scholarly journals SUBTOXIC EFFECTS OF SODIUM FLUORIDE ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF PITUITARY GLAND IN RATS

Author(s):  
I.L. Kolisnyk

The study aimed at investigating the morphofunctional state of the pituitary gland in white rats under the subtoxic exposure to sodium fluoride. Mature male rats (N = 17), weighing 130-150 g, were intragastrically administered with aqueous solutions of sodium fluoride in a dose of 1/10 LD50 ranged from 20 mg / kg of body weight. The duration of the subacute experiment was 60 days. To assess the morphological rearrangement at the subcellular level of organization of the pituitary gland, electron microscopy was performed. The microscopic study revealed changes in the submicroscopic architecture resulted from dystrophic processes caused by the subtoxic exposure to sodium fluoride. Prolonged sodium fluoride intoxication led to a number of changes in the ultrastructure of the pituitary gland, manifested by the development of intracellular oedema, swelling of mitochondria, changes in the density of their matrix, partial reduction and loss of cristae, vacuolization and expansion of the cisterns of the granular endoplasmic reticulum, an increase in the number of primary lysosomes, in the redistribution of chromatin nucleus and a decrease in the number of ribosomes and glycogen granules. Hemocapillaries showed oedema of endothelial cells, uneven thickening of the basement membrane, vasodilatation with the development of stasis and sludge of erythrocytes. As in the vessels of the hypothalamus, the presence of fibrin and a significant number of platelets has been found. These changes indicate a disruption of bioenergetics associated with the mitochondrial apparatus and the development of hypoxic processes, which lead to a decrease in the activity of redox reactions occurring at the level of intracellular membranes and organelles.

Author(s):  
I.L. Kolisnyk ◽  
I.Yu. Bagmut

The article provides the data on the morphofunctional state of hepatocytes in the liver of white rats under the subtoxic action of sodium fluoride. Mature rats of the Wistar population (N = 17), weighing 180-210 g, were intragastrically injected with aqueous solutions of sodium fluoride in a dose of 1/10 LD50 at the ratio of 20 mg / kg of animal body weight daily. The subacute experiment lasted 60 days. Studying hepatocytes in the rat liver and assessing their morphological rearrangement at the subcellular level of organization was carried out by electron microscopy. The study of ultrastructural organization of the liver under the influence of sodium fluoride revealed changes in the submicroscopic architecture characteristic of the development of dystrophic processes. Prolonged intoxication with sodium fluoride caused a number of changes in the liver ultrastructurer, manifested by the development of intracellular edema in hepatocytes, swelling of mitochondria, changes in the density of their matrix, partial reduction and loss of cristae, vacuolization and expansion of the cisterns of the granular endoplasmic reticulum, an increase in the number of primary lysosomes, redistribution chromatin of the nucleus and a decrease in the number of ribosomes and glycogen granules. These changes indicate a disruption of bioenergetics of hepatocytes associated with the mitochondrial apparatus and the development of hypoxic processes, which lead to a decrease in the activity of redox reactions occurring at the level of intracellular membranes and organelles.


1977 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 728-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Epstein ◽  
B. Lunenfeld ◽  
Z. Kraiem

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate effects of androgens on gonadotrophin release in response to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) stimulation in vitro. Hemipituitaries of mature male rats were pre-incubated for 90 min with T, DHT, 3α- or 3β-diol (4 ng or 4 μg/ml medium), and the incubation continued for 240 min after adding Gn-RH (1 ng/ml medium). Gn-RH caused a 4-5-fold rise in the secretion of LH and a 2-fold rise in FSH secretion. The effect of the androgens was dose-dependent. At low levels, T and DHT exerted no effect on Gn-RH-stimulated gonadotrophin release, whereas the two androstanediols (3α- and 3β-diol) augmented the Gn-RH stimulation of both gonadotrophins, though preferentially LH. With high doses of androgens, the results obtained showed: a) no effect of T; b) DHT suppression of the Gn-RH-stimulated FSH release; c) suppression of Gn-RH stimulation by 3α- and 3β-diol regarding both LH and FSH. It is concluded that T exerts through its reduced metabolites a feedback effect on the pituitary gland responsiveness to Gn-RH stimulation.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 5301-5305

The objective of the study was to study the state of oxidative-antioxidant homeostasis under the conditions of the formation of experimental fluoride intoxication.24 white rats of the Wistar population were daily injected with sodium fluoride solution (20 mg/kg of animal weight). The continuation of intragastric xenobiotic intake was 1.5 months. The control group was monitored for 2 weeks toanalyse their condition. After 2 weeks, and The study program was conducted after 2 weeks when healthy mature (3 months) males weighing 180-200 grams were selected . At the end of the experiment, the control and experimental groups were clogged by decapitation. Evaluation of oxidative-antioxidant homeostasis was doneon the basis of the following indicators: the intensity of biochemiluminescence (BCL) of homogenates of internal organs and blood serum, the blood levels of SH-groups, glutathione, haptoglobin, diene conjugates (DC), malondialdehyde (MDA), cysteine, catalase activity, peroxidase, ceruloplasmine, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase. Vitamin C was determined in the adrenal glands. Analyzing the effect of fluoride intoxication on the state of oxidative and antioxidant system, it was shown that stimulation of free radical lipid peroxidation, the accumulation of peroxides, hydroperoxides, free radicals and inhibition of the antioxidant system are characteristic in this process. The obtained results confirm that all these mechanisms underlie the formation of structural and metabolic mechanisms of the pathogenesis of fluoride intoxication.


2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (7) ◽  
pp. 693-699
Author(s):  
Tatyana K. Yadykina ◽  
Nadezhda N. Mikhailova ◽  
Maria S. Bugaeva ◽  
Larisa G. Gorokhova ◽  
Vera V. Kislitsyna ◽  
...  

Introduction. Aluminium production is characterized by the accumulation of impurities of various toxic and chemical compositions in the air of working areas, the predominant among which are fluoride compounds. The accumulation of fluorides in the body causes the development of osteoarticular and associated systemic pathology. The aim of the study was to evaluate the hygienic and medico-biological features of toxic liver damage in the conditions of chronic fluoride intoxication of the body. Material and methods. The hygienic working conditions of the workers of the primary professions in aluminium production were evaluated. The analysis of hepatobiliary dysfunction based on clinical and instrumental methods was carried out in 263 subjects with fluoride intoxication and a comparison group of 116 persons. Experimental studies of the morpho-functional liver state in modelling chronic fluoride intoxication were carried out based on toxicological, biochemical, pathomorphological methods with histological analysis of tissues. The toxic properties of sodium fluoride were studied in 117 white laboratory male rats with its peroral route intake into the body. Results. The qualitative composition of the air in the working areas in the electrolysis building was analyzed. The prevalence of pathological disorders of the biliary tract in metallurgists engaged in aluminium production was assessed. Clinical studies revealed a significant prevalence of toxic fluoride hepatopathy, fatty hepatosis, cholecystitis and other disorders in the group of patients with chronic fluoride intoxication. The harmful effect of sodium fluoride on hepatocytes, vessels of the portal tract was shown in an experiment. Hyperfunction of the reticuloendothelial system, Kupffer cell proliferation, irreversible destruction of hepatocytes, necrosis against the background of severe dystrophy, and decreased synthetic activity of the liver were determined. Conclusion. The structure of occupational diseases in the workers engaged in the aluminium production is dominated by hepatobiliary pathology caused by toxic liver damage with fluoride confirmed by experimental data on destructive violations of its morphostructure.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 245-252
Author(s):  
N. B. Hryntsova ◽  
◽  
A. M. Romanyuk ◽  
O. O. Tymakova ◽  
D. R. Khrin

The purpose of the study was to study the morphofunctional rearrangements of the structural components of the adenohypophysis of sexually mature male rats under the condition of a 30-day period of readaptation to the long-term influence of salts of heavy metals (zinc, copper, iron, manganese, lead and chromium) and taking a corrector drug. Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out on 24 white sexually mature male rats, which were divided into 1 control and 1 experimental group. The experimental group consisted of rats that consumed ordinary drinking water for 30 days after 90 days of receiving water saturated with a combination of heavy metal salts: zinc (ZnSO4 7H2O) – 5 mg / l, copper (CuSO4 5H2O) mg / l, iron (FeSO4) – 10 mg / l, manganese (MnSO4 5H2O) – 0.1 mg / l, lead (Pb (NO3) 2) – 0.1 mg / l and chromium (K2Cr2O7) – 0.1 mg / l and L-tocopherol corrector. Results and discussion. With a 30-day period of readaptation to the action of a complex of salts of heavy metals, combined with the intake of a corrector drug L-tocopherol, morphological rearrangements of a nonspecific polymorphic nature developed in the structural components of the pituitary gland: compensatory hypertrophy and increased vascularization of the pituitary gland were observed, the state of rheological properties of the blood improved, the number of chromophiles increased and the number of chromophobes decreased, the processes of cyst formation disappeared, the stress from the adaptive processes in the glandulocytes of the adenohypophysis decreased, namely their secretory activity, the expression of Hsp90α receptors in the cytoplasm of adenocytes significantly increased. Negative rearrangements include an increased value of the fibrous component of the connective tissue of the intertrabecular spaces, increased collagenization of the wall of veins and capillaries, preservation of stromal edema, plethora of hemocapillaries, the presence of a small number of adenocytes with signs of vacuolization of the cytoplasm, balloon dystrophy. Conclusion. A comprehensive study of the structural components of the adenohypophysis of the test animals under the condition of a 30-day period of readaptation to long periods of consumption of heavy metal salts and correction with L-tocopherol certainly indicate a number of adaptive and regenerative morphofunctional changes aimed at reducing the stress of adaptive processes on the part of the adenohypophysis in response to cancel the action of the stress factor


2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-81
Author(s):  
S. V. Chigrinets ◽  
G. V. Bryukhin ◽  
S. N. Zav'yalov

The aimof this study was to analyze the morphofunctional state of the testes of mature male rats treated with bisphenol A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS).Material and methods.The work was performed on mature male rats (n=28). Experimental animals were divided into three groups – control (intact) and two experimental ones. For two months, rats of the experimental groups received daily bisphenol A and triclosan (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) with food in the amount of 200 mg/kg. The total count of spermatozoa in 1 ml of sperm was determined with the calculation of their atypical forms, and morphometric measurements were made (the total number and area of Leydig cells with their nuclearcytoplasmic ratio). The concentrations of bisphenol A and testicular triclosan were measured by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The obtained data was subjected to statistical processing using IBM SPSS Statistics v.21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).Results.Differences between the comparison groups in the concentration of bisphenol A and triclosan in testicular tissues were statistically significant (p <0.001). The endocrine disruptors studied reduced the mass of the testes. A group of male rats exposed to bisphenol A showed a decrease in the total number of spermatozoa (p=0.004) with an increase in their atypical forms (p=0.014) compared with a group of intact animals. Bisphenol A and triclosan caused a decrease in the total number of Leydig cells (p=0.001; p=0.001) respectively, and a statistically significant change in the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. Moreover, bisphenol A led to a decrease in the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of Leydig cells, whereas triclosal, on the contrary, increased its value in comparison with a group of intact animals.Conclusion.Bisphenol A and triclosan have a negative effect on the morphofunctional state of the male testes of sexually mature rats (decrease in testicular mass, total count of spermatozoa on the background of an increase in their atypical forms, as well as a decrease in the total number of Leydig cells with a change in their nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio).


2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 22-25
Author(s):  
I.Yu. Bagmut ◽  
I.L. Kolisnyk ◽  
S.I. Kryzhna ◽  
A.V. Titkova ◽  
L.Yu. Svyrydenko

We calculated studied the state of the hormonal status in experimental animals under the influence of sodium fluoride in 45 adult rats (males and females) of the Wistar population, which were orally administered a solution of sodium fluoride at a rate of 20 mg / kg of weight daily in the morning on an empty stomach, under the model conditions of intoxication. The duration of the subacute experiment was 1.5 months, after which the animals were euthanized by decapitation. Comprehensive assessment of the hormonal status in white rats was carried out by radioisotope methods in the serum. The results showed reduced levels of folliculotropin and progesterone, increased levels of thyroxine, adrenocorticotropin, glucagon, triiodothyronine, thyrotropin and calcitonin, while insulin, somatostatin and serum glucose levels decreased. There was no change in the dynamics of the content of sex hormones - luteotropin, prolactin, testosterone compared with the control (P> 0.05). Furthermore, in the blood serum of rats, there was an increase in the levels of prostaglandin PGE2, prostacyclin (6 keto-PGF1a), leukotriene B4 and a decrease in the concentrations of prostaglandins PGE1, PGF2a and leukotriene C4. At all levels of the study of the endocrine system, deep shifts in the functional activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-cortical substance of the adrenal glands, thyroid gland, and sympatho-adrenal structures have been identified. Analysis of the detected changes in the hormonal status allows judging the nonspecific reaction of the body to fluoride intoxication and reflects the state of the protective-adaptive mechanisms, in which the hypothalamus, the thyroid gland and the adrenal glands play a large role. Changes in the dynamics of concentrations of hormones and histohormones reflected a significant stress of the protective-adaptive mechanisms, which, in terms of structural and functional units, led to disruption of metabolic processes, including those associated with the development of fluoride intoxication. Disruption of the balance of hormones and functioning of the endocrine organs and systems entails profound changes in the metabolic processes and the immunobiological reactivity of the organism, weakening the action of the protective-adaptive mechanisms in maintaining the homeostatic function.


Author(s):  
S.M. Geyer ◽  
C.L. Mendenhall ◽  
J.T. Hung ◽  
E.L. Cardell ◽  
R.L. Drake ◽  
...  

Thirty-three mature male Holtzman rats were randomly placed in 3 treatment groups: Controls (C); Ethanolics (E); and Wine drinkers (W). The animals were fed synthetic diets (Lieber type) with ethanol or wine substituted isocalorically for carbohydrates in the diet of E and W groups, respectively. W received a volume of wine which provided the same gram quantity of alcohol consumed by E. The animals were sacrificed by decapitation after 6 weeks and the livers processed for quantitative triglycerides (T3), proteins, malic enzyme activity (MEA), light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM). Morphometric analysis of randomly selected LM and EM micrographs was performed to determine organellar changes in centrilobular (CV) and periportal (PV) regions of the liver. This analysis (Table 1) showed that hepatocytes from E were larger than those in C and W groups. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum decreased in E and increased in W compared to C values.


Author(s):  
А.С. Казицкая ◽  
Т.К. Ядыкина ◽  
М.С. Бугаева ◽  
А.Г. Жукова ◽  
Н.Н. Михайлова ◽  
...  

В условиях непрерывного воздействия неблагоприятных факторов окружающей и производственной среды на человека особую актуальность приобретает изучение механизмов, поддерживающих гомеостаз организма. Длительное поступление фторидов в организм приводит к формированию хронической фтористой интоксикации, патогенез которой вызывает многочисленные споры и дискуссии. До сих пор недостаточно внимания уделяется изучению висцеральной патологии, обусловленной нарушениями иммунного статуса в условиях воздействия на организм соединений фтора. Практически отсутствуют исследования по изучению иммунной реактивности, определяющей морфофункциональный характер ответной реакции печени на ранних стадиях развития фтористой интоксикации. Цель работы - изучение действий патофизиологических механизмов иммунной реактивности печени при субхроническом действии на организм соединений фтора. Методика. Опыты проведены на 210 лабораторных крысах-самцах массой 180-220 г., разделенных на 2 группы: контрольную (n=80) и группу животных с субхроническим действием фторида натрия (n=130). Экспериментальные животные в течение 12 нед имели свободный доступ к водному раствору фторида натрия (концентрация 10 мг/л, что составляет суточную дозу фтора 1,2 мг/кг массы тела). Для изучения иммунологических и биохимических показателей забирали кровь из хвостовой вены через 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 нед от начала эксперимента. Для оценки состояния гуморального звена иммунитета определяли уровень сывороточных иммуноглобулинов (IgA, IgG, IgM) иммуноферментным анализом с помощью наборов реактивов ЗАО «Вектор-Бест» (Новосибирск). Уровень сывороточных цитокинов: TNF-α, IL-1β, 2, 4, 6, 10 определяли на анализаторе Multiskan EX методом иммуноферментного анализа с использованием наборов «Вектор Бест» (Новосибирск). Подсчет общего количества лейкоцитов произведен классическим способом в камере Горяева, анализ лейкоцитарной формулы - в окрашенных мазках периферической крови. Метаболические изменения оценивали по активности ферментов в ткани печени: щелочной фосфатазы (ЩФ), аланин- и аспартатаминотрансфераз (АЛТ, АСТ), лактатдегидрогеназы (ЛДГ), гаммаглутамилтранспептидазы (γ-ГТ). Активность ферментов определяли унифицированными методами с помощью наборов реактивов ЗАО «Вектор-Бест» (Новосибирск) на фотометре PM-750 (Германия). Гистологические исследования печени осуществляли после декапитации крыс, проводимой под эфирным наркозом. Результаты. Показано, что субхроническое воздействие фторида натрия сопровождается формированием внутриклеточных и внутрисосудистых повреждений печени. Активация медиаторов воспаления и развитие иммунологических нарушений в динамике эксперимента способствуют формированию системной воспалительной реакции, которая приводит к появлению стойких морфологических нарушений в печени и изменению активности ферментов основных метаболических путей. Заключение. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы при разработке и проведении профилактических мероприятий в условиях воздействия на организм высоких концентраций фтора с последовательным применением детоксикационной, иммуномодуляторной и органопротекторной коррекции. Studying mechanisms, which maintain the body homeostasis, is particularly important in the conditions of continuous impact of adverse environmental and manufacturing factors. Long-term exposure to fluorides leads to chronic fluoric intoxication, the pathogenesis of which is a subject of multiple controversy and discussions. Not enough attention is still paid to elucidating the visceral pathology associated with fluorine-induced immune disorders. There are virtually no studies of immune reactions that define the morphofunctional nature of the liver response to early stages of fluoric intoxication. Aim. To study pathophysiological mechanisms of hepatic immune reactivity in subchronic exposure of the body to fluorine compounds. Methods. Experiments were performed on 210 male rats weighing 180-220 g. The animals were divided into two groups: 1) control (n=80) and 2) subchronic exposure to sodium fluoride (n=130). The rats had free access to a 10 mg/l aqueous solution of sodium fluoride (daily dose, 1.2 mg/kg body weight) for 12 weeks. Blood was withdrawn from the caudal vein at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks of the experiment for immunological and biochemical tests. Histological study of the liver was performed after decapitation of rats under ether anesthesia. Results. The subchronic exposure to sodium fluoride was associated with intracellular and intravascular damage of the liver. Activation of inflammatory mediators and development of immunological disorders during the experiment contributed to a systemic inflammatory reaction, which resulted in persistent morphological injuries of the liver and changes in enzyme activities in major metabolic pathways. Conclusion. The study results can be used for development and implementation of preventive measures against the effects of high fluorine concentrations, which would include a successive use of detoxification, immunomodulation and organ protection.


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