A frameless stereotactic approach to neurosurgical planning based on retrospective patient-image registration

1993 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim K. Tan ◽  
Robert Grzeszczuk ◽  
David N. Levin ◽  
Charles A. Pelizzari ◽  
George T. Y. Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Brain Images ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Typical Error ◽  
Neurosurgical Planning ◽  
Computer Workstation ◽  
Stereotactic Device

✓ A frameless stereotactic device interfacing an electromagnetic three-dimensional (3-D) digitizer to a computer workstation is described. The patient-image coordinate transformation was found by retrospectively registering a digitizer-derived model of the patient's scalp with a magnetic resonance (MR) imaging-derived model of the same surface. This procedure was performed with routine imaging data, eliminating the need to obtain special-purpose MR images with fiducial markers in place. After patient-image fusion was achieved, a hand-held digitizing stylus was moved over the scalp and tracked in real time on cross-sectional and 3-D brain images on the computer screen. This device was used for presurgical localization of lesions in 10 patients with meningeal and superficial brain tumors. The results suggest that the system is accurate enough (typical error range 3 to 8 mm) to enable the surgeon to reduce the craniotomy to one-half the size advisable with conventional qualitative presurgical planning.

Three-dimensional magnetic resonance images of the brain: application to neurosurgical planning

1990 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoping Hu ◽  
Kim K. Tan ◽  
David N. Levin ◽  
Simranjit Galhotra ◽  
John F. Mullan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Preoperative Assessment ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Interactive Software ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Brain Surface ◽  
Neurosurgical Planning ◽  
The Brain

✓ Data from single 10-minute magnetic resonance scans were used to create three-dimensional (3-D) views of the surfaces of the brain and skin of 12 patients. In each case, these views were used to make a preoperative assessment of the relationship of lesions to brain surface structures associated with movement, sensation, hearing, and speech. Interactive software was written so that the user could “slice” through the 3-D computer model and inspect cross-sectional images at any level. A surgery simulation program was written so that surgeons were able to “rehearse” craniotomies on 3-D computer models before performing the actual operations. In each case, the qualitative accuracy of the 3-D views was confirmed by intraoperative inspection of the brain surface and by intraoperative electrophysiological mapping, when available.

A brainstem stereotactic atlas in a three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging navigation system: first experiences with atlas-to-patient registration

1999 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 891-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Niemann ◽  
Roland van den Boom ◽  
Katja Haeselbarth ◽  
Farhad Afshar
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Patient Registration ◽  
Scale Factors ◽  
Stereotactic Atlas ◽  
Fine Print

Object. The authors describe a computer-resident digital representation of a stereotactic atlas of the human brainstem, its semiautomated registration to sagittal fast low—angle shot three-dimensional (3-D) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging data sets in 27 healthy volunteers and 24 neurosurgical patients, and an analysis of the subsequent transforms needed to refine the initial registration.Methods. Contour drawings from the atlas, which offer the 70th percentile of variation of anatomical structures, were interpolated into an isotropic 3-D representation. Initial atlas-to-patient registration was based on the fastigium/ventricular floor plane reference system. The quality of the fit was evaluated using superimposition of the atlas and MR images. If necessary, the atlas was tailored to the individual anatomy by using additional transforms. On average, the atlas had to be stretched by 2 to 6% in the three directions of space. Scale factors varied over a broad range from −8 to +19% and the benefit of visual interactive control of the atlas-to-patient registration was evident. Analysis of distances within the pons measured in the midsagittal MR imaging slices and the required scale factors revealed significant correlations that may be used to reduce the amount of user interaction in the coregistration substantially. In 70.6% of the cases, the atlas had to be shifted in a cranial direction along the brainstem axis (in 25.5% of cases 3–4 mm, in 45.1% of cases 1–2 mm). This was due to a more caudal position of the fastigium cerebelli on the MR images compared with the atlas.Conclusions. This observation, in conjunction with the variability of the height of the fourth ventricle in our MR imaging data (range 6.1–15.2 mm, mean 10.1 mm, standard deviation 1.8 mm) calls into question the role of the fastigium cerebelli as an anatomical landmark for localization within the brainstem.

Quantification of increased exposure resulting from orbital rim and orbitozygomatic osteotomy via the frontotemporal transsylvian approach

1999 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 1020-1026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc S. Schwartz ◽  
Gregory J. Anderson ◽  
Michael A. Horgan ◽  
Jordi X. Kellogg ◽  
Sean O. McMenomey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Zygomatic Arch ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedures ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Transsylvian Approach ◽  
Surgical Access ◽  
Stereotactic Device ◽  
Orbital Rim ◽  
Fine Print

Object. Use of orbital rim and orbitozygomatic osteotomy has been extensively reported to increase exposure in neurosurgical procedures. However, there have been few attempts to quantify the extent of additional exposure gained by these maneuvers. Using a novel laboratory technique, the authors have attempted to measure the increase in the “area of exposure” that is gained by removal of the orbital rim and zygomatic arch via the frontotemporal transsylvian approach.Methods. The authors dissected five cadavers bilaterally. The area of exposure provided by the frontotemporal transsylvian approach was determined by using a frameless stereotactic device. With the tip of a microdissector placed on targets deep within the exposure, the position of the end of the microdissector handle was measured in three-dimensional space as the microdissector was rotated around the periphery of the operative field. This maneuver was performed via the frontotemporal approach alone as well as with orbital rim and orbitozygomatic osteotomy approaches. After data manipulation, the areas of exposure corresponding to the polygons used to define these handle positions were calculated and directly compared. On average, the area of exposure provided by the frontotemporal transsylvian approach was increased 26 to 39% (p < 0.05) by adding orbital rim osteotomy and an additional 13 to 22% (not significant) with removal of the zygomatic arch.Conclusions. Significant and consistent increases in surgical exposure were obtained by using orbital osteotomy, whereas zygomatic arch removal produced less consistent gains. Both maneuvers may be expected to improve surgical access. However, because larger and more consistent gains were afforded by orbital rim removal, the threshold for removal of this portion of the orbitozygomatic complex should be lower.

Effect of hourglass shape solder joints on underfill encapsulation process: numerical and experimental studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-156
Author(s):  
Muhammad Naqib Nashrudin ◽  
Zhong Li Gan ◽  
Aizat Abas ◽  
M.H.H. Ishak ◽  
M. Yusuf Tura Ali
Keyword(s):  
Solder Joint ◽  
Numerical Method ◽  
Flip Chip ◽  
Solder Joints ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Filling Time ◽  
Encapsulation Process

Purpose In line with the recent development of flip-chip reliability and underfill process, this paper aims to comprehensively investigate the effect of different hourglass shape solder joint on underfill encapsulation process by mean of experimental and numerical method. Design/methodology/approach Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) numerical was used for the three-dimensional simulation of underfill process. The effects of ball grid arrays (BGA) encapsulation process in terms of filling time of the fluid were investigated. Experiments were then carried out to validate the simulation results. Findings Hourglass shape solder joint has shown the shortest filling time for underfill process compared to truncated sphere. The underfill flow obtained from both simulation and experimental results are found to be in good agreement for the BGA model studied. The findings have also shown that the filling time of Hourglass 2 with parabolic shape gives faster filling time compared to the Hourglass 1 with hemisphere angle due to bigger cross-sectional area of void between the solder joints. Practical implications This paper provides reliable insights to the effect of hourglass shape BGA on the encapsulation process that will benefit future development of BGA packages. Originality/value LBM numerical method was implemented in this research to study the flow behaviour of an encapsulation process in term of filling time of hourglass shape BGA. To date, no research has been found to simulate the hourglass shape BGA using LBM.

Evaluation of body geometry and symmetry for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with 3D body scanning system

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 276-292
Author(s):  
Lu Lu ◽  
Kit-Lun Yick ◽  
Sun Pui Ng ◽  
Joanne Yip ◽  
Chi Yung Tse
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽  
Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Scanning System ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Body Scanning ◽  
The Cross

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to quantitatively assess the three-dimensional (3D) geometry and symmetry of the torso for spinal deformity and the use of orthotic bracewear by using non-invasive 3D body scanning technology. Design/methodology/approach In pursuing greater accuracy of body anthropometric measurements to improve the fit and design of apparel, 3D body scanning technology and image analysis provide many more advantages over the traditional manual methods that use contact measurements. To measure the changes in the torso geometry and profile symmetry of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, five individuals are recruited to undergo body scanning both with and without wearing a rigid brace during a period of six months. The cross-sectional areas and profiles of the reconstructed 3D torso models are examined to evaluate the level of body symmetry. Findings Significant changes in the cross-sectional profile are found amongst four of the patients over the different visits for measurements (p < 0.05), which are consistent with the X-rays results. The 3D body scanning system can reliably evaluate changes in the body geometry of patients with scoliosis. Nevertheless, improvements in the symmetry of the torso are found to be somewhat inconsistent among the patients and across different visits. Originality/value This pilot study demonstrates a practical and safe means to measure and analyse the torso geometry and symmetry so as to allow for more frequent evaluations, which would result in effective and optimal treatment of spinal deformation.

scholarly journals Characterising 3D spherical packings by principal component analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 1023-1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Zhao ◽  
Y.T. Feng ◽  
Yuanqiang Tan
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Gaussian Quadrature ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Particle Packing ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Computer Methods ◽  
Novel Approach

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to extend the previous study [Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 340: 70-89, 2018] on the development of a novel packing characterising system based on principal component analysis (PCA) to quantitatively reveal some fundamental features of spherical particle packings in three-dimensional. Design/methodology/approach Gaussian quadrature is adopted to obtain the volume matrix representation of a particle packing. Then, the digitalised image of the packing is obtained by converting cross-sectional images along one direction to column vectors of the packing image. Both a principal variance (PV) function and a dissimilarity coefficient (DC) are proposed to characterise differences between different packings (or images). Findings Differences between two packings with different packing features can be revealed by the PVs and DC. Furthermore, the values of PV and DC can indicate different levels of effects on packing caused by configuration randomness, particle distribution, packing density and particle size distribution. The uniformity and isotropy of a packing can also be investigated by this PCA based approach. Originality/value Develop an alternative novel approach to quantitatively characterise sphere packings, particularly their differences.

Numerical investigation of thermal pulsating alumina/water nanofluid flow over three different cross-sectional channel

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 3721-3735 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Hoseinzadeh ◽  
S.M. Taheri Otaghsara ◽  
M.H. Zakeri Khatir ◽  
P.S. Heyns
Keyword(s):  
Channel Flow ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Pulsating Flow ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Volume Percentage ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Alumina Nanofluid

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the pulsating flow in a three-dimensional channel. Channel flow is laminar and turbulent. After validation, the effect of different channel cross-sectional geometries (circular, hexagonal and triangular) with the pulsating flow are investigated. For this purpose, the alumina nanofluid was considered as a working fluid with different volume percentages (0 per cent [pure water], 3 per cent and 5 per cent). Design/methodology/approach In this study, the pulsatile flow was investigated in a three-dimensional channel. Channel flow is laminar and turbulent. Findings The results show that the fluid temperature decreases by increasing the volume percentage of particles of Al2O3; this is because of the fact that the input energy through the wall boundary is a constant value and indicates that with increasing the volume percentage, the fluid can save more energy at a constant temperature. And by adding Al2O3 nanofluid, thermal performance improves in channels, but it should be considered that the use of nanofluid causes a pressure drop in the channel. Originality/value Alumina/water nanofluid with the pulsating flow was investigated and compared in three different cross-sectional channel geometries (circular, hexagonal and triangular). The effect of different volume percentages (0 per cent [pure water], 3 per cent and 5 per cent) of Al2O3 nanofluid on temperature, velocity and pressure are studied.

Localization of stimulating electrodes in patients with Parkinson disease by using a three-dimensional atlas—magnetic resonance imaging coregistration method

2003 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérôme Yelnik ◽  
Philippe Damier ◽  
Sophie Demeret ◽  
David Gervais ◽  
Eric Bardinet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Parkinson Disease ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Zona Incerta ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Anatomical Localization ◽  
Stimulating Electrodes ◽  
Fine Print

Object. The aim of this study was to correlate the clinical improvement in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) treated using deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) with the precise anatomical localization of stimulating electrodes. Methods. Localization was determined by superimposing figures from an anatomical atlas with postoperative magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained in each patient. This approach was validated by an analysis of experimental and clinical MR images of the electrode, and the development of a three-dimensional (3D) atlas—MR imaging coregistration method. The PD motor score was assessed through two contacts for each of two electrodes implanted in 10 patients: the “therapeutic contact” and the “distant contact” (that is, the next but one to the therapeutic contact). Seventeen therapeutic contacts were located within or on the border of the STN, most of which were associated with significant improvement of the four PD symptoms tested. Therapeutic contacts located in other structures (zona incerta, lenticular fasciculus, or midbrain reticular formation) were also linked to a significant positive effect. Stimulation applied through distant contacts located in the STN improved symptoms of PD, whereas that delivered through distant contacts in the remaining structures had variable effects ranging from worsening of symptoms to their improvement. Conclusions. The authors have demonstrated that 3D atlas—MR imaging coregistration is a reliable method for the precise localization of DBS electrodes on postoperative MR images. In addition, they have confirmed that although the STN is the main target during DBS treatment for PD, stimulation of surrounding regions, particularly the zona incerta or the lenticular fasciculus, can also improve symptoms of PD.

“Real” three-dimensional constructive interference in steady-state imaging to discern microneurosurgical anatomy

2003 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 625-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukinari Kakizawa ◽  
Kazuhiro Hongo ◽  
Hisayoshi Takasawa ◽  
Yosuke Miyairi ◽  
Atsushi Sato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedures ◽  
Constructive Interference ◽  
Operative Field ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Minimal Invasiveness ◽  
Endoscopic View ◽  
Computer Workstation ◽  
The Relationship

✓ Three-dimensional (3D) neuroimages are generally considered useful for neurosurgical practice. Nevertheless, neuroimaging modalities such as 3D digital subtraction angiography and 3D computerized tomography angiography are still insufficient because the resulting images fail to delineate neural structures. Complex neurosurgical procedures are mostly performed in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space of the basal cistern, where vessels and neural structures are present along with the lesion. The magnetic resonance (MR) imaging—derived 3D constructive interference in steady-state (CISS) imaging displays the margin between the CSF and neural structures, vessels, and dura mater in detail, in a two-dimensional fashion. The authors know that volume-rendered 3D CISS images would be more useful for surgery than conventional ones. Although the usefulness of “virtual MR image endoscopy” was reported previously, the endoscopic view is different from the operative field because of the perspective being emphasized. Therefore, to simulate surgical views, the authors made 3D neuroimages from a 3D CISS MR sequence by using an advanced computer workstation. After generating volume images, a cutting method was used in the desired plane to visualize the lesion with reference to a multiplanar reformatted image. The authors call these “real” 3D CISS images, and they are more comparable to the operative field. This newly developed method of producing a real 3D CISS image was used in 30 cases and contributed to the understanding of the relationship between a lesion and surrounding structures before attempting neurosurgical procedures, with minimal invasiveness to the patient.

Diagnosis of vascular compression in facial spasm by stereoscopic short-range magnetic resonance angiography

1995 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Shimizu ◽  
Hiroto Kawasaki ◽  
Hidetoshi Kasuya ◽  
Koki Kurita
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Pulse Sequence ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Maximum Intensity Projection ◽  
Vascular Compression ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Facial Spasm

✓ The authors describe the use of stereoscopic short-range magnetic resonance (MR) angiography to diagnose whether and by what means the brainstem is compressed in a case of facial spasm. The MR images were obtained on a 1.5-tesla imaging system with three-dimensional time-of-flight pulse sequence (repetition time 39 msec, echo time 9 msec). Six-source MR images, in which the internal acoustic meatuses were described, were processed using a maximum-intensity projection technique to reconstruct the MR angiograms. The internal acoustic meatuses, the posterior fossa, and the nearby arteries are shown on a single MR angiogram. When two MR angiograms with projection angles 10° apart are placed side by side and observed through polarized glasses, a stereoscopic view of the compressing artery can easily be seen.

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