence – a point that is pertinent to the understanding of the global sportification of physical cultures, and also the standardization of cultures in modern times.

New Light on Slade's Case

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
Full Report ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Almost All

Slade's Case is of such significance in the history of the common law that it has, quite properly, been the subject of more scrutiny and discussion in recent years than any other case of the same age. The foundation of all this discussion has been Coke's report, which is the only full report in print. The accuracy and completeness of Coke's version have hardly been challenged, and the discussions have assumed that it contains almost all there is to know about the case. This assumption must be discarded if we are to understand the contemporary significance of the case.

Law Making

2019 ◽  
pp. 206-238
Author(s):  
John Baker
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Legal Change ◽  
Inns Of Court ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Learning ◽  
Law Making

This chapter examines the history of case-law, legislation, and equity, with particular reference to legal change. The common law was evidenced by judicial precedent, but single decisions were not binding until the nineteenth century. It was also rooted in professional understanding, the ‘common learning’ acquired in the inns of court. It was based on ‘reason’, operating within a rigid procedural framework. Legal change could be effected by fictions, equity, and legislation, but (except during the Interregnum) there was little systematic reform before the nineteenth century. Legislation was external to the common law, but it had to be interpreted by common-law judges and so there was a symbiotic relationship between statute-law and case-law. Codification has sometimes been proposed, but with limited effect.

Commentary: Necromance

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 829-839
Author(s):  
Irvin J Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Movements ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
American Culture ◽  
Romantic Novel ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Cooperative Economy ◽  
The Revolution

Abstract This article reconsiders the recent turn in political theory to love as a countercapital affect, helping us endure when hope has lost its salience. The article offers the concept of “necromance” to attend to the ways the popular configuration of love as life-giving often overlooks how in the history of slavery and liberal empire love operates as life-taking. Distinct from necromancy, necromance is not a process of reviving the dead but of bringing subjects in ever closer proximity to the dead. Grounded in a reading of W. E. B. Du Bois’s romantic novel The Quest of the Silver Fleece (1911), particularly its vision of a cooperative economy and its response to the evolving meaning of love in American culture at the end of the nineteenth century, necromance is both a structure of feeling and a form of writing. As a resource for activism indebted to the creative powers of melancholic attachments, necromance contests the common conception that in order for grievances to become social movements or collective insurgencies they must be framed to create feelings of outrage, not of grief. By working inside existing conditions of irrevocable loss, necromantic love registers the feeling that the revolution is already here.

Mathematics in the Pacific Basin

1988 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garry J. Tee
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Pacific Basin ◽  
Australian Aborigines ◽  
The People ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Numeral Systems ◽  
The Common ◽  
Literate Culture ◽  
Almost All

The development of systematic mathematics requires writing, and hence a non-literate culture cannot be expected to advance mathematics beyond the stage of numeral words and counting. The hundreds of languages of the Australian aborigines do not seem to have included any extensive numeral systems. However, the common assertions to the effect that ‘Aborigines have only one, two, many’ derive mostly from reports by nineteenth century Christian missionaries, who commonly understood less mathematics than did the people on whom they were reporting. Of course, in recent decades almost all Aborigines have been involved with the dominant European-style culture of Australia, and even those who are not literate have mostly learned to use English-style numerals and to handle money. Similar qualifications should be understood when speaking of any recent primitive culture.

George Combe and common sense

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
SEAN DYDE
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
David Hume ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Relative Success ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mind

AbstractThis article examines the history of two fields of enquiry in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Scotland: the rise and fall of the common sense school of philosophy and phrenology as presented in the works of George Combe. Although many previous historians have construed these histories as separate, indeed sometimes incommensurate, I propose that their paths were intertwined to a greater extent than has previously been given credit. The philosophy of common sense was a response to problems raised by Enlightenment thinkers, particularly David Hume, and spurred a theory of the mind and its mode of study. In order to succeed, or even to be considered a rival of these established understandings, phrenologists adapted their arguments for the sake of engaging in philosophical dispute. I argue that this debate contributed to the relative success of these groups: phrenology as a well-known historical subject, common sense now largely forgotten. Moreover, this history seeks to question the place of phrenology within the sciences of mind in nineteenth-century Britain.

scholarly journals Cultural Aspect of Regional Patriotism Fostered in the Nineteenth-Century Literature of Autochthon Upper Silesians

2020 ◽  
pp. 123-140
Author(s):  
Krystyna Kossakowska-Jarosz
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Awareness ◽  
National Minority ◽  
Upper Silesia ◽  
Nineteenth Century Literature ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Century Literature

This text is part of the author’s research on the literary culture of the nineteenth-century UpperSilesia. The author shows that at the forefront of modern Europe (at the beginning of industrializationand urbanization of the continent) the autochthon writers of Upper Silesia undertook actionsaimed at fostering cultural awareness amongst their compatriots, who were considered to belong toa national minority, in order to instil patriotic feelings in them. In the current post-colonial discoursetheir struggles are recognized as the “voice of the periphery”. Striving to achieve civic maturity intheir Polish ecumene, these writers demonstrated considerable knowledge of their own Polish rootsas the inhabitants of this region. They assumed they must be aware of their distinctness from thedominant society in the Prussian state. The messages conveyed to their compatriots consisted inemphasizing the common history of Silesians and Poles and remembering the glorious past of thelatter. These were the foundations for shaping the sense of identity as well as for creating strongties with their own land. The development of such an emotional attitude towards the place and itspast among the readers allowed for effective building of patriotic attitudes, which was confirmed bycontemporary observers of the writers’ efforts. They continued coming to Upper Silesia from otherregions of the former Polish Republic to learn about ways of writing “for people.”

scholarly journals Greek demons who murdered children

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislava Igorevna Makeeva
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Greek Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Murdered Children

This article describes the Ancient Greek mythological characters who were attributed with murdering children: Lamia (Λάμια), Mormo (μορμώ) and Gello (γελλώ).The ssuperstitions associated with these demons remain in Greece to this day, although their images have undergone certain transformation. The object of this research is the mythological representations of the Ancient Greeks, while the subject is demons who murdered children. The goal of this article is to determine the role of children's horror stories in life of the Ancient Greek society. The author reviews the facts testifying to the existence of characters as Lamia, Mormo, Gello and Empusa in the Greek and Roman texts, as well gives characteristics to their images based on the comparative analysis. The conducted analysis reveals the common traits of the demons who murdered children: frightening appearance, combination of human and animal traits, ability to transform, identification with Hecate, as well as the story of the failed motherhood underlying the history of emergence of the demon. The key functions of these mythological characters consisted in explanation of the sudden infant and maternal mortality typical to the ancient times, as well as teaching children and adults a lesson. The first could be frightened with such stories, and the latter had to learn from the tale that demonstrates the harm of reckless following the temptations or refusal of fulfilling the prescribed social roles, socially acceptable behavior.

scholarly journals Institute of Reconciliation in the History of Russian Criminal Justice (Pre-Revolutionary Period)

2021 ◽  
pp. 025-034
Author(s):  
E. V. Popadenko
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Peaceful Settlement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Revolutionary Period

The emergence, formation and development of the institution of reconciliation of the parties as a means of resolving legal conflicts have a long history. The origins of reconciliation were primarily laid down in rituals, and later were reflected in laws. At the same time, the institution of reconciliation is mentioned in almost all major history law documents - from Russian Truth to the Judicial Statutes of 1864.Thus, the article shows the development of the institution of reconciliation in Russia from ancient times to the end of the 19th century. The traditions of brother-making and refusal of blood feud are replaced by the procedure for apologizing and filing a reconciliation petition. The article shows how the complication of social relations gradually changed the position towards crime – firstly it was perceived as an insult to a person, but with the strengthening of state power it was seen as an unlawful act, violation of the norms established by the state, where the latter is almost always considered the main victim. This, accordingly, affected the change in attitudes towards the institution of reconciliation – from stimulating the rule-maker to the peaceful settlement of criminal-legal conflicts by the parties to the establishment of a ban on reconciliation in most categories of criminal cases.

scholarly journals As mulheres e a afirmação histórica da profissão jornalística: contributos para uma não-ossificação da História do jornalismo.

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 165-182
Author(s):  
Maria João Silveirinha
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Industrial Activities ◽  
Female Journalists ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Journalism ◽  
Almost All

The place and role that women played in the history of journalism is still, amongst us, quite invisible and unquestioned. In the spirit of not only documenting, but theorizing history, the text aims to consider the intersection of the early stages of journalism as a profession with the entrance of the first women in the profession, and revisits the national and international press in the nineteenth century and the turn to the twentieth century, recalling the papers and female journalists of the time. As with almost all industrial activities, women were strongly sidelined in the early stage of industrialization of journalism in the terms under which it was defined. Learning about the experiences that make up the affirmation of journalism as a profession not only in Portugal but also in countries such as France, England or the United States establishes knowledge of a bodily and gendered experience. Assigning gender to the news, as it was originally defined, extends the range of problems we study and allows a deeper understanding not only of what may or may not be journalism, but also of a set of transnational problems and issues shared by women in their historical relations with the profession.

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